standOff, and the article is at its publisher via the link below. When we have changed our mind. Some entries in the table begin with a word in capitals and the reason for it. EVIDENCE CORRECTED — the finding still stands, but we had quoted the wrong sentence from the paper, and the quotation has been replaced with the right one. RETRACTED — the entry itself was wrong; it stays on the page, marked, with the reason, rather than being deleted. WITHDRAWN AND REPLACED — the entry was wrong, and a corrected version of it appears in the entries below. Each mark carries its own reason, in brackets, because the reasons differ from one entry to the next. An entry we have WITHDRAWN is removed from this page and kept in the record, with its reason. A line reading Audit and a date is a later re-reading of the entry against its whole sentence: DOUBTFUL means it was kept, and the reason says what is loose about it. Quotation marks inside the tagger's sentence. Where a tag is the tagger's own sentence, a phrase in quotation marks inside it is borrowed from the paper — the tagger's wording around it is not. The paper's own sentence is the evidence quote for that row; on this page it is withheld with the article, and the article is at its publisher. Nothing inside quotation marks anywhere on this page is ours: if it is quoted, it is the paper's. Whose words a concept carries. A concept entry records a term the paper itself uses, so the term, the sense given for it, and its evidence are the paper's own words, quoted where the paper fixes them. This is the opposite of a sense entry in the tag table, which is the tagger's sentence about how the paper uses a term. Where a concept entry could not be grounded in the paper's words, the entry says so on its own row.| relation to other work | claim_relations | how this paper stands to another: agrees, contradicts, extends, qualifies |
| claim type | claim_type | the shape of the claim: existence, mechanism, method, critique, prediction, null |
| concept edge | concept_edges | an asserted relation between two concepts, with the sentence asserting it |
| concept | concepts | an idea the paper works with, quoted where the paper uses it |
| content tag | content_tags | a finding, definition, quantity, statistic or variable named in the paper |
| control | controls | an experiment run to eliminate a rival explanation |
| limitation | limitations | what the paper says its evidence cannot support |
| mechanism | mechanisms | how the reported effect is said to come about |
| method | method | how the paper produced its evidence |
| phenomenon | phenomenon | the effect or regularity under study |
| sense | senses | a distinct use of a term, quoted where the paper fixes it |
Relations on this page carry a quotation for the claim. Where a relation was separately evidenced — and so tested against the vocabulary for its type — the row says so; none of 2 relations here carry that mark. The rest are the tagger’s reading of the sentence quoted beside them.
| facet | tag | field | conf. | whose words |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| claim_type | mechanism Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | claim_type | the paper's words | |
| phenomenon | backward masking of figure–ground segregation Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | phenomenon | the paper's words | |
| method | electrophysiology Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: electrophysiology | method | the paper's words | |
| mechanisms | mechanisms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | mechanisms[0] | the tagger's words | |
| mechanisms | mechanisms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. about this quote: THE QUOTE STOPS WHERE THE EXTRACTED TEXT IS INTERRUPTED: after its last word the text runs into the axis labels and caption of Figure 6 ('…Figure 6. Orientation selectivity during pattern masking…'), so the words that completed the sentence are not continuous with it and are not quoted. | mechanisms[1] | the tagger's words | |
| mechanisms | mechanisms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | mechanisms[2] | the tagger's words | |
| limitations | Orientation selectivity at the multiunit recording sites was weak, limiting the sensitivity of the feature-signal measure. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the feature-signal analysis at these sites: ORIENTATION SELECTIVITY AT THESE 'MULTIUNIT' SITES IS NOT VERY STRONG | limitations[0] | the tagger's words | |
| limitations | The texture orientation comparison used only two fixed orientations, which further weakened the measured selectivity. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the texture-orientation comparison specifically: THE SELECTIVITY IS EVEN LESS PRONOUNCED, IN PART BECAUSE THERE WERE ONLY TWO ORIENTATIONS, FIXED AT 45 AND 135 DEGREES, TO COMPARE | limitations[1] | the tagger's words | |
| limitations | The conclusion is one inferential step from the measurement, and the premise is stated. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the claim that masking interrupts recurrent processing: the authors reason from the premise that figure-ground modulations depend on feedback from extrastriate areas, and say their results suggest the interruption rather than show it | limitations[2] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| limitations | The effect is selective: one signal is fully suppressed and another is unaffected. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: any summary of what masking does to V1 activity here: figure-ground signals are selectively and fully suppressed at the intervals producing invisibility, while the initial response transients carrying the scene's features are not affected | limitations[3] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| controls | the stimulus sets presented RANDOMISED OR INTERLEAVED rather than in blocks Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. eliminates: electrode drift biasing the comparison - if one condition is recorded before another, any slow change in the recording is confounded with the condition, and interleaving spreads it across both · outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation): held | controls[0] | 0.9 | the tagger's words |
| concepts | figure – ground signals Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: figure – ground signals | concepts[0] | the paper's words | |
| concepts | initial response transients Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: initial response transients | concepts[1] | the paper's words | |
| concepts | recurrent interactions Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: recurrent interactions | concepts[2] | the paper's words | |
| concepts | extrastriate areas Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: extrastriate areas | concepts[3] | the paper's words | |
| concepts | Feedforward inhibitory models Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: Feedforward inhibitory models | concepts[4] | the paper's words | |
| concepts | backward masking Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: backward masking | concepts[5] | the paper's words | |
| senses | the masking effect - SELECTIVE, AND BOTH HALVES ARE IN ONE SENTENCE: figure-ground signals are fully suppressed at exactly the intervals that make the target invisible, while the initial response transients are not affected, so 'masking reduces responses in V1' names one of two opposite results Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[0] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| senses | the conclusion - HELD GIVEN AN IMPORTED PREMISE: the measurement is a suppression in V1 and the conclusion is about recurrent interactions with higher areas, reached because figure-ground modulations are taken to depend on feedback from extrastriate areas, and offered as a suggestion Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[1] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| senses | backward masking - TWO RIVAL MODEL FAMILIES, NAMED: feedforward inhibitory models have the second stimulus inhibiting the first before it reaches a conscious level, while another family has masking interfering with reentrant or recurrent processing; the same phenomenon supports two different accounts of where it happens Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[2] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| claim_relations | replicates → Lamme, Supèr, Landman, Roelfsema, & Spekreijse (2000) Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | claim_relations[0] | the tagger's words | |
| claim_relations | replicates → Supèr et al. (2001) Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | claim_relations[1] | the tagger's words | |
| concept_edges | backward masking —causes→ figure – ground signals Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. holds when: at the target-mask intervals that make the target psychophysically invisible · direction on the measure: eliminates · strength of the relation: 0.7 also in: backward masking · figure – ground signals | concept_edges[0] | the tagger's words | |
| concept_edges | backward masking —causes→ initial response transients Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. direction on the measure: no-change · strength of the relation: 0.7 also in: backward masking · initial response transients | concept_edges[1] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | t-test Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: t-test | content_tags.statistics[0] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | t-test Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: t-test | content_tags.statistics[1] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | p-value Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: p-value | content_tags.statistics[2] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | standard deviation Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: standard deviation | content_tags.statistics[3] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | standard error of the mean Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: standard error of the mean | content_tags.statistics[4] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | mean squared error Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: mean squared error | content_tags.statistics[5] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | median Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: median | content_tags.statistics[6] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | normalization Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: normalization | content_tags.statistics[7] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | Backward masking abolishes the figure-ground signal in V1 exactly at those target-mask intervals at which the monkey cannot see the figure. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[0] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | The early transient V1 response that codes the local features of the scene survives the mask untouched. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[1] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | With a texture pattern mask at short SOAs the monkeys performed at chance in locating the figure, confirming that the masks made the figure invisible. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[2] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | Without a mask, figure-ground signals were still present at very short SOAs. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[3] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | Orientation selectivity for the texture elements was essentially unaffected by backward masking at every SOA but the shortest. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[4] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | Orientation information about the line segments remains available in V1 even at the SOAs at which the animals see nothing. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[5] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | Figure-ground modulation tracks the psychometric curve far better (error 0.033) than orientation selectivity does (error 0.138). Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[6] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | Trial by trial, the amount of figure-ground modulation did not predict whether the monkey reported seeing the figure. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[7] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | Detection of the figure occurs only when the stimulus also drives recurrent processing between V1 and higher areas, expressed as figure-ground modulation of V1 activity. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[8] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | backward masking Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: backward masking | content_tags.definitions[0] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | recurrent processing Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: recurrent processing | content_tags.definitions[1] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | Figure – ground modulation Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. about this quote: THE QUOTE STOPS WHERE THE EXTRACTED TEXT IS INTERRUPTED: after its last word the text runs into the page's author running head and page number and then the labels of Figure 2 ('Lamme, Zipser, and Spekreijse 1045 Trial Figure-Ground…'), so the words that completed the sentence are not continuous with it and are not quoted. also in: Figure – ground modulation | content_tags.definitions[2] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | feedforward inhibitory model Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: feedforward inhibitory model | content_tags.definitions[3] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | figure position Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: figure position | content_tags.variables[2] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | percentage correct responses Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: percentage correct responses | content_tags.variables[4] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | orientation selectivity Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: orientation selectivity | content_tags.variables[5] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | mask type Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: mask type | content_tags.variables[7] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | 0.033 — mean squared difference between the figure-ground neurometric curve and the behavioural psychometric curve Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[0] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | 0.138 — mean squared error between the orientation-selectivity neurometric curve and the same psychometric curve, i.e. the much poorer feedforward fit Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[1] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | p < .025 — significance threshold at which figure-ground modulation was present only at SOAs of 5-8 frames under pattern masking Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[2] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | 25 of these 32 electrodes — number of implanted V1 recording channels contributing data to this study Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[3] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | 700 (total 11,000) — trials collected per SOA/mask condition, and in total, for the neural analysis Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[4] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | 1.94 — median orientation-selectivity ratio of the multiunit recording sites Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[5] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | 14 – 110 msec — range of stimulus-onset asynchronies (1 to 8 monitor frames) between figure-ground display and mask Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[6] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | 100 msec — latency at which V1 responses start to distinguish figure from background texture Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[7] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | 0.18 — maximum figure-ground modulation, equated to 100% correct when building the neurometric curve Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[8] | the tagger's words |
Tags that could not be placed in the text:
What was deliberately not tagged, and why, is recorded per paper by the tagger. Where a paper has no such record, this page says so rather than implying that nothing was declined.