phenomenon · claim-type · cross-domain-transfer · mechanism · claim-relation · replication-status · limitation — grounded in the full text| phenomenon | backward masking of figure–ground segregation— “In a backward masking paradigm, a target stimulus is rapidly (<100 msec) followed by a second stimulus.” | |
| claim-type | mechanism— “As figure – ground modulations depend on feedback from extrastriate areas, these results suggest that masking selectively interrupts the recurrent interactions between V1 and higher visual areas.” | |
| method — evidence | — “Meanwhile, we recorded neural activity from neurons in V1 (Figure 2).” | |
| mechanism | The mask replaces the target's information at the low level by the time descending signals arrive, so the recurrent V1-extrastriate loop that generates figure-ground modulation is cut off while the feedforward sweep is left intact.— “As figure – ground modulations depend on feedback from extrastriate areas, these results suggest that masking selectively interrupts the recurrent interactions between V1 and higher visual areas.” | mechanisms[0] |
| mechanism | Perception proceeds in stages: a feedforward sweep first analyses elementary features, then recurrent interactions between V1 and higher areas bind them into a coherent percept, and only when that recurrent activity spreads into executive areas can a conscious report be made.— “Early on, feedforward processing analyzes the scene in terms of its elementary features. Next, recurrent processing, involving widespread interactions between visual areas including V1 and higher areas, lays the foundations for a coherent percept of the” | mechanisms[1] |
| mechanism | Figure-ground modulation is necessary but not sufficient for report, because an independent decision stage is interposed between the V1 modulation and the animal's behavioural response.— “When there is no modulation, there is no perception. However, when there is modulation, this does not in itself guarantee that the animal ‘‘reports’’ to have seen the stimulus. A decision process sits between the modulation and the animals report, which is independent of the modulation.” | mechanisms[2] |
| replicates | Lamme, Supèr, Landman, Roelfsema, & Spekreijse (2000)— “This dual finding corroborates our earlier suggestion that within V1, different regimes of activity seem to coexist (Lamme, Supe`r, Landman, Roelfsema, & Spekreijse, 2000).” | claim_relations[0] |
| replicates | Supèr et al. (2001)— “This confirms our earlier report on the role of figure – ground activity in visual perception (Supe`r et al., 2001): There, we found that the presence or absence of modulation determines whether perception will occur.” | claim_relations[1] |
| sense | the masking effect - SELECTIVE, AND BOTH HALVES ARE IN ONE SENTENCE: figure-ground signals are fully suppressed at exactly the intervals that make the target invisible, while the initial response transients are not affected, so 'masking reduces responses in V1' names one of two opposite results— “in a pattern backward masking paradigm. We show that the V1 figure – ground signals are selectively and fully suppressed at target – mask intervals that psychophysically result in the target being invisible. Initial response transients, signalling the features that make up the scene, are not affected” | senses[0] |
| sense | the conclusion - HELD GIVEN AN IMPORTED PREMISE: the measurement is a suppression in V1 and the conclusion is about recurrent interactions with higher areas, reached because figure-ground modulations are taken to depend on feedback from extrastriate areas, and offered as a suggestion— “As figure – ground modulations depend on feedback from extrastriate areas, these results suggest that masking selectively interrupts the recurrent interactions between V1 and higher visual areas” | senses[1] |
| sense | backward masking - TWO RIVAL MODEL FAMILIES, NAMED: feedforward inhibitory models have the second stimulus inhibiting the first before it reaches a conscious level, while another family has masking interfering with reentrant or recurrent processing; the same phenomenon supports two different accounts of where it happens— “Feedforward inhibitory models explain backward masking by asserting that the second stimulus exerts an inhibitory influence on the neural signal that is evoked by the first stimulus. This inhibition is postulated to occur at levels of processing before stimuli are fully categorized and made available to conscious recognition systems. In other… | senses[2] |
| control | the stimulus sets presented RANDOMISED OR INTERLEAVED rather than in blocks — held — rules out electrode drift biasing the comparison - if one condition is recorded before another, any slow change in the recording is confounded with the condition, and interleaving spreads it across both— “stimuli were presented in randomized or interleaved ways, as to avoid possible electrode drifts to bias the results” | controls[0] |
| effect direction | backward masking —causes→ figure – ground signals — eliminates— “in a pattern backward masking paradigm. We show that the V1 figure – ground signals are selectively and fully suppressed at target – mask intervals that psychophysically result in the target being invisible. Initial response transients, signalling the features that make up the scene, are not affected”— “selectively and fully suppressed” | concept_edges[0] |
| holds when | backward masking —causes→ figure – ground signals — at the target-mask intervals that make the target psychophysically invisible— “in a pattern backward masking paradigm. We show that the V1 figure – ground signals are selectively and fully suppressed at target – mask intervals that psychophysically result in the target being invisible. Initial response transients, signalling the features that make up the scene, are not affected” | concept_edges[0] |
| weight | backward masking —causes→ figure – ground signals — 0.7 | concept_edges[0] |
| effect direction | backward masking —causes→ initial response transients — no-change Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[1] |
| weight | backward masking —causes→ initial response transients — 0.7 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[1] |
| outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation) | control — held | controls[0] |
| for which use | limitation — the feature-signal analysis at these sites: ORIENTATION SELECTIVITY AT THESE 'MULTIUNIT' SITES IS NOT VERY STRONG Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[0] |
| for which use | limitation — the texture-orientation comparison specifically: THE SELECTIVITY IS EVEN LESS PRONOUNCED, IN PART BECAUSE THERE WERE ONLY TWO ORIENTATIONS, FIXED AT 45 AND 135 DEGREES, TO COMPARE Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[1] |
| for which use | limitation — the claim that masking interrupts recurrent processing: the authors reason from the premise that figure-ground modulations depend on feedback from extrastriate areas, and say their results suggest the interruption rather than show it Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[2] |
| for which use | limitation — any summary of what masking does to V1 activity here: figure-ground signals are selectively and fully suppressed at the intervals producing invisibility, while the initial response transients carrying the scene's features are not affected Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[3] |
| evidence status note | mechanism — THE QUOTE STOPS WHERE THE EXTRACTED TEXT IS INTERRUPTED: after its last word the text runs into the axis labels and caption of Figure 6 ('…Figure 6. Orientation selectivity during pattern masking…'), so the words that completed the sentence are not continuous with it and are not quoted. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | mechanisms[1] |
| replication | untested | |
| limitation | Orientation selectivity at the multiunit recording sites was weak, limiting the sensitivity of the feature-signal measure. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[0] |
| limitation | The texture orientation comparison used only two fixed orientations, which further weakened the measured selectivity. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[1] |
| limitation | The conclusion is one inferential step from the measurement, and the premise is stated. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[2] |
| limitation | The effect is selective: one signal is fully suppressed and another is unaffected. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[3] |
finding · quantity · variable · definition · key-term — grounded in the full text| finding | Backward masking abolishes the figure-ground signal in V1 exactly at those target-mask intervals at which the monkey cannot see the figure. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[0] |
| finding | The early transient V1 response that codes the local features of the scene survives the mask untouched. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[1] |
| finding | With a texture pattern mask at short SOAs the monkeys performed at chance in locating the figure, confirming that the masks made the figure invisible. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[2] |
| finding | Without a mask, figure-ground signals were still present at very short SOAs. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[3] |
| finding | Orientation selectivity for the texture elements was essentially unaffected by backward masking at every SOA but the shortest. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[4] |
| finding | Orientation information about the line segments remains available in V1 even at the SOAs at which the animals see nothing. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[5] |
| finding | Figure-ground modulation tracks the psychometric curve far better (error 0.033) than orientation selectivity does (error 0.138). Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[6] |
| finding | Trial by trial, the amount of figure-ground modulation did not predict whether the monkey reported seeing the figure. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[7] |
| finding | Detection of the figure occurs only when the stimulus also drives recurrent processing between V1 and higher areas, expressed as figure-ground modulation of V1 activity. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[8] |
| quantity | 0.033 — mean squared difference between the figure-ground neurometric curve and the behavioural psychometric curve Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[0] |
| quantity | 0.138 — mean squared error between the orientation-selectivity neurometric curve and the same psychometric curve, i.e. the much poorer feedforward fit Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[1] |
| quantity | p < .025 — significance threshold at which figure-ground modulation was present only at SOAs of 5-8 frames under pattern masking Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[2] |
| quantity | 25 of these 32 electrodes — number of implanted V1 recording channels contributing data to this study Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[3] |
| quantity | 700 (total 11,000) — trials collected per SOA/mask condition, and in total, for the neural analysis Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[4] |
| quantity | 1.94 — median orientation-selectivity ratio of the multiunit recording sites Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[5] |
| quantity | 14 – 110 msec — range of stimulus-onset asynchronies (1 to 8 monitor frames) between figure-ground display and mask Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[6] |
| quantity | 100 msec — latency at which V1 responses start to distinguish figure from background texture Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[7] |
| quantity | 0.18 — maximum figure-ground modulation, equated to 100% correct when building the neurometric curve Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[8] |
| variable | figure position (independent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[2] |
| variable | percentage correct responses (dependent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[4] |
| variable | orientation selectivity (dependent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[5] |
| variable | mask type (control) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[7] |
| definition | backward masking Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[0] |
| definition | recurrent processing Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[1] |
| definition | Figure – ground modulation Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[2] |
| evidence status note | definition — THE QUOTE STOPS WHERE THE EXTRACTED TEXT IS INTERRUPTED: after its last word the text runs into the page's author running head and page number and then the labels of Figure 2 ('Lamme, Zipser, and Spekreijse 1045 Trial Figure-Ground…'), so the words that completed the sentence are not continuous with it and are not quoted. | content_tags.definitions[2] |
| definition | feedforward inhibitory model Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[3] |
| concept | figure – ground signals Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[0] |
| concept | initial response transients Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[1] |
| concept | recurrent interactions Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[2] |
| concept | extrastriate areas Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[3] |
| concept | Feedforward inhibitory models Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[4] |
| concept | backward masking Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[5] |
| t-test t | as written: two-sided t test with the electrodes as a group Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[0] |
| t-test t | as written: one-sided t test with the electrodes as a group Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[1] |
| p-value p | as written: ( p < .025) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[2] |
| standard deviation | as written: Error bars denote standard deviation Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[3] |
| standard error of the mean | as written: Error bars denote standard error of mean Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[4] |
| mean squared error | as written: mean squared difference Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[5] |
| median | as written: The median orientation selectivity ratio Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[6] |
| normalization | as written: we normalized at each electrode all responses Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[7] |
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