standOff, and the article is at its publisher via the link below. When we have changed our mind. Some entries in the table begin with a word in capitals and the reason for it. EVIDENCE CORRECTED — the finding still stands, but we had quoted the wrong sentence from the paper, and the quotation has been replaced with the right one. RETRACTED — the entry itself was wrong; it stays on the page, marked, with the reason, rather than being deleted. WITHDRAWN AND REPLACED — the entry was wrong, and a corrected version of it appears in the entries below. Each mark carries its own reason, in brackets, because the reasons differ from one entry to the next. An entry we have WITHDRAWN is removed from this page and kept in the record, with its reason. A line reading Audit and a date is a later re-reading of the entry against its whole sentence: DOUBTFUL means it was kept, and the reason says what is loose about it. Quotation marks inside the tagger's sentence. Where a tag is the tagger's own sentence, a phrase in quotation marks inside it is borrowed from the paper — the tagger's wording around it is not. The paper's own sentence is the evidence quote for that row; on this page it is withheld with the article, and the article is at its publisher. Nothing inside quotation marks anywhere on this page is ours: if it is quoted, it is the paper's. Whose words a concept carries. A concept entry records a term the paper itself uses, so the term, the sense given for it, and its evidence are the paper's own words, quoted where the paper fixes them. This is the opposite of a sense entry in the tag table, which is the tagger's sentence about how the paper uses a term. Where a concept entry could not be grounded in the paper's words, the entry says so on its own row.| relation to other work | claim_relations | how this paper stands to another: agrees, contradicts, extends, qualifies |
| claim type | claim_type | the shape of the claim: existence, mechanism, method, critique, prediction, null |
| concept edge | concept_edges | an asserted relation between two concepts, with the sentence asserting it |
| concept | concepts | an idea the paper works with, quoted where the paper uses it |
| content tag | content_tags | a finding, definition, quantity, statistic or variable named in the paper |
| contribution | contribution | what the paper claims to add |
| control | controls | an experiment run to eliminate a rival explanation |
| limitation | limitations | what the paper says its evidence cannot support |
| mechanism | mechanisms | how the reported effect is said to come about |
| method | method | how the paper produced its evidence |
| object of study | object_of_study | what the paper is about — the thing it investigates |
| phenomenon | phenomenon | the effect or regularity under study |
| research question | research_question | the question the paper sets itself |
| sense | senses | a distinct use of a term, quoted where the paper fixes it |
Relations on this page carry a quotation for the claim. Where a relation was separately evidenced — and so tested against the vocabulary for its type — the row says so; none of 5 relations here carry that mark. The rest are the tagger’s reading of the sentence quoted beside them.
| facet | tag | field | conf. | whose words |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| object_of_study | THE TERM ITSELF - what 'vaccine hesitancy' should be taken to mean, what it must exclude, and what factors belong under it; produced by a WHO SAGE working group over three years Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | object_of_study | the paper's words | |
| research_question | what to call the phenomenon, where its boundaries fall against system failure and against low demand, and how to group the factors that drive it Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | research_question | the paper's words | |
| contribution | a definition adopted by WHO, plus the Vaccine Hesitancy Determinants Matrix - and, unusually, THE DELIBERATION: which candidate terms were rejected and why Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | contribution | the paper's words | |
| claim_type | method Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | claim_type | the paper's words | |
| phenomenon | delay or refusal of vaccination where services are available - a behaviour lying on a continuum between full acceptance and outright refusal, and heterogeneous everywhere between Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | phenomenon | the paper's words | |
| method | expert-consensus Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: expert-consensus | method | the paper's words | |
| mechanisms | the paradox the definition has to accommodate: `Immunization programme success may, paradoxically, result in complacency and ultimately, hesitancy`, because the risk of the disease falls out of view as the vaccine works. The determinant is generated by the intervention's own success Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | mechanisms[0] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| mechanisms | and the asymmetry that the term must not hide: `When rates of hesitancy are high, levels of demand are low, but low rates of hesitancy do not necessarily mean that demand will be high`. Removing hesitancy does not produce demand, so the two cannot be used as each other's proxy Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | mechanisms[1] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| limitations | THE NAME WAS CHOSEN AGAINST ITS OWN SEMANTICS AND THE PAPER SAYS SO. `vaccine hesitancy` implies `the core issue is vaccine related`, while `vaccination hesitancy` covers `a much wider range of factors` - and the WG `nevertheless chose to adopt the term vaccine hesitancy but defining it in the broader sense`. The two reasons given are both institutional: SAGE'S OWN TERMS OF REFERENCE, and EXISTING USAGE Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | limitations[0] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| limitations | the word was kept over a stated objection to its connotation - `Concerns were raised that hesitancy has a negative connotation` - and the more positive alternative was rejected on scope rather than on accuracy Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | limitations[1] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| limitations | the definition is RELATIVE TO A TARGET, which makes it a moving quantity: hesitancy is `measured against an expectation of reaching a specific vaccination coverage goal, given the immunization services available`. The same behaviour is more or less hesitant depending on the goal set for the population Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | limitations[2] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| limitations | the boundary against system failure is asserted rather than operationalised: where uptake is low because of stock-outs or conflict, `hesitancy is not the main explanation` - but the paper gives no procedure for deciding, in a given population, which it is. It only says the decision is `ESSENTIAL for the selection of interventions` Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | limitations[3] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| limitations | the model was chosen for COMPREHENSIBILITY, not for fit: the 3 Cs were adopted `As this model was viewed as being the most readily understandable`, and those three words then entered the definition itself. A selection criterion about readers became a property of the concept Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | limitations[4] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| limitations | THE MATRIX WAS BUILT FROM THE SOURCES IT IS LATER CHECKED AGAINST: `determinants identified from research studies, experiences of WG members in the field, and discussions with experts`. The paper does report a completeness check against the commissioned systematic review and the managers' survey, and it comes back empty - but those are two of the same three inputs, so the check is agreement with itself. (The sentence reporting it carries a URL inside each subject and cannot be quoted; see the harness note.) Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | limitations[5] | 0.85 | the tagger's words |
| limitations | and the Matrix is disclaimed as an instrument: `while not primarily intended as a practical tool, may be helpful` - offered to survey-question developers while declining responsibility for being a measure Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | limitations[6] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| limitations | the funding disclosure sits directly on the concept: the group monitoring `public confidence in Immunization Programs` took research funding from Novartis and meeting funding from GSK, and one author consulted for GSK ON VACCINE CONFIDENCE. Declared, and worth recording because `confidence` is one of the three words in the definition Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | limitations[7] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| controls | whether the Matrix had missed any determinant - the paper checks it against a commissioned systematic review and a commissioned managers' survey Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. eliminates: little, and the reason is visible in the Matrix's own construction: it was built from research studies, WG field experience and expert discussion, which overlaps the sources it is then checked against. The paper reports the check and claims no independence for it · outcome: partial | controls[0] | 0.85 | the tagger's words |
| controls | whether low uptake caused by system failure is being counted as hesitancy Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. eliminates: the confound in principle - 'in these situations hesitancy is not the main explanation' - but no procedure is given for telling them apart in a real population, and the conclusions repeat the warning rather than resolving it · outcome: failed | controls[1] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| controls | whether hesitancy and demand can be treated as one quantity Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. eliminates: the identification, by a stated asymmetry: high hesitancy implies low demand, and low hesitancy DOES NOT imply high demand · outcome: held | controls[2] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| controls | whether 'confidence' would have served as the name, tested against scope rather than against sentiment Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. eliminates: the alternative term - it covers 'only one category of factors' - though the objection raised against 'hesitancy' itself, its negative connotation, is recorded and never answered · outcome: held | controls[3] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| concepts | vaccine hesitancy Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: vaccine hesitancy | concepts[0] | 0.95 | the paper's words |
| concepts | vaccination hesitancy Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: vaccination hesitancy | concepts[1] | 0.95 | the paper's words |
| concepts | vaccine demand Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: vaccine demand | concepts[2] | 0.95 | the paper's words |
| concepts | confidence Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: confidence | concepts[3] | 0.95 | the paper's words |
| concepts | complacency Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: complacency | concepts[4] | 0.95 | the paper's words |
| concepts | convenience Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: convenience | concepts[5] | 0.95 | the paper's words |
| concepts | trust Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: trust | concepts[6] | 0.95 | the paper's words |
| concepts | communication Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: communication | concepts[7] | 0.95 | the paper's words |
| concepts | determinant Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: determinant | concepts[8] | 0.95 | the paper's words |
| concepts | vaccine hesitancy determinants Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: vaccine hesitancy determinants | concepts[9] | 0.95 | the paper's words |
| concepts | social determinants of health Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: social determinants of health | concepts[10] | 0.95 | the paper's words |
| concepts | Vaccine Hesitancy Determinants Matrix Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | concepts[11] | 0.95 | the paper's words |
| senses | vaccine hesitancy - THE DEFINITION, VERBATIM: `delay in acceptance or refusal of vaccination despite availability of vaccination services ... complex and context specific, varying across time, place and vaccines ... influenced by factors such as complacency, convenience and confidence`. THREE OF THE FOUR CLAUSES ARE HEDGES, and the operative one is `despite availability` Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[0] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| senses | `vaccine` versus `vaccination` hesitancy - THE PAPER'S OWN GLOSS SAYS THE CHOSEN NAME IS THE WRONG ONE: the former `implies that the core issue is vaccine related`, the latter `covers a much wider range of factors`, and the group took the former while meaning the latter. THE DEFINING PROPERTY IS A COMMITTEE DECISION, RECORDED Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[1] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| senses | confidence - REJECTED AS THE NAME AND KEPT AS A COMPONENT. `The most commonly offered alternative in the literature`, `a more positive word`, refused because it is `still narrow in scope covering only one category of factors` - and then installed as one of the three Cs inside the definition it lost to Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[2] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| senses | confidence, the component - `defined as trust in (i) the effectiveness and safety of vaccines; (ii) the system that delivers them ...; and (iii) the motivations of policy-makers`. Two of the three objects of that trust are institutions, not vaccines Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[3] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| senses | vaccine acceptance / uptake - EXCLUDED AS NAMES because `neither captured the concept breadth`, with the worked reason given: `one might accept a vaccine but delay in accepting it`. A term rejected for being satisfiable by the wrong case Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[4] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| senses | hesitancy determinants - EXPLICITLY NOT SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH: `education and socio-economic status do not influence hesitancy in only one direction`, whereas as a social determinant `education drives in one direction`. A variable whose sign is not fixed cannot be used the way the neighbouring literature uses it Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[5] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| claim_relations | extends → the '3 Cs' model proposed to the WHO EURO Vaccine Communications Working Group in 2011 - adopted into the definition BECAUSE it was the most readily understandable Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | claim_relations[0] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| claim_relations | supports → the Global Vaccine Action Plan's Strategic Objective 2, which asks that communities 'demand immunization as both their right and responsibility' - the definition is written to serve a programme goal, not only to settle a term Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | claim_relations[1] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| claim_relations | contradicts → the treatment of vaccine hesitancy determinants as social determinants of health, whose variables have a fixed direction Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | claim_relations[2] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| concept_edges | confidence —operationalised-as→ trust Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: confidence · trust | concept_edges[0] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| concept_edges | vaccine hesitancy —distinct-from→ vaccine demand Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: vaccine hesitancy · vaccine demand | concept_edges[1] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| concept_edges | communication —distinct-from→ determinant Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: communication · determinant | concept_edges[2] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| concept_edges | vaccine hesitancy determinants —distinct-from→ social determinants of health Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | concept_edges[3] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| concept_edges | vaccine hesitancy —contrasted-with→ vaccination hesitancy Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: vaccine hesitancy · vaccination hesitancy | concept_edges[4] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | THE FIELD HAD NO DEFINITION TO REVIEW: `review of the literature did not reveal an established definition` - and the group's first doubt was about the word itself, because `hesitancy has a negative connotation` Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[0] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | the group adopted 'vaccine hesitancy' over 'vaccination hesitancy' but defined it in the broader sense, since SAGE used it and it was more widely accepted Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[1] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | confidence, the most common alternative term, was judged still narrow in scope, covering only one category of factors Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[2] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | `vaccine acceptance` and `uptake` were excluded because `neither captured the concept breadth`, with the counterexample stated: one might accept a vaccine but delay in accepting it Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[3] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | the construct is RELATIVE TO A TARGET: hesitancy is `measured against an expectation of reaching a specific vaccination coverage goal, given the immunization services available` Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[4] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | the model entered the definition because it was easy to follow: the 3 Cs were taken `As this model was viewed as being the most readily understandable` Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[5] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | the Working Group concluded that communication is a tool, not a determinant of vaccine hesitancy Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[6] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | unlike social determinants of health, hesitancy determinants such as education and socio-economic status do not act in only one direction Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[7] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | programme success can manufacture the problem: `immunization programme success may, PARADOXICALLY, result in complacency and ultimately, hesitancy` Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[8] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | the asymmetry that stops hesitancy being used as a proxy for demand: high hesitancy implies low demand, LOW HESITANCY IMPLIES NOTHING Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[9] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | where system failures such as stock-outs or conflict suppress uptake, hesitancy is not the main explanation Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[10] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | the Matrix is offered to survey-question developers WHILE BEING DISCLAIMED AS AN INSTRUMENT: `while not primarily intended as a practical tool, may be helpful` Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[11] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | the LSHTM confidence-monitoring group received research funding from Novartis and meeting funding from GSK, and Heidi Larson consulted for GSK on vaccine confidence Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[12] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | delay in acceptance or refusal of vaccination despite availability of vaccination services; complex and context specific, varying across time, place and vaccines; influenced by complacency, convenience and confidence Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: vaccine hesitancy | content_tags.definitions[0] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | trust in (i) the effectiveness and safety of vaccines, (ii) the system that delivers them, and (iii) the motivations of the policy-makers who decide on them Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: confidence | content_tags.definitions[1] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | the state in which perceived risks of vaccine-preventable diseases are low and vaccination is not deemed a necessary preventive action Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: complacency | content_tags.definitions[2] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | physical availability, affordability and willingness-to-pay, geographical accessibility, ability to understand, and appeal of immunization services Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: convenience | content_tags.definitions[3] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | the number of Cs - complacency, convenience, confidence - carried from a communications working group's model into a WHO definition Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[0] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | education Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: education | content_tags.variables[0] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | socio-economic status Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: socio-economic status | content_tags.variables[1] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
Tags that could not be placed in the text:
What was deliberately not tagged, and why, is recorded per paper by the tagger. Where a paper has no such record, this page says so rather than implying that nothing was declined.