The Emotional Arcs of Stories Are Dominated by Six Basic Shapes

Andrew J. Reagan, Lewis Mitchell, Dilan Kiley, Christopher M. Danforth, Peter Sheridan Dodds · EPJ Data Science · 2016 · literature · 10.1140/epjds/s13688-016-0093-1 · record reagan2016-emotional-arcs
tag layer · index · concepts · authors · עברית

Where this record's text came from. faceted 2026-08 by reading the locally held text (pdftext); every evidence string verified as an exact substring of that text before merging. The PDF extraction replaced most in-body numerals and citation markers with private-use glyphs, so sentences such as the Vonnegut thesis sentence and 'this result generally agrees with other attempts that use only hierarchical clustering' could not be quoted intact; only spans free of those glyphs were used, which is why the agreement-with-prior-clustering-work relation is not recorded. method is 'computational-text-analysis' (sentiment time series plus SVD, Ward clustering and a self-organizing map); none of the suggested method values covers it. 2026-08-14, 2026-08-15 and 2026-08-16 schema-0.3 passes: every quote verified as an exact substring of the staged text and anchored at merge time; concept terms verified present; every edge endpoint an existing node. Update, 15 September 2026: EXCEPTION, measured with the merge gate's own predicate (Paper.locate): 1 quote(s) on this record are not found as one exact string in the current staged text - limitations[0].evidence. The sentence above does not hold for them as written. Where a row records why - the quote is grounded in another copy of the paper, joins two passages with an ellipsis, or differs from the staged text by extraction noise - that note stays on the row.

The quality of the text these quotes were cut from. symbol-font-not-extractable: 13 '(cid:NNN)' glyph-index markers remain in a staged text of 30,297 characters, where the PDF's embedded font had no ToUnicode map. THE QUOTES ON THIS RECORD ARE THE PAPER'S AND THE STAGED COPY IS THE DAMAGED ONE - which is the opposite of the usual case and is why it went unnoticed: one of its 92 live quotes is not an exact substring of this text, and it was located in it by aligning the quote's WORD SEQUENCE under exactly this damage - the words are there, the characters inside them are not. Not repaired in place: editing the staged text moves every offset after the edit and re-hashes every anchor on the record. Measured at 113aae60fefc3eb1, re-measured unchanged at 54b63482778ddf56.

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How to read this page. The article itself is not reproduced here — this paper is not cleared for redistribution, so what follows is the tag layer alone. The evidence sentences are withheld with the article. The table at the foot lists every tag the record carries; each row names the facet it belongs to, and the whose words column says whether the tag records the paper's own wording or the tagger's sentence about the paper. Every tag links to each other paper in the corpus carrying it. The machine-readable edition of the same thing is the TEI file beside this one, where the tags live in standOff, and the article is at its publisher via the link below. When we have changed our mind. Some entries in the table begin with a word in capitals and the reason for it. EVIDENCE CORRECTED — the finding still stands, but we had quoted the wrong sentence from the paper, and the quotation has been replaced with the right one. RETRACTED — the entry itself was wrong; it stays on the page, marked, with the reason, rather than being deleted. WITHDRAWN AND REPLACED — the entry was wrong, and a corrected version of it appears in the entries below. Each mark carries its own reason, in brackets, because the reasons differ from one entry to the next. An entry we have WITHDRAWN is removed from this page and kept in the record, with its reason. A line reading Audit and a date is a later re-reading of the entry against its whole sentence: DOUBTFUL means it was kept, and the reason says what is loose about it. Quotation marks inside the tagger's sentence. Where a tag is the tagger's own sentence, a phrase in quotation marks inside it is borrowed from the paper — the tagger's wording around it is not. The paper's own sentence is the evidence quote for that row; on this page it is withheld with the article, and the article is at its publisher. Nothing inside quotation marks anywhere on this page is ours: if it is quoted, it is the paper's. Whose words a concept carries. A concept entry records a term the paper itself uses, so the term, the sense given for it, and its evidence are the paper's own words, quoted where the paper fixes them. This is the opposite of a sense entry in the tag table, which is the tagger's sentence about how the paper uses a term. Where a concept entry could not be grounded in the paper's words, the entry says so on its own row.

Other fields define these differently the same word, defined another way in another discipline
sample-size 5 fields · supervised learning 3 fields · sentiment analysis 2 fields · variance 2 fields

Tags on this paper

Every tag the record carries, each linking to every other paper in the corpus that carries it. A tag appears here whether or not its words occur in the article — the spans below are only the ones a sentence in this paper licenses. Of the 26 concept tags on this paper, 24 are grounded in a quoted sentence. 19 carry the tagger's gloss of what the term means in this paper, which is not something the article can license.

emotional arc sentiment analysis narrative structure distant reading plot Hedonometer labMT folkloristics matrix decomposition singular value decomposition supervised learning agglomerative (hierarchical) clustering Ward’s method unsupervised learning self-organizing map neural network Rags to riches Tragedy Riches to rags Man in a hole Icarus Cinderella Oedipus word salad nonsense null model three independent methods are run over the same arcs - matrix decomposition, hierarchical clustering and an unsupervised self-organising map - and the paper states that confirmation comes only from the three supporting each other the emotional arc is separated from the plot by construction: it is what the words invoke, and the paper says the same arc can arise from very different plots the paper states plainly that the dictionary method it relies on performs WORSE THAN RANDOM on an individual sentence, which is why the instrument is never applied at sentence level the arcs are mean-centred before decomposition so that the first mode is not spent on the average sentiment or on the positivity bias of language clusters are built by Ward's method, which the paper describes as proceeding by minimising variance between clusters conflation of several arcs in one book is limited by restricting the corpus to shorter books, a filter chosen for that purpose emotional arcs stories narrative six basic shapes digital humanities Project Gutenberg narratology sentiment downloads mean average of sample-size variance corpus-analysis

Method, as described: computational-text-analysis

Legend

relation to other work	`claim_relations`	how this paper stands to another: agrees, contradicts, extends, qualifies
claim type	`claim_type`	the shape of the claim: existence, mechanism, method, critique, prediction, null
concept edge	`concept_edges`	an asserted relation between two concepts, with the sentence asserting it
concept	`concepts`	an idea the paper works with, quoted where the paper uses it
content tag	`content_tags`	a finding, definition, quantity, statistic or variable named in the paper
control	`controls`	an experiment run to eliminate a rival explanation
limitation	`limitations`	what the paper says its evidence cannot support
mechanism	`mechanisms`	how the reported effect is said to come about
method	`method`	how the paper produced its evidence
phenomenon	`phenomenon`	the effect or regularity under study
sense	`senses`	a distinct use of a term, quoted where the paper fixes it
transfer	`transfers`	a method or concept carried in from another field

The paper

The full text is not reproduced here. This article is not cleared for redistribution, so the page carries the tag layer only. Its evidence sentences are withheld; the grounding status remains with each tag, and the article itself is at https://doi.org/10.1140/epjds/s13688-016-0093-1. The reading view exists for the papers whose licence permits it.

Every tag on this page

claim_relations 2 · claim_type 1 · concept_edges 3 · concepts 24 · content_tags 18 · controls 1 · limitations 7 · mechanisms 6 · method 1 · phenomenon 1 · senses 22 · transfers 1

Relations on this page carry a quotation for the claim. Where a relation was separately evidenced — and so tested against the vocabulary for its type — the row says so; 1 of 3 relations here carries that mark. The rest are the tagger’s reading of the sentence quoted beside them.

facet	tag	field	conf.	whose words
claim_type	existence Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`claim_type`		the paper's words
phenomenon	emotional arcs of stories Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`phenomenon`		the paper's words
method	corpus-analysis Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: corpus-analysis	`method`		the paper's words
mechanisms	mechanisms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: three independent methods are run over the same arcs - matrix decomposition, hierarchical clustering and an unsupervised self-organising map - and the paper states that confirmation comes only from the three supporting each other	`mechanisms[0]`	0.9	the tagger's words
mechanisms	mechanisms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: the emotional arc is separated from the plot by construction: it is what the words invoke, and the paper says the same arc can arise from very different plots	`mechanisms[1]`	0.9	the tagger's words
mechanisms	the sliding-window construction itself is described in a different sentence and in the Figure 1 caption, not in this span; the window size is unquotable here because the extraction stores its digits as private-use glyphs Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: the paper states plainly that the dictionary method it relies on performs WORSE THAN RANDOM on an individual sentence, which is why the instrument is never applied at sentence level	`mechanisms[2]`	0.9	the tagger's words
mechanisms	mechanisms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: the arcs are mean-centred before decomposition so that the first mode is not spent on the average sentiment or on the positivity bias of language	`mechanisms[3]`	0.9	the tagger's words
mechanisms	mechanisms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: clusters are built by Ward's method, which the paper describes as proceeding by minimising variance between clusters	`mechanisms[4]`	0.9	the tagger's words
mechanisms	mechanisms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: conflation of several arcs in one book is limited by restricting the corpus to shorter books, a filter chosen for that purpose	`mechanisms[5]`	0.9	the tagger's words
limitations	Success is measured only by Project Gutenberg download counts. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the success analysis only: DOWNLOADS ARE ONLY A ROUGH PROXY FOR SUCCESS	`limitations[1]`		the tagger's words
limitations	The sliding-window method cannot detect briefly mentioned emotional events. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the resolution of every arc: OUR METHOD DOES NOT PICK UP EMOTIONAL MOMENTS DISCUSSED BRIEFLY, PERHAPS IN ONE PARAGRAPH OR SENTENCE (E.G., THE FIRST KISS OF HARRY AND GINNY)	`limitations[2]`		the tagger's words
limitations	An emotional arc is not the plot and does not identify it. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: any narrative reading of the arcs: an emotional arc is not the plot and does not identify it	`limitations[3]`		the tagger's words
limitations	Only shorter books were analysed, to avoid conflating several core arcs. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the corpus the arcs were derived from: TO LIMIT THE CONFLATION OF MULTIPLE CORE EMOTIONAL ARCS, WE RESTRICT OUR ANALYSIS TO SHORTER BOOKS	`limitations[4]`		the tagger's words
limitations	The sentiment tool is stated to perform worse than random on individual sentences, and is made usable only by averaging over a rolling window. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: any sentence-level or short-passage reading of these sentiment scores: the authors state that dictionary-based sentiment methods usually perform worse than random on individual sentences, and the arcs are built from a rolling average instead	`limitations[5]`	1.0	the tagger's words
limitations	The result is what three different methods agree on; the paper says no single tool establishes it. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the six-arc finding: it is confirmed only by considering the results of each tool in support of the others - a matrix decomposition, a hierarchical clustering and an unsupervised map - so a citation of 'six basic shapes' that drops the three-method agreement drops the evidence	`limitations[6]`	1.0	the tagger's words
limitations	Two of the six decomposition modes are retained for completeness and are stated not to match the archetypes the other methods produce. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: the six SVD modes as six arcs: the paper says the high-frequency modes contribute little variance and do not align with the core archetypes recovered by the other methods, and are included only for completeness	`limitations[7]`	1.0	the tagger's words
transfers	sentiment analysis applied to works of fiction to extract their emotional arcs Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`transfers[0]`		the tagger's words
controls	every method re-run at four different DOWNLOAD-COUNT thresholds. THE NUMERALS SURVIVE EXTRACTION AS PRIVATE-USE-AREA GLYPHS (U+F639, U+F63C ...) rather than digits, so the thresholds are present in the text and unreadable; they are quoted as they stand and not guessed Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. eliminates: the popularity cut-off as the source of the emotional-arc findings - a corpus filtered by downloads is a corpus of what people read, and an arc shape could be a property of the filter rather than of literature · outcome: held	`controls[0]`	0.9	the tagger's words
concepts	emotional arc Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: emotional arc	`concepts[0]`		the paper's words
concepts	sentiment analysis Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: sentiment analysis	`concepts[1]`		the paper's words
concepts	plot Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: plot	`concepts[4]`		the paper's words
concepts	Hedonometer Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: Hedonometer	`concepts[5]`		the paper's words
concepts	labMT Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: labMT	`concepts[6]`		the paper's words
concepts	folkloristics Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: folkloristics	`concepts[7]`	0.95	the paper's words
concepts	matrix decomposition Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: matrix decomposition	`concepts[8]`	0.95	the paper's words
concepts	singular value decomposition Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: singular value decomposition	`concepts[9]`	0.95	the paper's words
concepts	supervised learning Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: supervised learning	`concepts[10]`	0.95	the paper's words
concepts	agglomerative (hierarchical) clustering Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: agglomerative (hierarchical) clustering	`concepts[11]`	0.95	the paper's words
concepts	Ward’s method Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: Ward’s method	`concepts[12]`	0.95	the paper's words
concepts	unsupervised learning Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: unsupervised learning	`concepts[13]`	0.95	the paper's words
concepts	self-organizing map Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: self-organizing map	`concepts[14]`	0.95	the paper's words
concepts	neural network Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: neural network	`concepts[15]`	0.95	the paper's words
concepts	Rags to riches Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: Rags to riches	`concepts[16]`	0.95	the paper's words
concepts	Tragedy Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: Tragedy	`concepts[17]`	0.95	the paper's words
concepts	Riches to rags Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: Riches to rags	`concepts[18]`	0.95	the paper's words
concepts	Man in a hole Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: Man in a hole	`concepts[19]`	0.95	the paper's words
concepts	Icarus Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: Icarus	`concepts[20]`	0.95	the paper's words
concepts	Cinderella Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: Cinderella	`concepts[21]`	0.95	the paper's words
concepts	Oedipus Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: Oedipus	`concepts[22]`	0.95	the paper's words
concepts	word salad Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: word salad	`concepts[23]`	0.95	the paper's words
concepts	nonsense Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: nonsense	`concepts[24]`	0.95	the paper's words
concepts	null model Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: null model	`concepts[25]`	0.95	the paper's words
senses	emotional arc - NOT THE PLOT, and the paper names the conflation as the misunderstanding that drew criticism from the digital humanities community: the same falling arc can come from very different plots Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`senses[0]`	1.0	the tagger's words
senses	the six arcs - AS THE INTERSECTION OF THREE PROCEDURES: modes of a matrix decomposition, clusters from Ward's algorithm, and clusters from an unsupervised map; six is what survives all three, not what any one of them returns Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`senses[1]`	1.0	the tagger's words
senses	sentiment - AS A WINDOW AVERAGE: the reported quantity is the score of a sliding fixed-size window, never of a sentence, which is what makes the underlying dictionary usable at all Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`senses[2]`	1.0	the tagger's words
senses	folkloristics - the study of society and culture through literary analysis Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`senses[3]`	0.95	the tagger's words
senses	matrix decomposition - the SVD branch of the paper's three-tool analysis Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`senses[4]`	0.95	the tagger's words
senses	singular value decomposition - SVD used for matrix decomposition of emotional arcs Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`senses[5]`	0.95	the tagger's words
senses	supervised learning - the paper's label for agglomerative clustering with Ward's method Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`senses[6]`	0.95	the tagger's words
senses	agglomerative hierarchical clustering - the supervised analysis performed with Ward's method Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`senses[7]`	0.95	the tagger's words
senses	Ward's method - the method used in the agglomerative hierarchical clustering branch Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`senses[8]`	0.95	the tagger's words
senses	unsupervised learning - the paper's label for the self-organizing-map analysis Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`senses[9]`	0.95	the tagger's words
senses	self-organizing map - SOM, the neural-network branch of the unsupervised analysis Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`senses[10]`	0.95	the tagger's words
senses	neural network - the class to which the self-organizing map is assigned Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`senses[11]`	0.95	the tagger's words
senses	Rags to riches - rise Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`senses[12]`	0.95	the tagger's words
senses	Tragedy - fall, also called Riches to rags Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`senses[13]`	0.95	the tagger's words
senses	Riches to rags - the alternative label for the falling Tragedy arc Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`senses[14]`	0.95	the tagger's words
senses	Man in a hole - fall then rise Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`senses[15]`	0.95	the tagger's words
senses	Icarus - rise then fall Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`senses[16]`	0.95	the tagger's words
senses	Cinderella - rise, fall, then rise Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`senses[17]`	0.95	the tagger's words
senses	Oedipus - fall, rise, then fall Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`senses[18]`	0.95	the tagger's words
senses	word salad - a null story version without coherent plot or emotional arc Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`senses[19]`	0.95	the tagger's words
senses	nonsense - a null story version without coherent plot or emotional arc Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`senses[20]`	0.95	the tagger's words
senses	null model - a written-story comparison lacking coherent plot or structure Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`senses[21]`	0.95	the tagger's words
claim_relations	builds-on → sentiment analysis (from NLP) Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`claim_relations[0]`		the tagger's words
claim_relations	builds-on → Kurt Vonnegut's claim that the shapes of stories can be computed Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`claim_relations[1]`		the tagger's words
concept_edges	emotional arc —distinct-from→ plot Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. strength of the relation: 1 also in: emotional arc · plot	`concept_edges[0]`		the tagger's words
concept_edges	emotional arc —operationalised-as→ Hedonometer Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. strength of the relation: 1 also in: emotional arc · Hedonometer	`concept_edges[1]`		the tagger's words
concept_edges	self-organizing map —is-a→ neural network Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. the relation itself is separately evidenced · strength of the relation: 1 · note: The paper explicitly calls SOM a type of neural network. also in: self-organizing map · neural network	`concept_edges[2]`	0.95	the tagger's words
content_tags	1,327 — filtered Project Gutenberg fiction corpus Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.quantities[0]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	6 — basic emotional-arc shapes found Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.quantities[1]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	3 — independent techniques used to confirm the arcs Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. about this quote: QUOTE RECOVERED FROM THE PAPER'S OWN CHARACTERS. The recorded quote was LETTERS-ONLY IDENTICAL to this stretch of the staged text but not an exact substring of it - spaces, hyphens, ligature glyphs or mathematical operators differed, so it could never anchor. This is the file's own text between the same two letters: not produced by a rule about the damage, copied out of the file. Round-trip checked (the recovered span is letters-only equal to the original) and length-checked. The text as originally recorded is kept in evidence as extracted. The quote was later extended to the end of the list it begins; the recovered stretch is kept as the earlier quote.	`content_tags.quantities[2]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	six core emotional arcs are the building blocks of story trajectories Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[0]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	particular emotional arcs enjoy greater download success Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[1]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	the findings are strengthened by separately applying matrix decomposition Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. about this quote: QUOTE RECOVERED FROM THE PAPER'S OWN CHARACTERS. The recorded quote was LETTERS-ONLY IDENTICAL to this stretch of the staged text but not an exact substring of it - spaces, hyphens, ligature glyphs or mathematical operators differed, so it could never anchor. This is the file's own text between the same two letters: not produced by a rule about the damage, copied out of the file. Round-trip checked (the recovered span is letters-only equal to the original) and length-checked. The text as originally recorded is kept in evidence as extracted.	`content_tags.findings[2]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	the emotional arc is distinct from the plot Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[3]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	emotional arc Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: emotional arc	`content_tags.variables[0]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	sentiment Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: sentiment	`content_tags.variables[1]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	downloads Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: downloads	`content_tags.variables[2]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	plot Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: plot	`content_tags.variables[3]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	emotional arc Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: emotional arc	`content_tags.definitions[0]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	narratology Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: narratology	`content_tags.definitions[1]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	sentiment analysis Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: sentiment analysis	`content_tags.definitions[2]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	plot Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: plot	`content_tags.definitions[3]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	mean Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: mean	`content_tags.statistics[0]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	sample-size Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. about this quote: NOT REPAIRED, AND REVERTED AFTER IT WAS. This quote is verbatim in the web page we fetched and carries a real minus sign in '2( N − 1)'. The grounding copy has an en dash there. A repair that normalised dashes matched the two and replaced the correct character with the poorer extraction's. The quote stays as the paper set it and stays unanchorable against the grounding copy, which is the honest state - the project, 2026-08-23 17:35: the quotes are right, the staging is what disagrees. also in: sample-size	`content_tags.statistics[2]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	variance Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: variance	`content_tags.statistics[3]`		the tagger's words

Interpretive choices

Tags that could not be placed in the text:

limitations[0] — quotation withheld — the page has already reproduced as much of this paper as the rights budget allows
this quote's status: quote-not-in-current-staged-text · about this quote: tagged against an earlier extraction of this paper; the staged file has since changed. The claim may still be sound - the QUOTE is unanchorable. Not deleted, not repaired, not verified., 2026-08-15: the quote IS present, verbatim once whitespace is normalised, in the web page we fetched. The staged text this flag refers to is a lossier extraction of the same paper, so the tag is UNVERIFIED AGAINST THE FILE THE VERIFIER READS rather than unverifiable. Re-staging would move every offset and hash on the record and is a staging decision, not a tagging one. · NOT MACHINE-VOUCHED: not-in-our-copy - The quote is in the original page we fetched for this paper ('fulltext.html'), but not in the text we tag against, which was extracted differently. Checked with ligatures, hyphens, spacing and punctuation set aside. This body carries 13 '(cid:NNN)' glyph ids.

What was deliberately not tagged, and why, is recorded per paper by the tagger. Where a paper has no such record, this page says so rather than implying that nothing was declined.