standOff, and the article is at its publisher via the link below. When we have changed our mind. Some entries in the table begin with a word in capitals and the reason for it. EVIDENCE CORRECTED — the finding still stands, but we had quoted the wrong sentence from the paper, and the quotation has been replaced with the right one. RETRACTED — the entry itself was wrong; it stays on the page, marked, with the reason, rather than being deleted. WITHDRAWN AND REPLACED — the entry was wrong, and a corrected version of it appears in the entries below. Each mark carries its own reason, in brackets, because the reasons differ from one entry to the next. An entry we have WITHDRAWN is removed from this page and kept in the record, with its reason. A line reading Audit and a date is a later re-reading of the entry against its whole sentence: DOUBTFUL means it was kept, and the reason says what is loose about it. Quotation marks inside the tagger's sentence. Where a tag is the tagger's own sentence, a phrase in quotation marks inside it is borrowed from the paper — the tagger's wording around it is not. The paper's own sentence is the evidence quote for that row; on this page it is withheld with the article, and the article is at its publisher. Nothing inside quotation marks anywhere on this page is ours: if it is quoted, it is the paper's. Whose words a concept carries. A concept entry records a term the paper itself uses, so the term, the sense given for it, and its evidence are the paper's own words, quoted where the paper fixes them. This is the opposite of a sense entry in the tag table, which is the tagger's sentence about how the paper uses a term. Where a concept entry could not be grounded in the paper's words, the entry says so on its own row.| relation to other work | claim_relations | how this paper stands to another: agrees, contradicts, extends, qualifies |
| claim type | claim_type | the shape of the claim: existence, mechanism, method, critique, prediction, null |
| concept edge | concept_edges | an asserted relation between two concepts, with the sentence asserting it |
| concept | concepts | an idea the paper works with, quoted where the paper uses it |
| content tag | content_tags | a finding, definition, quantity, statistic or variable named in the paper |
| contribution | contribution | what the paper claims to add |
| control | controls | an experiment run to eliminate a rival explanation |
| limitation | limitations | what the paper says its evidence cannot support |
| mechanism | mechanisms | how the reported effect is said to come about |
| method | method | how the paper produced its evidence |
| object of study | object_of_study | what the paper is about — the thing it investigates |
| phenomenon | phenomenon | the effect or regularity under study |
| research question | research_question | the question the paper sets itself |
| sense | senses | a distinct use of a term, quoted where the paper fixes it |
| transfer | transfers | a method or concept carried in from another field |
Relations on this page carry a quotation for the claim. Where a relation was separately evidenced — and so tested against the vocabulary for its type — the row says so; 2 of 2 relations here carry that mark. The rest are the tagger’s reading of the sentence quoted beside them.
| facet | tag | field | conf. | whose words |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| object_of_study | what the COVID-19 pandemic did to the mental health of undergraduates at one large university, asked in a semistructured interview a month after the state stay-at-home order Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | object_of_study | the paper's words | |
| research_question | which pandemic stressors students report, how severely each affects them, and why so few used the counselling service available to them Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | research_question | the paper's words | |
| contribution | an interview survey of undergraduates during the pandemic peak, carrying both a literature-derived twelve-category severity rating and an open thematic coding of the same transcripts Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | contribution | the paper's words | |
| claim_type | existence Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | claim_type | the paper's words | |
| phenomenon | student distress during a pandemic, recorded through two instruments at once - one whose categories were fixed by earlier papers and one with no categories at all Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | phenomenon | the paper's words | |
| method | survey Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: survey | method | the paper's words | |
| mechanisms | the same interviews are read twice - once against twelve categories written by earlier papers and rated 0 to 3, once with no categories at all. Whatever the open coding surfaces that the twelve do not contain is a direct measurement of what the literature's vocabulary could not see. THE COMPARISON IS AVAILABLE IN THIS PAPER AND IS NOT DRAWN Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | mechanisms[0] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| mechanisms | open coding without a priori codes means the themes are whatever a trained reader sees. One person did all of it; two others were brought in afterwards to resolve discrepancies and discuss saturation. That is a review, not an independent coding, and no agreement statistic is available because none could be computed Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | mechanisms[1] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| mechanisms | the interviews were run by 20 trained undergraduate researchers and none of the authors conducted one. That removes the authors' expectations from the elicitation and introduces twenty different interviewing styles into it - a trade the design makes deliberately and the paper reports plainly Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | mechanisms[2] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| mechanisms | recordings were transcribed by an AI service and verified for accuracy manually. The qualitative data is therefore a machine's reading of speech, corrected - and what a correction pass catches is a different set from what it misses Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | mechanisms[3] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| mechanisms | participants were also asked to describe stressors, coping strategies and barriers in a typical semester WITHOUT associating them with the pandemic. The within-person baseline is collected from the same person in the same sitting, which controls for who is answering and not for when they are answering Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | mechanisms[4] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| limitations | the sample is small compared with survey-only studies, traded for elaboration and clarifying detail Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | limitations[0] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| limitations | the sample is from one large university and may not generalize to all college students Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | limitations[1] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| limitations | a majority of participants were engineering majors; a stratified nationwide sample across wider disciplines is needed to verify and amend the findings Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | limitations[2] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| limitations | almost none of the participants who had not used the counselling service gave a reason, so the study's central practical question is left open Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | limitations[3] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| limitations | mental health problems were not analysed by demographic characteristics or by personal and social context Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | limitations[4] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| limitations | multiple analyses of the collected data are still in progress; only the PSS results and COVID-19-related findings appear here Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | limitations[5] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| transfers | grounded theory's open coding step, taken into a health-services interview study and run alongside a fixed rating scale on the same transcripts Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | transfers[0] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| transfers | automatic speech transcription, used as the route from recording to analysable text with a manual verification pass Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | transfers[1] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| controls | the same participants asked to describe stressors, coping strategies and barriers for a typical semester, explicitly without associating them with the pandemic Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. eliminates: pandemic-attribution of ordinary student stress - the baseline comes from the same person, so it cannot be a difference between populations · outcome: held | controls[0] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| controls | interviews conducted by 20 trained undergraduate researchers, with none of the authors conducting any Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. eliminates: the authors' own expectations shaping what participants said, at the cost of twenty interviewing styles · outcome: held | controls[1] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| controls | machine transcription verified for accuracy manually before coding Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. eliminates: transcription error being read as what the participant said - though the check is a human pass over a machine output, not two independent transcriptions · outcome: held | controls[2] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| controls | the single coder's themes discussed with two other trained coders to resolve discrepancies among related themes and discuss saturation Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. eliminates: nothing that can be quantified - the second and third coders reviewed one person's coding rather than coding independently, so no agreement statistic exists to report · outcome: partial | controls[3] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| controls | a standing instrument, the Perceived Stress Scale-10, carried in unchanged alongside the study's own questions Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. eliminates: the study's own severity ratings standing alone - PSS is comparable to every other study that uses it · outcome: held | controls[4] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| controls | only inclusion criterion recorded: enrolment as an undergraduate at the time of the interview, with recruitment by email, text and snowball sampling Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. eliminates: very little - snowball recruitment on a single stated criterion is a weak control, and recording it as held is recording how weak it is · outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation): held | controls[5] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| concepts | open coding Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: open coding | concepts[0] | 0.95 | the paper's words |
| concepts | a priori codes Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: a priori codes | concepts[1] | 0.95 | the paper's words |
| concepts | categories Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: categories | concepts[2] | 0.95 | the paper's words |
| concepts | stressors Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: stressors | concepts[3] | 0.95 | the paper's words |
| concepts | PSS Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: PSS | concepts[4] | 0.95 | the paper's words |
| concepts | single coder Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: single coder | concepts[5] | 0.95 | the paper's words |
| concepts | interview survey Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: interview survey | concepts[6] | 0.95 | the paper's words |
| concepts | survey-only studies Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: survey-only studies | concepts[7] | 0.95 | the paper's words |
| concepts | counseling service Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: counseling service | concepts[8] | 0.95 | the paper's words |
| concepts | saturation Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: saturation | concepts[9] | 0.95 | the paper's words |
| senses | the stressor set - AS FIXED IN ADVANCE: twelve academic-, health- and lifestyle-related categories derived from existing literature, rated 0 to 3 Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[0] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| senses | the stressor set - AS FOUND IN THE TRANSCRIPTS: themes from an open coding process that uses no a priori codes and takes what can be extracted directly from the data Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[1] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| senses | stress - AS SCORED: a PSS-10 total, a widely used instrument measuring overall stress in the past month Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[2] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| senses | stress - AS ELABORATED: whatever the participant said when asked to explain each severity rating Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[3] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| senses | the comparison condition - AS DESIGNED: the same students describing stressors and barriers in a typical semester, asked without associating them with the pandemic Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[4] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| claim_relations | builds-on → existing literature identifying prominent factors affecting college students' mental health, from which the twelve rating categories were taken Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | claim_relations[0] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| claim_relations | extends → survey-based studies of student mental health during the pandemic, by adding elaboration and clarifying detail at a smaller sample size Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | claim_relations[1] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| claim_relations | qualifies → its own generalisability - one university, a majority of engineering majors, and no demographic breakdown Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | claim_relations[2] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| concept_edges | open coding —distinct-from→ a priori codes Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. differs in: whether the category existed before the data did · the relation itself is separately evidenced · strength of the relation: 0.95 · differs in (stated by the tagger, no quotation): whether the category existed before the data did · the relation stated: the open coding process uses no codes created before the analysis and takes what can be extracted directly from the data - which is the opposite of the twelve literature-derived categories used on the same transcripts also in: open coding · a priori codes | concept_edges[0] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| concept_edges | interview survey —distinct-from→ survey-only studies Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. differs in: whether the participant can elaborate on an answer · the relation itself is separately evidenced · strength of the relation: 0.95 · differs in (stated by the tagger, no quotation): whether the participant can elaborate on an answer · the relation stated: the interview design trades sample size for elaboration and clarifying detail, and the authors position it as complementing rather than replacing the larger survey studies
Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but the span says the interview sample was small compared to survey-only studies; distinct-from is loose. also in: interview survey · survey-only studies | concept_edges[1] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | Pandemic-specific stressors were elicited across 12 categories derived from existing literature on college students' mental health. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[0] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | the same transcripts were also coded with no a priori codes at all, taking themes directly from the data Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[1] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | A single coder identified the themes and discussed them with two other coders to resolve discrepancies and discuss saturation. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[2] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | interviews were conducted by 20 trained undergraduate researchers and none of the authors conducted any Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[3] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | participants also described stressors and barriers for a typical semester without associating them with the pandemic Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[4] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | a vast majority had not used the university counselling service and only a few gave any reason Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[5] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | mental health problems were not analysed by demographic characteristics or social context Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[6] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | a process which does not use a priori codes or codes created prior to the analysis, placing emphasis on information that can be extracted directly from the data Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: open coding | content_tags.definitions[0] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | the Perceived Stress Scale-10, a widely used instrument to measure overall stress in the past month Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: PSS | content_tags.definitions[1] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | academic-, health- and lifestyle-related outcome categories, fixed from existing literature before any interview Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[0] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | undergraduate researchers conducted the interviews; none of the authors did Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[1] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | PSS Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: PSS | content_tags.statistics[0] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | stressors Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: stressors | content_tags.variables[0] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | categories Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: categories | content_tags.variables[1] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
Tags that could not be placed in the text:
What was deliberately not tagged, and why, is recorded per paper by the tagger. Where a paper has no such record, this page says so rather than implying that nothing was declined.