phenomenon · claim-type · cross-domain-transfer · mechanism · claim-relation · replication-status · limitation — grounded in the full text| phenomenon | student distress during a pandemic, recorded through two instruments at once - one whose categories were fixed by earlier papers and one with no categories at all— “We then elicited pandemic-specific stressors and their manifestations across 12 academic-, health-, and lifestyle-related categories of outcomes such as effects on own or loved ones’ health, sleeping habits, eating habits, financial situation, changes to their living environment, academic workload, and social relations. Students were also… | |
| claim-type | existence— “We then elicited pandemic-specific stressors and their manifestations across 12 academic-, health-, and lifestyle-related categories of outcomes such as effects on own or loved ones’ health, sleeping habits, eating habits, financial situation, changes to their living environment, academic workload, and social relations. Students were also… | |
| method — evidence | — “The interviews were conducted by 20 undergraduate researchers trained in qualitative methods and the use of the interview survey guide described above. None of the authors conducted the interviews. All interviews were conducted via Zoom [22] and were audio recorded. The recordings were later transcribed using Otter.ai [23], an artificial… | |
| object of study — evidence | — “We then elicited pandemic-specific stressors and their manifestations across 12 academic-, health-, and lifestyle-related categories of outcomes such as effects on own or loved ones’ health, sleeping habits, eating habits, financial situation, changes to their living environment, academic workload, and social relations. Students were also… | |
| research question — evidence | — “Third, although a vast majority of participants answered that they have not used the university counseling service during the pandemic, only a few of them provided reasons.” | |
| contribution — evidence | — “A single coder (CS), trained in qualitative analysis methods, analyzed the transcripts and identified themes using an open coding process, which does not use a priori codes or codes created prior to the analysis and places an emphasis on information that can be extracted directly from the data.” | |
| transfer | from qualitative sociology: grounded theory's open coding step, taken into a health-services interview study and run alongside a fixed rating scale on the same transcripts— “A single coder (CS), trained in qualitative analysis methods, analyzed the transcripts and identified themes using an open coding process, which does not use a priori codes or codes created prior to the analysis and places an emphasis on information that can be extracted directly from the data.” | transfers[0] |
| transfer | from speech technology: automatic speech transcription, used as the route from recording to analysable text with a manual verification pass— “The interviews were conducted by 20 undergraduate researchers trained in qualitative methods and the use of the interview survey guide described above. None of the authors conducted the interviews. All interviews were conducted via Zoom [22] and were audio recorded. The recordings were later transcribed using Otter.ai [23], an artificial… | transfers[1] |
| mechanism | two apertures on one set of transcripts the same interviews are read twice - once against twelve categories written by earlier papers and rated 0 to 3, once with no categories at all. Whatever the open coding surfaces that the twelve do not contain is a direct measurement of what the literature's vocabulary could not see. THE COMPARISON IS AVAILABLE IN THIS PAPER AND IS NOT DRAWN— “We then elicited pandemic-specific stressors and their manifestations across 12 academic-, health-, and lifestyle-related categories of outcomes such as effects on own or loved ones’ health, sleeping habits, eating habits, financial situation, changes to their living environment, academic workload, and social relations. Students were also… | mechanisms[0] |
| mechanism | the coder is the instrument, and there was one open coding without a priori codes means the themes are whatever a trained reader sees. One person did all of it; two others were brought in afterwards to resolve discrepancies and discuss saturation. That is a review, not an independent coding, and no agreement statistic is available because none could be computed— “A single coder (CS), trained in qualitative analysis methods, analyzed the transcripts and identified themes using an open coding process, which does not use a priori codes or codes created prior to the analysis and places an emphasis on information that can be extracted directly from the data.” | mechanisms[1] |
| mechanism | twenty interviewers, none of them the authors the interviews were run by 20 trained undergraduate researchers and none of the authors conducted one. That removes the authors' expectations from the elicitation and introduces twenty different interviewing styles into it - a trade the design makes deliberately and the paper reports plainly— “The interviews were conducted by 20 undergraduate researchers trained in qualitative methods and the use of the interview survey guide described above. None of the authors conducted the interviews. All interviews were conducted via Zoom [22] and were audio recorded. The recordings were later transcribed using Otter.ai [23], an artificial… | mechanisms[2] |
| mechanism | a transcript produced by a machine and checked by hand recordings were transcribed by an AI service and verified for accuracy manually. The qualitative data is therefore a machine's reading of speech, corrected - and what a correction pass catches is a different set from what it misses— “The interviews were conducted by 20 undergraduate researchers trained in qualitative methods and the use of the interview survey guide described above. None of the authors conducted the interviews. All interviews were conducted via Zoom [22] and were audio recorded. The recordings were later transcribed using Otter.ai [23], an artificial… | mechanisms[3] |
| mechanism | a non-pandemic comparison inside the same interview participants were also asked to describe stressors, coping strategies and barriers in a typical semester WITHOUT associating them with the pandemic. The within-person baseline is collected from the same person in the same sitting, which controls for who is answering and not for when they are answering— “Third, participants were guided to describe stressors, coping strategies, and barriers to mental health treatment during a typical semester without associating with the COVID-19 pandemic.” | mechanisms[4] |
| builds-on | existing literature identifying prominent factors affecting college students' mental health, from which the twelve rating categories were taken— “We then elicited pandemic-specific stressors and their manifestations across 12 academic-, health-, and lifestyle-related categories of outcomes such as effects on own or loved ones’ health, sleeping habits, eating habits, financial situation, changes to their living environment, academic workload, and social relations. Students were also… | claim_relations[0] |
| extends | survey-based studies of student mental health during the pandemic, by adding elaboration and clarifying detail at a smaller sample size— “First, the sample size for our interview survey was relatively small compared to typical survey-only studies; however, the survey interview approach affords the capture of elaboration and additional… | claim_relations[1] |
| qualifies | its own generalisability - one university, a majority of engineering majors, and no demographic breakdown Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[2] |
| sense | the stressor set - AS FIXED IN ADVANCE: twelve academic-, health- and lifestyle-related categories derived from existing literature, rated 0 to 3 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[0] |
| sense | the stressor set - AS FOUND IN THE TRANSCRIPTS: themes from an open coding process that uses no a priori codes and takes what can be extracted directly from the data Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[1] |
| sense | stress - AS SCORED: a PSS-10 total, a widely used instrument measuring overall stress in the past month Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[2] |
| sense | stress - AS ELABORATED: whatever the participant said when asked to explain each severity rating Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[3] |
| sense | the comparison condition - AS DESIGNED: the same students describing stressors and barriers in a typical semester, asked without associating them with the pandemic Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[4] |
| control | the same participants asked to describe stressors, coping strategies and barriers for a typical semester, explicitly without associating them with the pandemic — held Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. — rules out pandemic-attribution of ordinary student stress - the baseline comes from the same person, so it cannot be a difference between populations Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[0] |
| control | interviews conducted by 20 trained undergraduate researchers, with none of the authors conducting any — held Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. — rules out the authors' own expectations shaping what participants said, at the cost of twenty interviewing styles Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[1] |
| control | machine transcription verified for accuracy manually before coding — held Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. — rules out transcription error being read as what the participant said - though the check is a human pass over a machine output, not two independent transcriptions Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[2] |
| control | the single coder's themes discussed with two other trained coders to resolve discrepancies among related themes and discuss saturation — partial Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. — rules out nothing that can be quantified - the second and third coders reviewed one person's coding rather than coding independently, so no agreement statistic exists to report Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[3] |
| control | a standing instrument, the Perceived Stress Scale-10, carried in unchanged alongside the study's own questions — held Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. — rules out the study's own severity ratings standing alone - PSS is comparable to every other study that uses it Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[4] |
| control | only inclusion criterion recorded: enrolment as an undergraduate at the time of the interview, with recruitment by email, text and snowball sampling — held — rules out very little - snowball recruitment on a single stated criterion is a weak control, and recording it as held is recording how weak it is Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[5] |
| weight | existing literature identifying prominent factors affecting college students' mental health, from which the twelve rating categories were taken — 0.95 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[0] |
| weight | survey-based studies of student mental health during the pandemic, by adding elaboration and clarifying detail at a smaller sample size — 0.95 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[1] |
| weight | its own generalisability - one university, a majority of engineering majors, and no demographic breakdown — 0.95 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[2] |
| differs in (stated by the tagger, no quotation) | open coding —distinct-from→ a priori codes — whether the category existed before the data did | concept_edges[0] |
| relation | open coding —distinct-from→ a priori codes — the open coding process uses no codes created before the analysis and takes what can be extracted directly from the data - which is the opposite of the twelve literature-derived categories used on the same transcripts Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[0] |
| weight | open coding —distinct-from→ a priori codes — 0.95 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[0] |
| audit | interview survey —distinct-from→ survey-only studies — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but the span says the interview sample was small compared to survey-only studies; distinct-from is loose. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[1] |
| differs in (stated by the tagger, no quotation) | interview survey —distinct-from→ survey-only studies — whether the participant can elaborate on an answer | concept_edges[1] |
| relation | interview survey —distinct-from→ survey-only studies — the interview design trades sample size for elaboration and clarifying detail, and the authors position it as complementing rather than replacing the larger survey studies Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[1] |
| weight | interview survey —distinct-from→ survey-only studies — 0.95 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[1] |
| outcome | control — held Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[0] |
| outcome | control — held Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[1] |
| outcome | control — held Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[2] |
| outcome | control — partial Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[3] |
| outcome | control — held Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[4] |
| outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation) | control — held Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[5] |
| limitation | the sample is small compared with survey-only studies, traded for elaboration and clarifying detail Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[0] |
| limitation | the sample is from one large university and may not generalize to all college students Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[1] |
| limitation | a majority of participants were engineering majors; a stratified nationwide sample across wider disciplines is needed to verify and amend the findings Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[2] |
| limitation | almost none of the participants who had not used the counselling service gave a reason, so the study's central practical question is left open Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[3] |
| limitation | mental health problems were not analysed by demographic characteristics or by personal and social context Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[4] |
| limitation | multiple analyses of the collected data are still in progress; only the PSS results and COVID-19-related findings appear here Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[5] |
finding · quantity · variable · definition · key-term — grounded in the full text| finding | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[0] |
| finding | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[1] |
| finding | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[2] |
| finding | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[3] |
| finding | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[4] |
| finding | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[5] |
| finding | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[6] |
| quantity | academic-, health- and lifestyle-related outcome categories, fixed from existing literature before any interview Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[0] |
| quantity | undergraduate researchers conducted the interviews; none of the authors did Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[1] |
| variable | stressors Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[0] |
| variable | categories Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[1] |
| definition | open coding Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[0] |
| definition | PSS Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[1] |
| concept | open coding — not defined in this paper's own words; a coding process that uses no codes created prior to the analysis - the paper's own name for reading the transcripts without a vocabulary Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[0] |
| concept | a priori codes — not defined in this paper's own words; categories brought to the data rather than taken from it; explicitly excluded from the qualitative half and explicitly used in the quantitative half of the same interview Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[1] |
| concept | categories — not defined in this paper's own words; the twelve academic-, health- and lifestyle-related outcome categories, derived from existing literature before any interview took place Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[2] |
| concept | stressors — not defined in this paper's own words; what the study elicits - and a set whose extension is decided twice over, once by the literature and once by the transcripts Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[3] |
| concept | PSS — not defined in this paper's own words; the Perceived Stress Scale-10, a standing instrument measuring overall stress in the past month, carried in unchanged Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[4] |
| concept | single coder — not defined in this paper's own words; the whole open coding was done by one person, with two others brought in afterwards to resolve discrepancies and discuss saturation - no agreement statistic is reported Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[5] |
| concept | interview survey — not defined in this paper's own words; the design, defended against survey-only studies on the grounds that it captures elaboration and clarifying detail at the cost of sample size Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[6] |
| concept | survey-only studies — not defined in this paper's own words; the larger-sample alternative this design is explicitly compared with and positioned as complementing Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[7] |
| concept | counseling service — not defined in this paper's own words; the university support a vast majority reported not using - and on which only a few gave any reason, which the authors name as the key unanswered question Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[8] |
| concept | saturation — not defined in this paper's own words; the qualitative stopping criterion, discussed among the coders rather than demonstrated Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[9] |
| PSS | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[0] |
When we have changed our mind. Some entries in the table begin with a word in capitals and the reason for it. EVIDENCE CORRECTED — the finding still stands, but we had quoted the wrong sentence from the paper, and the quotation has been replaced with the right one. RETRACTED — the entry itself was wrong; it stays on the page, marked, with the reason, rather than being deleted. WITHDRAWN AND REPLACED — the entry was wrong, and a corrected version of it appears in the entries below. Each mark carries its own reason, in brackets, because the reasons differ from one entry to the next. An entry we have WITHDRAWN is removed from this page and kept in the record, with its reason. A line reading Audit and a date is a later re-reading of the entry against its whole sentence: DOUBTFUL means it was kept, and the reason says what is loose about it. Quotation marks inside the tagger's sentence. Where a tag is the tagger's own sentence, a phrase in quotation marks inside it is borrowed from the paper — the tagger's wording around it is not. The paper's own sentence is the evidence quote for that row; on this page it is withheld with the article, and the article is at its publisher. Nothing inside quotation marks anywhere on this page is ours: if it is quoted, it is the paper's. Whose words a concept carries. A concept entry records a term the paper itself uses, so the term, the sense given for it, and its evidence are the paper's own words, quoted where the paper fixes them. This is the opposite of a sense entry in the tag table, which is the tagger's sentence about how the paper uses a term. Where a concept entry could not be grounded in the paper's words, the entry says so on its own row.
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