(cid:NN). The PDF this text was extracted from encodes 7 characters in a way that names no letter, so the extractor could not say what they were. The quotes keep them because a quote is reproduced exactly or it proves nothing — the marks are the source’s, not the tagging’s.standOff, and the article is at its publisher via the link below. When we have changed our mind. Some entries in the table begin with a word in capitals and the reason for it. EVIDENCE CORRECTED — the finding still stands, but we had quoted the wrong sentence from the paper, and the quotation has been replaced with the right one. RETRACTED — the entry itself was wrong; it stays on the page, marked, with the reason, rather than being deleted. WITHDRAWN AND REPLACED — the entry was wrong, and a corrected version of it appears in the entries below. Each mark carries its own reason, in brackets, because the reasons differ from one entry to the next. An entry we have WITHDRAWN is removed from this page and kept in the record, with its reason. A line reading Audit and a date is a later re-reading of the entry against its whole sentence: DOUBTFUL means it was kept, and the reason says what is loose about it. Quotation marks inside the tagger's sentence. Where a tag is the tagger's own sentence, a phrase in quotation marks inside it is borrowed from the paper — the tagger's wording around it is not. The paper's own sentence is the evidence quote for that row; on this page it is withheld with the article, and the article is at its publisher. Nothing inside quotation marks anywhere on this page is ours: if it is quoted, it is the paper's. Whose words a concept carries. A concept entry records a term the paper itself uses, so the term, the sense given for it, and its evidence are the paper's own words, quoted where the paper fixes them. This is the opposite of a sense entry in the tag table, which is the tagger's sentence about how the paper uses a term. Where a concept entry could not be grounded in the paper's words, the entry says so on its own row.| relation to other work | claim_relations | how this paper stands to another: agrees, contradicts, extends, qualifies |
| claim type | claim_type | the shape of the claim: existence, mechanism, method, critique, prediction, null |
| concept edge | concept_edges | an asserted relation between two concepts, with the sentence asserting it |
| concept | concepts | an idea the paper works with, quoted where the paper uses it |
| content tag | content_tags | a finding, definition, quantity, statistic or variable named in the paper |
| control | controls | an experiment run to eliminate a rival explanation |
| limitation | limitations | what the paper says its evidence cannot support |
| mechanism | mechanisms | how the reported effect is said to come about |
| method | method | how the paper produced its evidence |
| phenomenon | phenomenon | the effect or regularity under study |
| sense | senses | a distinct use of a term, quoted where the paper fixes it |
Relations on this page carry a quotation for the claim. Where a relation was separately evidenced — and so tested against the vocabulary for its type — the row says so; none of 2 relations here carry that mark. The rest are the tagger’s reading of the sentence quoted beside them.
| facet | tag | field | conf. | whose words |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| claim_type | existence Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | claim_type | the paper's words | |
| phenomenon | visual working memory in primary visual cortex Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | phenomenon | the paper's words | |
| method | electrophysiology Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: electrophysiology | method | the paper's words | |
| mechanisms | mechanisms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | mechanisms[0] | the tagger's words | |
| mechanisms | mechanisms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | mechanisms[1] | the tagger's words | |
| limitations | The signal recorded in V1 is stated to depend on feedback from higher areas, so the site of the recording is not the site of the process. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: this result as a finding about primary visual cortex: the modulation depends on feedback from higher visual areas, which the authors say makes it a specific correlate of recurrent processing rather than of local V1 computation | limitations[0] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| limitations | The early figure-ground signal is the same whether the animal later remembers or forgets; only the late persistence separates them. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: an early V1 figure-ground measurement as an index of what will be remembered: segregation is equally good on correct and incorrect trials, and the two only diverge later in the delay | limitations[1] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| limitations | The memory signal decays with the length of the delay, so its strength depends on how long the animal is asked to wait. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. what this limits: a modulation strength quoted from this paper: it is related to the delay period and becomes weaker for longer delays, so the figure is only comparable at a matched delay | limitations[2] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| controls | the whole delayed-response experiment repeated with a STATIC orientation-defined figure in place of the moving one, followed by a mask Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. eliminates: any peculiarity of the MOVING stimulus as the source of the sustained contextual modulation - motion has its own persistence, so a modulation that outlasts a moving figure could be an aftereffect of the motion rather than a memory trace · outcome: held | controls[0] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| concepts | contextual modulation Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: contextual modulation | concepts[0] | the paper's words | |
| concepts | recurrent processing Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: recurrent processing | concepts[1] | the paper's words | |
| concepts | working memory Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: working memory | concepts[2] | the paper's words | |
| concepts | delayed-response task Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: delayed-response task | concepts[3] | the paper's words | |
| concepts | receptive fields Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: receptive fields | concepts[4] | the paper's words | |
| senses | contextual modulation - AS A CORRELATE OF RECURRENT PROCESSING: a V1 signal whose source is feedback from higher visual areas, so it indexes a loop rather than the area it is recorded in Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[0] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| senses | the memory signal - DEFINED BY THE ANIMAL'S REPORT: trials are sorted after the fact into correct and incorrect by whether the saccade landed on the remembered location within 500 ms, and the neural difference is computed between those two sets Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[1] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| senses | the figure-ground difference - NOT STIMULUS-DRIVEN BY CONSTRUCTION: the motion on the receptive field was arranged to be identical on average for figure and ground, so the difference cannot be attributed to the local stimulus Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[2] | 1.0 | the tagger's words |
| claim_relations | explains-away → fMRI studies finding little delay activation in early visual areas (ref. 15) Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. differs in: WHETHER THE MEASURE CAN SEE THE SIGNAL. Two mechanisms run in opposite directions: 'one mechanism suppresses overall activity in V1 during the delay, Quotation withheld.' A method reading overall activity therefore records a decrease while the memory signal - a DIFFERENCE between two conditions - is maintained. The paper offers this as why 'very little delay activation is found in early visual areas' in imaging | claim_relations[0] | 0.9 | the tagger's words |
| claim_relations | distinguishes-from → delay-period activity in temporal (ref. 13) and prefrontal (ref. 14) cortex Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. differs in: WHAT IS MAINTAINED DURING THE DELAY. Elsewhere it is the firing rate; here the rate falls and what persists is a CONTRAST between figure and ground - 'In that sense, Quotation withheld OR PREFRONTAL CORTEX.' Two things called delay activity that a rate measure would score in opposite directions | claim_relations[1] | 0.9 | the tagger's words |
| claim_relations | builds-on → the criterion that stored information is held only if needed (ref. 11) Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. differs in: WHETHER PERSISTENCE ALONE DEMONSTRATES STORAGE. The distractor condition supplies the missing half: modulation persists when the figure is the target and decays when the same figure is the distractor, so 'the continuation of modulation is Quotation withheld of information needed for the animal's goal'. The same stimulus with the same retinal input yields opposite signals according to task relevance | claim_relations[2] | 0.9 | the tagger's words |
| concept_edges | recurrent processing —causes→ contextual modulation Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. strength of the relation: 1
Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but the span says contextual modulation depends on feedback, which IMPLIES it correlates with recurrent processing; causes is loose. also in: recurrent processing · contextual modulation | concept_edges[0] | the tagger's words | |
| concept_edges | working memory —operationalised-as→ delayed-response task Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. strength of the relation: 1
Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but the span describes the delayed-response task used for the working memory of the previous sentence; operationalised-as is loose. also in: working memory · delayed-response task | concept_edges[1] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | p-value Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: p-value | content_tags.statistics[0] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | regression Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: regression | content_tags.statistics[1] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | standard error of the mean Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. about this quote: DAMAGED GLYPHS IN THIS QUOTE: (cid:222). These are raw PDF font glyph indices that leaked out in place of the characters they stand for - usually a mathematical operator. The quote is verbatim to the staged text and its anchor is sound; the STAGED TEXT is what is damaged. NOT repaired: the cid-to-character mapping is defined by the font embedded in that particular PDF, so guessing it would produce a clean and unverifiable quote. Repair needs the source PDF and is a re-staging job. also in: standard error of the mean | content_tags.statistics[2] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | mean Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. about this quote: DAMAGED GLYPHS IN THIS QUOTE: (cid:222). These are raw PDF font glyph indices that leaked out in place of the characters they stand for - usually a mathematical operator. The quote is verbatim to the staged text and its anchor is sound; the STAGED TEXT is what is damaged. NOT repaired: the cid-to-character mapping is defined by the font embedded in that particular PDF, so guessing it would produce a clean and unverifiable quote. Repair needs the source PDF and is a re-staging job. also in: mean | content_tags.statistics[3] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | After the figure was removed from the screen, V1 responses to the figure stayed stronger than responses to the ground throughout the delay, so figure-ground contextual modulation continues in the absence of the stimulus. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[0] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | The strength of the maintained figure-ground modulation shrinks as the required memory delay gets longer. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[1] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | On correct and incorrect trials alike, the figure was equally well segregated from the ground in the first 250 ms. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[2] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | In the late part of the delay, contextual modulation vanished entirely on trials where the monkey later made the wrong saccade, while it continued on trials answered correctly. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[3] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | The continuation of modulation is not passive but reflects active storage of information the animal needs for its goal. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[4] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | During the delay V1 shows two dissociable effects at once: overall firing is suppressed while the figure-versus-ground difference is preserved. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[5] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | The maintained activity is highly unlikely to be a neural correlate of visual persistence. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[6] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | The monkeys detected the figure well overall but their performance dropped as the delay lengthened, confirming the task taxes short-term memory. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[7] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | The same phenomenon appeared in a control experiment using a static rather than a moving stimulus. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[8] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | contextual modulation Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: contextual modulation | content_tags.definitions[0] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | visual persistence Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: visual persistence | content_tags.definitions[1] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | relative degree of modulation persistence Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.definitions[2] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | correct trial Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: correct trial | content_tags.definitions[3] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | latency of the cue time Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: latency of the cue time | content_tags.variables[0] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | strength of contextual modulation Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: strength of contextual modulation | content_tags.variables[2] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | directions of motion Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: directions of motion | content_tags.variables[4] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | 28 ms — how long the motion-defined figure was shown before it had to be remembered Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[0] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | 0 and 2000 ms — range over which the memory delay (cue-time latency) was varied Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[1] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | P , 1027 — significance of the decline in modulation strength across the delay for the 1000 and 2000 ms delays Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[2] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | P , 0.0005 — significance of the difference in remaining modulation between figure-as-target and figure-as-distractor Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[3] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | 900 ms — length of the memory period over which modulation persisted in the static-texture control experiment Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[4] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | P , 1025 — significance of the correct-versus-incorrect difference in modulation in the final 250 ms before cue time (initial 250 ms did not differ, P . 0.1) Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[5] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | two monkeys — number of animals from which V1 multiunit activity was recorded Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[6] | the tagger's words |
Tags that could not be placed in the text:
What was deliberately not tagged, and why, is recorded per paper by the tagger. Where a paper has no such record, this page says so rather than implying that nothing was declined.