Challenging emotional prejudice by changing self-concept: priming independent self-construal reduces racial in-group bias in neural responses to other’s pain

Chenbo Wang, Bing Wu, Yi Liu, Xinhuai Wu, Shihui Han · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · 2015 · social-neuroscience · 10.1093/scan/nsv005 · record wang2015-challenging-emotional-prejudice-by
tag layer · index · concepts · authors · עברית

Where this record's text came from. faceted 2026-08 by reading the locally held text (html); every evidence string verified as an exact substring of that text before merging. Full text available, so this is the richest of the four records. Note the extraction's spacing inside citation parentheses (e.g. '( Xu et al. , 2009 ')' is an artefact of the HTML-to-text conversion; the evidence strings preserve it verbatim because the substring check demands it. The paper's own key null — the whole-brain interaction not surviving FDR correction — is reported but not framed by the authors as a limitation, so I did not put it in limitations. 2026-08-12 and 2026-08-25 schema-0.3 passes: every quote verified as an exact substring of the staged text and anchored at merge time; concept terms verified present; every edge endpoint an existing node.

How to read this page. The article itself is not reproduced here — this paper is not cleared for redistribution, so what follows is the tag layer alone. The evidence sentences are withheld with the article. The table at the foot lists every tag the record carries; each row names the facet it belongs to, and the whose words column says whether the tag records the paper's own wording or the tagger's sentence about the paper. Every tag links to each other paper in the corpus carrying it. The machine-readable edition of the same thing is the TEI file beside this one, where the tags live in standOff, and the article is at its publisher via the link below. When we have changed our mind. Some entries in the table begin with a word in capitals and the reason for it. EVIDENCE CORRECTED — the finding still stands, but we had quoted the wrong sentence from the paper, and the quotation has been replaced with the right one. RETRACTED — the entry itself was wrong; it stays on the page, marked, with the reason, rather than being deleted. WITHDRAWN AND REPLACED — the entry was wrong, and a corrected version of it appears in the entries below. Each mark carries its own reason, in brackets, because the reasons differ from one entry to the next. An entry we have WITHDRAWN is removed from this page and kept in the record, with its reason. A line reading Audit and a date is a later re-reading of the entry against its whole sentence: DOUBTFUL means it was kept, and the reason says what is loose about it. Quotation marks inside the tagger's sentence. Where a tag is the tagger's own sentence, a phrase in quotation marks inside it is borrowed from the paper — the tagger's wording around it is not. The paper's own sentence is the evidence quote for that row; on this page it is withheld with the article, and the article is at its publisher. Nothing inside quotation marks anywhere on this page is ours: if it is quoted, it is the paper's. Whose words a concept carries. A concept entry records a term the paper itself uses, so the term, the sense given for it, and its evidence are the paper's own words, quoted where the paper fixes them. This is the opposite of a sense entry in the tag table, which is the tagger's sentence about how the paper uses a term. Where a concept entry could not be grounded in the paper's words, the entry says so on its own row.

Other fields define these differently the same word, defined another way in another discipline
empathy 7 fields · standard deviation 3 fields · statistical-power 2 fields · confidence interval 2 fields · fMRI 2 fields · race 2 fields

Tags on this paper

Every tag the record carries, each linking to every other paper in the corpus that carries it. A tag appears here whether or not its words occur in the article — the spans below are only the ones a sentence in this paper licenses. Of the 8 concept tags on this paper, all 8 are grounded in a quoted sentence. All carry the tagger's gloss of what the term means in this paper, which is not something the article can license.

empathy in-group bias self-construal parochial altruism BOLD insula mid-cingulate Interpersonal Reactivity Index self-construal sets where the psychological boundary falls: interdependence draws the line between in-group and out-group, independence draws it between self and all others and so weakens the in-group/out-group split that produces biased empathy independent priming shifts cultural identity toward Western cultures, so Caucasian models are recategorised as in-group and their suffering draws a stronger neural response independent priming weakens race-based group affiliation between the Chinese participants and the Chinese models, dissolving the basis of the in-group advantage empathic concern generates altruistic motivation, so a bias in empathy toward in-group members produces parochial altruism in behaviour an interdependent self organises behaviour by reference to others in one's relationships, which sharpens the in-group/out-group line an independent self organises behaviour by reference to one's own thoughts, which weakens the group boundary and lets a person cross it easily the route from bias to behaviour runs through empathy: empathic concern produces altruistic motivation, so a biased empathy yields a parochial altruism self-construal is treated as temporarily shiftable, not as a fixed cultural trait - a 108-second reading task moves it fMRI collectivistic individualistic independent schema of self interdependent schema of self original ES independent self-construal interdependent self-construal self-construal priming race contrast value empathy trait racial in-group bias pain feelings unpleasantness ANOVA repeated measure analysis of variance (ANOVA) t-test p-value effect size original ES and standardized ES Cohen's d Cohen’s d confidence interval Confidence interval (CI) correlation we calculated correlations general linear model A general linear model standard deviation mean ± s.d. multiple comparison correction cluster-level FWE correction statistical power analysis effect-size statistical-power standard-deviation

Legend

second reading	`alternatives`	an independent re-reading of a facet, recorded whether or not it agrees
relation to other work	`claim_relations`	how this paper stands to another: agrees, contradicts, extends, qualifies
claim type	`claim_type`	the shape of the claim: existence, mechanism, method, critique, prediction, null
concept edge	`concept_edges`	an asserted relation between two concepts, with the sentence asserting it
concept	`concepts`	an idea the paper works with, quoted where the paper uses it
content tag	`content_tags`	a finding, definition, quantity, statistic or variable named in the paper
contribution	`contribution`	what the paper claims to add
control	`controls`	an experiment run to eliminate a rival explanation
limitation	`limitations`	what the paper says its evidence cannot support
mechanism	`mechanisms`	how the reported effect is said to come about
method	`method`	how the paper produced its evidence
object of study	`object_of_study`	what the paper is about — the thing it investigates
phenomenon	`phenomenon`	the effect or regularity under study
research question	`research_question`	the question the paper sets itself
sense	`senses`	a distinct use of a term, quoted where the paper fixes it
transfer	`transfers`	a method or concept carried in from another field

The paper

The full text is not reproduced here. This article is not cleared for redistribution, so the page carries the tag layer only. Its evidence sentences are withheld; the grounding status remains with each tag, and the article itself is at https://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsv005. The reading view exists for the papers whose licence permits it.

Every tag on this page

alternatives 3 · claim_relations 6 · claim_type 1 · concept_edges 4 · concepts 8 · content_tags 51 · contribution 1 · controls 1 · limitations 6 · mechanisms 8 · method 1 · object_of_study 1 · phenomenon 1 · research_question 1 · senses 4 · transfers 1

Relations on this page carry a quotation for the claim. Where a relation was separately evidenced — and so tested against the vocabulary for its type — the row says so; none of 4 relations here carry that mark. The rest are the tagger’s reading of the sentence quoted beside them.

facet	tag	field	conf.	whose words
object_of_study	The racial in-group bias in empathic neural response to others' pain, and whether shifting a person's self-construal changes it. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`object_of_study`		the paper's words
research_question	Cultures differ in how strongly people favour their own group's suffering - is the self-construal that distinguishes those cultures the thing actually doing the work? Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`research_question`		the paper's words
contribution	Shows the neural in-group bias is not fixed: priming an independent self-construal reduces it in insula, mid-cingulate and SMA, which makes self-construal a candidate cause rather than a correlate. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`contribution`		the paper's words
claim_type	mechanism Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`claim_type`		the paper's words
phenomenon	racial in-group bias in empathy for pain Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`phenomenon`		the paper's words
method	fmri Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: fmri	`method`		the paper's words
mechanisms	mechanisms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: self-construal sets where the psychological boundary falls: interdependence draws the line between in-group and out-group, independence draws it between self and all others and so weakens the in-group/out-group split that produces biased empathy	`mechanisms[0]`		the tagger's words
mechanisms	mechanisms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: independent priming shifts cultural identity toward Western cultures, so Caucasian models are recategorised as in-group and their suffering draws a stronger neural response	`mechanisms[1]`		the tagger's words
mechanisms	mechanisms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: independent priming weakens race-based group affiliation between the Chinese participants and the Chinese models, dissolving the basis of the in-group advantage	`mechanisms[2]`		the tagger's words
mechanisms	mechanisms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: empathic concern generates altruistic motivation, so a bias in empathy toward in-group members produces parochial altruism in behaviour	`mechanisms[3]`		the tagger's words
mechanisms	mechanisms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: an interdependent self organises behaviour by reference to others in one's relationships, which sharpens the in-group/out-group line	`mechanisms[4]`	1.0	the tagger's words
mechanisms	mechanisms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: an independent self organises behaviour by reference to one's own thoughts, which weakens the group boundary and lets a person cross it easily	`mechanisms[5]`	1.0	the tagger's words
mechanisms	mechanisms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. duplicate of: mechanisms[3] also in: the route from bias to behaviour runs through empathy: empathic concern produces altruistic motivation, so a biased empathy yields a parochial altruism	`mechanisms[6]`	1.0	the tagger's words
mechanisms	mechanisms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: self-construal is treated as temporarily shiftable, not as a fixed cultural trait - a 108-second reading task moves it	`mechanisms[7]`	1.0	the tagger's words
limitations	The two competing explanations offered for why independent priming shifted responses toward out-group faces are not yet tested Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`limitations[0]`		the tagger's words
limitations	The reduction of racial bias under independent priming does not license the conclusion that Westerners lack racial in-group bias Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`limitations[1]`		the tagger's words
limitations	The self-report measures showed no racial in-group bias at all, so the effect rests on the imaging measures Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`limitations[2]`		the tagger's words
limitations	One cultural sample: 30 Chinese university students, in a design whose logic is about differences between cultures. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`limitations[3]`	1.0	the tagger's words
limitations	The mechanism linking culture to bias was unknown going in, and the study offers a candidate rather than settling it. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`limitations[4]`	0.9	the tagger's words
limitations	Race is operationalised as Asian versus Caucasian faces in short video clips, which is a narrow stand-in for a social category. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`limitations[5]`	0.9	the tagger's words
transfers	Markus and Kitayama's independent/interdependent self-construal distinction, imported as the cognitive variable that might explain a cultural difference in neural empathy Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`transfers[0]`	1.0	the tagger's words
controls	the order of independent and interdependent self-construal priming counterbalanced across participants, two scans following each Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. eliminates: an order effect and carry-over between the two priming conditions within a participant · outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation): held	`controls[0]`	0.85	the tagger's words
concepts	empathy Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: empathy	`concepts[0]`	1.0	the paper's words
concepts	in-group bias Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: in-group bias	`concepts[1]`	1.0	the paper's words
concepts	self-construal Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: self-construal	`concepts[2]`	1.0	the paper's words
concepts	parochial altruism Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: parochial altruism	`concepts[3]`	1.0	the paper's words
concepts	BOLD Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: BOLD	`concepts[4]`	1.0	the paper's words
concepts	insula Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: insula	`concepts[5]`	1.0	the paper's words
concepts	mid-cingulate Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: mid-cingulate	`concepts[6]`	1.0	the paper's words
concepts	Interpersonal Reactivity Index Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: Interpersonal Reactivity Index	`concepts[7]`	1.0	the paper's words
senses	empathy - as a neural event: the BOLD response when watching another person be hurt, deliberately chosen over asking the person Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`senses[0]`	1.0	the tagger's words
senses	empathy - as a self-reported trait, with four subscales: perspective taking, fantasy, empathic concern and personal distress Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`senses[1]`	1.0	the tagger's words
senses	self-construal - as a stable cultural orientation distinguishing collectivistic from individualistic societies Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`senses[2]`	0.9	the tagger's words
senses	self-construal - as a temporary state that a 108-second reading task can shift within one person Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`senses[3]`	1.0	the tagger's words
alternatives	claim_type: mechanism Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. a second reading reaching the same value. Recorded: mechanism — note: a second reading reaching the same value from a different sentence. Not applied - a person decides.	`alternatives.claim_type`		the tagger's words
alternatives	method: fmri Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. a second reading reaching the same value. Recorded: fmri — note: a second reading reaching the same value from a different sentence. Not applied - a person decides.	`alternatives.method`		the tagger's words
alternatives	phenomenon: racial in-group bias in empathic neural responses to others' pain, and its modulation by self-construal Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value. Recorded: racial in-group bias in empathy for pain — note: a second reading, verbatim-verified, disagreeing with the value on the record. Not applied - a person decides.	`alternatives.phenomenon`		the tagger's words
claim_relations	replicates → Xu et al. (2009); Azevedo et al. (2013); Contreras-Huerta et al. (2013); Sheng et al. (2014) Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`claim_relations[0]`		the tagger's words
claim_relations	builds-on → Markus and Kitayama (2010) Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`claim_relations[1]`		the tagger's words
claim_relations	replicates → Singer et al. (2004); Jackson et al. (2005); Gu and Han (2007); Han et al. (2009) Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`claim_relations[2]`		the tagger's words
claim_relations	extends → Mathur et al. (2010) and Cheon et al. (2011) on cultural differences in the neural in-group empathy bias Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`claim_relations[3]`	1.0	the tagger's words
claim_relations	builds-on → Markus and Kitayama's self-construal framework Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`claim_relations[4]`	1.0	the tagger's words
claim_relations	builds-on → Xu et al. (2009), whose stimulus set and paradigm are reused Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`claim_relations[5]`	0.9	the tagger's words
concept_edges	self-construal —causes→ in-group bias Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. strength of the relation: 1 Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but the span says the findings SUGGEST this; hedged. also in: self-construal · in-group bias	`concept_edges[0]`		the tagger's words
concept_edges	in-group bias —causes→ parochial altruism Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. status: the paper's own words: may · strength of the relation: 1 Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but the span says in-group bias MAY provide a mechanism of parochial altruism; hedged. also in: in-group bias · parochial altruism	`concept_edges[1]`		the tagger's words
concept_edges	empathy —operationalised-as→ BOLD Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. strength of the relation: 1 Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its span and kept, but empathic responses were recorded as BOLD; operationalised-as is loose. also in: empathy · BOLD	`concept_edges[3]`		the tagger's words
concept_edges	empathy —operationalised-as→ Interpersonal Reactivity Index Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. strength of the relation: 1 also in: empathy · Interpersonal Reactivity Index	`concept_edges[4]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	ANOVA Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: ANOVA	`content_tags.statistics[0]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	t-test Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: t-test	`content_tags.statistics[1]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	p-value Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: p-value	`content_tags.statistics[2]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	effect size Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: effect size	`content_tags.statistics[3]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	Cohen's d Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: Cohen's d	`content_tags.statistics[4]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	confidence interval Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: confidence interval	`content_tags.statistics[5]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	correlation Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: correlation	`content_tags.statistics[6]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	general linear model Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: general linear model	`content_tags.statistics[7]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	standard deviation Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: standard deviation	`content_tags.statistics[8]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	multiple comparison correction Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: multiple comparison correction	`content_tags.statistics[9]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	statistical power analysis Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: statistical power analysis	`content_tags.statistics[10]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	effect-size Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: effect-size	`content_tags.statistics[11]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	statistical-power Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: statistical-power	`content_tags.statistics[12]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	standard-deviation Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: standard-deviation	`content_tags.statistics[13]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	After interdependent self-construal priming, watching a racial in-group member in pain produced stronger activity than an out-group member in the mid-cingulate cortex, left supplementary motor area and left insula. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[0]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	Priming independent self-construals abolished that racial in-group bias in neural responses to others' pain. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[1]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	Priming independent rather than interdependent self-construals both lowered the response to in-group members' pain and raised the response to out-group members' pain, although only the increased mid-cingulate response to out-group faces reached significance across priming conditions. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[2]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	Subjective ratings of others' pain and of the observer's own unpleasantness showed no racial in-group bias, unlike the brain measures. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[3]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	Participants' habitual (chronic) self-construal scores were unrelated to how much racial in-group bias their brain activity showed. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[4]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	Across all conditions, seeing painful compared with non-painful stimulation applied to another person activated the mid-cingulate cortex, bilateral supplementary motor area, bilateral insula/inferior frontal gyrus, bilateral secondary somatosensory cortex, bilateral superior parietal and middle temporal gyri, and bilateral posterior cerebellum. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[5]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	A whole-brain priming-by-race interaction, at a relaxed voxel threshold, located the same modulation in the left supplementary motor area, left inferior frontal gyrus and right temporo-parietal junction. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[6]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	After interdependent priming, in-group pain produced stronger activity than out-group pain in mid-cingulate, left insula and SMA - the bias is present. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[7]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	After independent priming the in-group bias in the same regions was significantly reduced. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[8]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	The neural bias has behavioural consequences: it predicts willingness to sacrifice for in-group members. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[9]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	The cultural pattern the study explains: both the empathy bias and parochial altruism are stronger in collectivistic than individualistic settings. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.findings[10]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	empathy Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: empathy	`content_tags.definitions[0]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	independent schema of self Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: independent schema of self	`content_tags.definitions[1]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	interdependent schema of self Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: interdependent schema of self	`content_tags.definitions[2]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	original ES Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: original ES	`content_tags.definitions[3]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	empathy Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: empathy	`content_tags.definitions[4]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	independent self-construal Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: independent self-construal	`content_tags.definitions[5]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	interdependent self-construal Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: interdependent self-construal	`content_tags.definitions[6]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	self-construal priming Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: self-construal priming	`content_tags.definitions[7]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	race Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: race	`content_tags.variables[1]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	contrast value Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: contrast value	`content_tags.variables[2]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	empathy trait Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: empathy trait	`content_tags.variables[4]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	self-construal Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: self-construal	`content_tags.variables[6]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	racial in-group bias Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: racial in-group bias	`content_tags.variables[7]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	pain feelings Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: pain feelings	`content_tags.variables[8]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	unpleasantness Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: unpleasantness	`content_tags.variables[9]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	30 participants (16 males, 14 females) — final analysed sample after exclusions, with mean age 22.6 years Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.quantities[0]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	Two participants — number dropped from the original 32 for excessive head movement in the scanner Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.quantities[1]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	a power of 0.85 — the statistical power the sample size was planned for, using a prior self-construal priming effect size of 0.51 and alpha 0.05 Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.quantities[2]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	F (1,29) = 5.144, P = 0.031 — the Priming x Race interaction in the mid-cingulate cortex, the key test that priming changes racial in-group bias Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.quantities[3]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	d = 5.63 and 5.26 — effect sizes of the painful vs non-painful manipulation on rated pain intensity and on rated self-unpleasantness Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.quantities[4]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	48 video clips — number of pain/no-pain stimulus clips, showing six Asian and six Caucasian models Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.quantities[5]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	108 s — duration of each self-construal priming session preceding a functional scan Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.quantities[6]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	50 fMRI studies — size of the prior meta-analysis of empathy for pain used to define the five regions of interest independently of this dataset Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.quantities[7]`		the tagger's words
content_tags	30 participants (16 male, 14 female, mean 22.6 ± 2.4 years) — analysed sample after two exclusions for head movement Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.quantities[8]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	effect size 0.51, alpha 0.05, power 0.85 — the a priori power calculation fixing the sample size Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.quantities[9]`	1.0	the tagger's words
content_tags	48 video clips — stimulus set: six Asian and six Caucasian models receiving painful or non-painful stimulation Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above.	`content_tags.quantities[10]`	1.0	the tagger's words

Interpretive choices

Tags that could not be placed in the text:

none — every tag was located in the text

What was deliberately not tagged, and why, is recorded per paper by the tagger. Where a paper has no such record, this page says so rather than implying that nothing was declined.