phenomenon · claim-type · cross-domain-transfer · mechanism · claim-relation · replication-status · limitation — grounded in the full text| phenomenon | racial in-group bias in empathy for pain— “This work tested the hypothesis that modifying self-construals, which differentiate between collectivistic and individualistic cultural orientations, affects in-group bias in empathy for perceived own-race vs other-race pain.” | |
| claim-type | mechanism— “Our findings suggest that shifting an individual’s self-construal leads to changes of his/her racial in-group bias in neural responses to others’ suffering.” | |
| method — evidence | — “By scanning adults using functional magnetic resonance imaging, we found stronger neural activities in the mid-cingulate, left insula and supplementary motor area (SMA) in response to racial in-group compared with out-group members’ pain after participants had been primed with interdependent self-construals.” | |
| object of study — evidence | — “Recent neuroimaging findings indicate that people more strongly share racial in-group members’ painful feelings compared with those of out-group members” | |
| research question — evidence | — “Although these findings uncovered cultural differences in parochial altruism and in-group bias in empathy, the underlying psychological and neural mechanisms remain unknown.” | |
| contribution — evidence | — “Our findings suggest that shifting an individual’s self-construal leads to changes of his/her racial in-group bias in neural responses to others’ suffering.” | |
| transfer | from cultural psychology: Markus and Kitayama's independent/interdependent self-construal distinction, imported as the cognitive variable that might explain a cultural difference in neural empathy— “According to Markus and Kitayama (2010) , an independent schema of self organizes behavior primarily in reference to an individual’s own thoughts and feelings and results in a weakened sense of in-group/out-group relationship so that people can move between in-group and out-group relatively easily.” | transfers[0] |
| mechanism | self-construal sets where the psychological boundary falls: interdependence draws the line between in-group and out-group, independence draws it between self and all others and so weakens the in-group/out-group split that produces biased empathy— “Our findings are consistent with a social-cognitive model of the link between self-construals and intergroup relationship ( Markus and Kitayama, 2010 ) that suggests that interdependent self-construals induce a strong boundary between in-group and out-group whereas independent self-construals define a strong boundary between the self and any… | mechanisms[0] |
| mechanism | independent priming shifts cultural identity toward Western cultures, so Caucasian models are recategorised as in-group and their suffering draws a stronger neural response— “One possible account is that independent self-construal priming shifted our participants’ cultural identity toward Western cultures and Caucasian models were thus treated as in-group members, which in turn enhanced neural responses to their suffering.” | mechanisms[1] |
| mechanism | independent priming weakens race-based group affiliation between the Chinese participants and the Chinese models, dissolving the basis of the in-group advantage— “Alternatively, priming independent self-construals may weaken race-based group affiliation between Chinese participants and Chinese models shown in video clips.” | mechanisms[2] |
| mechanism | empathic concern generates altruistic motivation, so a bias in empathy toward in-group members produces parochial altruism in behaviour— “Because empathic concern produces altruistic motivation ( Batson, 2011 ), in-group bias in empathy may provide a mechanism of behavioral parochial altruism.” | mechanisms[3] |
| mechanism | an interdependent self organises behaviour by reference to others in one's relationships, which sharpens the in-group/out-group line— “In contrast, an interdependent schema of self organizes behavior immediately in reference to the thoughts and feelings of others with whom a person is in relationship and leads to significant ingroup–outgroup distinction.” | mechanisms[4] |
| mechanism | an independent self organises behaviour by reference to one's own thoughts, which weakens the group boundary and lets a person cross it easily— “According to Markus and Kitayama (2010) , an independent schema of self organizes behavior primarily in reference to an individual’s own thoughts and feelings and results in a weakened sense of in-group/out-group relationship so that people can move between in-group and out-group relatively easily.” | mechanisms[5] |
| mechanism | the route from bias to behaviour runs through empathy: empathic concern produces altruistic motivation, so a biased empathy yields a parochial altruism— “Because empathic concern produces altruistic motivation ( Batson, 2011 ), in-group bias in empathy may provide a mechanism of behavioral parochial altruism.” | mechanisms[6] |
| mechanism | self-construal is treated as temporarily shiftable, not as a fixed cultural trait - a 108-second reading task moves it— “Self-construal priming has been widely used in recent brain imaging studies that… | mechanisms[7] |
| replicates | Xu et al. (2009); Azevedo et al. (2013); Contreras-Huerta et al. (2013); Sheng et al. (2014) | claim_relations[0] |
| builds-on | Markus and Kitayama (2010) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[1] |
| replicates | Singer et al. (2004); Jackson et al. (2005); Gu and Han (2007); Han et al. (2009) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[2] |
| extends | Mathur et al. (2010) and Cheon et al. (2011) on cultural differences in the neural in-group empathy bias Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[3] |
| builds-on | Markus and Kitayama's self-construal framework Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[4] |
| builds-on | Xu et al. (2009), whose stimulus set and paradigm are reused Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[5] |
| sense | empathy - as a neural event: the BOLD response when watching another person be hurt, deliberately chosen over asking the person Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[0] |
| sense | empathy - as a self-reported trait, with four subscales: perspective taking, fantasy, empathic concern and personal distress Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[1] |
| sense | self-construal - as a stable cultural orientation distinguishing collectivistic from individualistic societies Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[2] |
| sense | self-construal - as a temporary state that a 108-second reading task can shift within one person Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[3] |
| control | the order of independent and interdependent self-construal priming counterbalanced across participants, two scans following each — held — rules out an order effect and carry-over between the two priming conditions within a participant Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[0] |
| audit | self-construal —causes→ in-group bias — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but the span says the findings SUGGEST this; hedged. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[0] |
| audit | in-group bias —causes→ parochial altruism — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but the span says in-group bias MAY provide a mechanism of parochial altruism; hedged. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[1] |
| evidential status | in-group bias —causes→ parochial altruism — the paper's own words: may Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[1] |
| audit | empathy —operationalised-as→ BOLD — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its span and kept, but empathic responses were recorded as BOLD; operationalised-as is loose. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[3] |
| edge | empathy —operationalised-as→ Interpersonal Reactivity Index Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[4] |
| outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation) | control — held | controls[0] |
| duplicate of | mechanism — mechanisms[3] Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | mechanisms[6] |
| replication | untested | |
| limitation | The two competing explanations offered for why independent priming shifted responses toward out-group faces are not yet tested Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[0] |
| limitation | The reduction of racial bias under independent priming does not license the conclusion that Westerners lack racial in-group bias Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[1] |
| limitation | The self-report measures showed no racial in-group bias at all, so the effect rests on the imaging measures Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[2] |
| limitation | One cultural sample: 30 Chinese university students, in a design whose logic is about differences between cultures. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[3] |
| limitation | The mechanism linking culture to bias was unknown going in, and the study offers a candidate rather than settling it. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[4] |
| limitation | Race is operationalised as Asian versus Caucasian faces in short video clips, which is a narrow stand-in for a social category. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[5] |
finding · quantity · variable · definition · key-term — grounded in the full text| finding | After interdependent self-construal priming, watching a racial in-group member in pain produced stronger activity than an out-group member in the mid-cingulate cortex, left supplementary motor area and left insula. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[0] |
| finding | Priming independent self-construals abolished that racial in-group bias in neural responses to others' pain. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[1] |
| finding | Priming independent rather than interdependent self-construals both lowered the response to in-group members' pain and raised the response to out-group members' pain, although only the increased mid-cingulate response to out-group faces reached significance across priming conditions. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[2] |
| finding | Subjective ratings of others' pain and of the observer's own unpleasantness showed no racial in-group bias, unlike the brain measures. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[3] |
| finding | Participants' habitual (chronic) self-construal scores were unrelated to how much racial in-group bias their brain activity showed. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[4] |
| finding | Across all conditions, seeing painful compared with non-painful stimulation applied to another person activated the mid-cingulate cortex, bilateral supplementary motor area, bilateral insula/inferior frontal gyrus, bilateral secondary somatosensory cortex, bilateral superior parietal and middle temporal gyri, and bilateral posterior cerebellum. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[5] |
| finding | A whole-brain priming-by-race interaction, at a relaxed voxel threshold, located the same modulation in the left supplementary motor area, left inferior frontal gyrus and right temporo-parietal junction. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[6] |
| finding | After interdependent priming, in-group pain produced stronger activity than out-group pain in mid-cingulate, left insula and SMA - the bias is present. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[7] |
| finding | After independent priming the in-group bias in the same regions was significantly reduced. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[8] |
| finding | The neural bias has behavioural consequences: it predicts willingness to sacrifice for in-group members. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[9] |
| finding | The cultural pattern the study explains: both the empathy bias and parochial altruism are stronger in collectivistic than individualistic settings. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[10] |
| quantity | 30 participants (16 males, 14 females) — final analysed sample after exclusions, with mean age 22.6 years Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[0] |
| quantity | Two participants — number dropped from the original 32 for excessive head movement in the scanner Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[1] |
| quantity | a power of 0.85 — the statistical power the sample size was planned for, using a prior self-construal priming effect size of 0.51 and alpha 0.05 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[2] |
| quantity | F (1,29) = 5.144, P = 0.031 — the Priming x Race interaction in the mid-cingulate cortex, the key test that priming changes racial in-group bias Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[3] |
| quantity | d = 5.63 and 5.26 — effect sizes of the painful vs non-painful manipulation on rated pain intensity and on rated self-unpleasantness Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[4] |
| quantity | 48 video clips — number of pain/no-pain stimulus clips, showing six Asian and six Caucasian models Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[5] |
| quantity | 108 s — duration of each self-construal priming session preceding a functional scan Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[6] |
| quantity | 50 fMRI studies — size of the prior meta-analysis of empathy for pain used to define the five regions of interest independently of this dataset Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[7] |
| quantity | 30 participants (16 male, 14 female, mean 22.6 ± 2.4 years) — analysed sample after two exclusions for head movement Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[8] |
| quantity | effect size 0.51, alpha 0.05, power 0.85 — the a priori power calculation fixing the sample size Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[9] |
| quantity | 48 video clips — stimulus set: six Asian and six Caucasian models receiving painful or non-painful stimulation Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[10] |
| variable | race (independent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[1] |
| variable | contrast value (dependent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[2] |
| variable | empathy trait (covariate) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[4] |
| variable | self-construal (independent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[6] |
| variable | racial in-group bias (dependent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[7] |
| variable | pain feelings (dependent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[8] |
| variable | unpleasantness (dependent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[9] |
| definition | empathy Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[0] |
| definition | independent schema of self Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[1] |
| definition | interdependent schema of self Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[2] |
| definition | original ES Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[3] |
| definition | empathy Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[4] |
| definition | independent self-construal Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[5] |
| definition | interdependent self-construal Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[6] |
| definition | self-construal priming Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[7] |
| key-terms | empathy, in-group bias, self-construal, parochial altruism, insula, mid-cingulate, fMRI, BOLD, collectivistic, individualistic, Interpersonal Reactivity Index |
| concept | empathy — not defined in this paper's own words; the ability to understand and share another's emotions, measured here as neural response to another's pain rather than by self-report Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[0] |
| concept | in-group bias — not defined in this paper's own words; sharing the suffering of one's own group more strongly than that of another group Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[1] |
| concept | self-construal — not defined in this paper's own words; the schema by which a person organises behaviour - by reference to their own thoughts, or to those of others they are related to Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[2] |
| concept | parochial altruism — not defined in this paper's own words; contributing to the in-group's welfare at personal cost while acting against out-group members Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[3] |
| concept | BOLD — not defined in this paper's own words; the fMRI measure, chosen here because it is less exposed to social desirability than asking someone how much they empathise Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[4] |
| concept | insula — not defined in this paper's own words; one of the regions where the in-group bias appeared and was then reduced by priming Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[5] |
| concept | mid-cingulate — not defined in this paper's own words; a region carrying the in-group bias in response to observed pain Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[6] |
| concept | Interpersonal Reactivity Index — not defined in this paper's own words; the 28-item self-report measure of trait empathy, with four subscales, used alongside the neural measure Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[7] |
| ANOVA F | as written: repeated measure analysis of variance (ANOVA) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[0] |
| t-test t | as written: t (29) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[1] |
| p-value P | as written: P s > 0.25 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[2] |
| effect size | as written: original ES and standardized ES Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[3] |
| Cohen's d d | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[4] |
| confidence interval CI | as written: Confidence interval (CI) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[5] |
| correlation | as written: we calculated correlations Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[6] |
| general linear model | as written: A general linear model Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[7] |
| standard deviation s.d. | as written: mean ± s.d. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[8] |
| multiple comparison correction | as written: cluster-level FWE correction Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[9] |
| statistical power analysis | as written: a significance criterion of 0.05 and a power of 0.85 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[10] |
| effect-size ES | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[11] |
| statistical-power 1-β | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[12] |
| standard-deviation s.d. | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[13] |
| claim type | mechanism — a second reading reaching the same value; recorded: mechanism Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | alternatives.claim_type |
| method | fmri — a second reading reaching the same value; recorded: fmri Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | alternatives.method |
| phenomenon | racial in-group bias in empathic neural responses to others' pain, and its modulation by self-construal — a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value; recorded: racial in-group bias in empathy for pain Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | alternatives.phenomenon |
When we have changed our mind. Some entries in the table begin with a word in capitals and the reason for it. EVIDENCE CORRECTED — the finding still stands, but we had quoted the wrong sentence from the paper, and the quotation has been replaced with the right one. RETRACTED — the entry itself was wrong; it stays on the page, marked, with the reason, rather than being deleted. WITHDRAWN AND REPLACED — the entry was wrong, and a corrected version of it appears in the entries below. Each mark carries its own reason, in brackets, because the reasons differ from one entry to the next. An entry we have WITHDRAWN is removed from this page and kept in the record, with its reason. A line reading Audit and a date is a later re-reading of the entry against its whole sentence: DOUBTFUL means it was kept, and the reason says what is loose about it. Quotation marks inside the tagger's sentence. Where a tag is the tagger's own sentence, a phrase in quotation marks inside it is borrowed from the paper — the tagger's wording around it is not. The paper's own sentence is the evidence quote for that row; on this page it is withheld with the article, and the article is at its publisher. Nothing inside quotation marks anywhere on this page is ours: if it is quoted, it is the paper's. Whose words a concept carries. A concept entry records a term the paper itself uses, so the term, the sense given for it, and its evidence are the paper's own words, quoted where the paper fixes them. This is the opposite of a sense entry in the tag table, which is the tagger's sentence about how the paper uses a term. Where a concept entry could not be grounded in the paper's words, the entry says so on its own row.
Tag layer © the Meta-Tagging Project, CC BY 4.0. The paper text is © its authors/publisher
and is linked, not reproduced. Excerpts shown are short quotations for identification and verification.
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