standOff, and the article is at its publisher via the link below. When we have changed our mind. Some entries in the table begin with a word in capitals and the reason for it. EVIDENCE CORRECTED — the finding still stands, but we had quoted the wrong sentence from the paper, and the quotation has been replaced with the right one. RETRACTED — the entry itself was wrong; it stays on the page, marked, with the reason, rather than being deleted. WITHDRAWN AND REPLACED — the entry was wrong, and a corrected version of it appears in the entries below. Each mark carries its own reason, in brackets, because the reasons differ from one entry to the next. An entry we have WITHDRAWN is removed from this page and kept in the record, with its reason. A line reading Audit and a date is a later re-reading of the entry against its whole sentence: DOUBTFUL means it was kept, and the reason says what is loose about it. Quotation marks inside the tagger's sentence. Where a tag is the tagger's own sentence, a phrase in quotation marks inside it is borrowed from the paper — the tagger's wording around it is not. The paper's own sentence is the evidence quote for that row; on this page it is withheld with the article, and the article is at its publisher. Nothing inside quotation marks anywhere on this page is ours: if it is quoted, it is the paper's. Whose words a concept carries. A concept entry records a term the paper itself uses, so the term, the sense given for it, and its evidence are the paper's own words, quoted where the paper fixes them. This is the opposite of a sense entry in the tag table, which is the tagger's sentence about how the paper uses a term. Where a concept entry could not be grounded in the paper's words, the entry says so on its own row.| relation to other work | claim_relations | how this paper stands to another: agrees, contradicts, extends, qualifies |
| claim type | claim_type | the shape of the claim: existence, mechanism, method, critique, prediction, null |
| concept edge | concept_edges | an asserted relation between two concepts, with the sentence asserting it |
| concept | concepts | an idea the paper works with, quoted where the paper uses it |
| content tag | content_tags | a finding, definition, quantity, statistic or variable named in the paper |
| contribution | contribution | what the paper claims to add |
| limitation | limitations | what the paper says its evidence cannot support |
| mechanism | mechanisms | how the reported effect is said to come about |
| method | method | how the paper produced its evidence |
| object of study | object_of_study | what the paper is about — the thing it investigates |
| phenomenon | phenomenon | the effect or regularity under study |
| research question | research_question | the question the paper sets itself |
| sense | senses | a distinct use of a term, quoted where the paper fixes it |
| unrecordable relation | unhoused_relations | a relation the paper asserts that this vocabulary cannot express, with the reason |
Relations on this page carry a quotation for the claim. Where a relation was separately evidenced — and so tested against the vocabulary for its type — the row says so; 6 of 6 relations here carry that mark. The rest are the tagger’s reading of the sentence quoted beside them.
This record holds no controls. A layer is empty when the tagger recorded nothing in it — which is not the same as the paper having nothing to record.
| facet | tag | field | conf. | whose words |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| object_of_study | the collaborations between STS researchers and artists/designers who engaged synthetic biology on the Synthetic Aesthetics project, focused on three paired residencies Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | object_of_study | the paper's words | |
| research_question | what science and technology studies can learn from art and design Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | research_question | the paper's words | |
| contribution | the argument that engaging closely with art and design can enrich STS by helping it develop an emergent, co-produced form of critique, rather than by treating art/design instrumentally Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | contribution | the paper's words | |
| claim_type | critique Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | claim_type | the paper's words | |
| phenomenon | the similarities (shared objectives of 'opening up' and 'critique') and differences (making tangible artefacts, play and humour) between STS work and art/design work in engagements with synthetic biology Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | phenomenon | the paper's words | |
| method | field-study Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: field-study | method | the paper's words | |
| mechanisms | The exchanges were made reciprocal - artists/designers spent time in the science lab and scientists/engineers spent an equal time in the art studio - so obligation ran both ways and the creative process was shared. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: reciprocal residencies | mechanisms[0] | 0.9 | the tagger's words |
| mechanisms | 'Opening up' works by drawing attention to the implicit assumptions underlying a technology, letting new questions be asked and marginalised perspectives and alternative pathways be surfaced. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: opening up implicit assumptions | mechanisms[1] | 0.9 | the tagger's words |
| mechanisms | Critical designers produce speculative objects that make abstract ideas tangible and open to discussion, using design to provoke reflection rather than to sell. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | mechanisms[2] | 0.9 | the tagger's words |
| mechanisms | By using the same tools and materials as the laboratory and getting one's hands 'wet', the maker becomes implicated in manipulating life and cannot take a distanced stance. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | mechanisms[3] | 0.88 | the tagger's words |
| mechanisms | An emergent critique is generated because it is co-produced by people from different disciplines, so what results is more than and different from what any single discipline could produce. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: co-production of critique | mechanisms[4] | 0.9 | the tagger's words |
| mechanisms | Because the artefacts have a materiality and an immediacy, they can travel and be discussed more widely than academic papers, driving conversations well beyond the objects themselves. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: tangible artefacts travel | mechanisms[5] | 0.88 | the tagger's words |
| limitations | There is a danger of putting art and design into an instrumental role that merely performs a service for STS, which the authors are wary of. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | limitations[0] | 0.92 | the tagger's words |
| limitations | Warmer uptake of art/design by the field raises the risk that their critical interventions are co-opted, assimilated and neutralised. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | limitations[1] | 0.9 | the tagger's words |
| limitations | 'STS' is notoriously heterogeneous, so any account of what STS can learn rests on a contestable characterisation of the field. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | limitations[2] | 0.9 | the tagger's words |
| limitations | The paper explicitly declines to set up a hierarchy with art/design above STS or to claim art/design has nothing to learn from STS. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | limitations[3] | 0.9 | the tagger's words |
| limitations | Experimental collaborations of the kind advocated are necessarily risky, because their outcomes are not obvious from the outset. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | limitations[4] | 0.9 | the tagger's words |
| limitations | Non-verbal artistic work carries a heightened danger of being misunderstood, misframed or misused against the artist's intentions. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | limitations[5] | 0.9 | the tagger's words |
| concepts | science and technology studies Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: science and technology studies | concepts[0] | 0.95 | the paper's words |
| concepts | STS Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: STS | concepts[1] | 0.95 | the paper's words |
| concepts | art Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: art | concepts[2] | 0.93 | the paper's words |
| concepts | design Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: design | concepts[3] | 0.93 | the paper's words |
| concepts | synthetic biology Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: synthetic biology | concepts[4] | 0.94 | the paper's words |
| concepts | critical design Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: critical design | concepts[5] | 0.94 | the paper's words |
| concepts | speculative design Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: speculative design | concepts[6] | 0.9 | the paper's words |
| concepts | commercial design Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: commercial design | concepts[7] | 0.9 | the paper's words |
| concepts | critique Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: critique | concepts[8] | 0.92 | the paper's words |
| concepts | emergent form of critique Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: emergent form of critique | concepts[9] | 0.92 | the paper's words |
| concepts | opening up Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: opening up | concepts[10] | 0.9 | the paper's words |
| concepts | making Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: making | concepts[11] | 0.9 | the paper's words |
| concepts | critical making Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: critical making | concepts[12] | 0.88 | the paper's words |
| concepts | tangible artefacts Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: tangible artefacts | concepts[13] | 0.9 | the paper's words |
| concepts | matters of concern Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: matters of concern | concepts[14] | 0.88 | the paper's words |
| concepts | logic of ontology Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: logic of ontology | concepts[15] | 0.9 | the paper's words |
| concepts | logic of innovation Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: logic of innovation | concepts[16] | 0.9 | the paper's words |
| concepts | logic of accountability Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: logic of accountability | concepts[17] | 0.9 | the paper's words |
| concepts | interdisciplinarity Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: interdisciplinarity | concepts[18] | 0.9 | the paper's words |
| concepts | Constructive Technology Assessment Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: Constructive Technology Assessment | concepts[19] | 0.9 | the paper's words |
| concepts | Responsible Research and Innovation Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: Responsible Research and Innovation | concepts[20] | 0.9 | the paper's words |
| concepts | upstream governance Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: upstream governance | concepts[21] | 0.9 | the paper's words |
| concepts | problem finding Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: problem finding | concepts[22] | 0.88 | the paper's words |
| concepts | problem solving Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: problem solving | concepts[23] | 0.88 | the paper's words |
| concepts | epistemic partners Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: epistemic partners | concepts[24] | 0.88 | the paper's words |
| concepts | participants Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: participants | concepts[25] | 0.88 | the paper's words |
| concepts | spectators Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: spectators | concepts[26] | 0.88 | the paper's words |
| unhoused_relations | logic of ontology → collaboration Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. On the logic of ontology, something that would not have happened otherwise comes about through the collaboration. — the relation stated: The logic of ontology holds that the genuinely new emerges through collaboration. | unhoused_relations[0] | 0.9 | the tagger's words |
| unhoused_relations | emergent form of critique → collaboration Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. An emergent form of critique requires an experimental, necessarily risky type of collaboration. — the relation stated: An emergent form of critique requires experimental collaboration. | unhoused_relations[1] | 0.9 | the tagger's words |
| unhoused_relations | art and design → STS Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. Engaging more closely with art and design can enrich STS work by enabling an emergent form of critique. — the relation stated: Art and design can enrich STS work. | unhoused_relations[2] | 0.92 | the tagger's words |
| unhoused_relations | critical design → Constructive Technology Assessment Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. Critical design has much in common with upstream-governance approaches such as Constructive Technology Assessment. — the relation stated: Critical design closely resembles CTA-style upstream governance. | unhoused_relations[3] | 0.9 | the tagger's words |
| senses | critique - the familiar debunking sense (lifting a veil of appearances) versus Latour's sense of the critic as one who assembles and offers participants arenas in which to gather Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[0] | 0.9 | the tagger's words |
| senses | opening up - Stirling's policy sense (surfacing the implicit assumptions behind a technology) as against the artists' sense of opening new areas to artistic exploration Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[1] | 0.9 | the tagger's words |
| senses | making - the object sense (producing tangible artefacts) versus the 'critical making' process sense (shared construction, conversation and reflection) Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[2] | 0.88 | the tagger's words |
| senses | design - the mainstream problem-solving/solutions sense versus critical and speculative design's use of design to pose questions and open debate Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[3] | 0.9 | the tagger's words |
| senses | success - 'success' in engaging synthetic biology is itself contested, since a warmer welcome for designers may equal co-option rather than influence Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[4] | 0.88 | the tagger's words |
| senses | 'matters of concern' versus 'objects'/'facts' - Latour's contrast, in which design foregrounds the disputed assemblages behind an artefact Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[5] | 0.88 | the tagger's words |
| senses | interdisciplinarity - three senses/logics: accountability, innovation, and ontology (the production of new objects and practices of knowledge) Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[6] | 0.9 | the tagger's words |
| senses | the researcher's stance - 'participant' versus 'spectator' in technoscientific worlds (Barad) Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[7] | 0.88 | the tagger's words |
| claim_relations | builds-on → Barry et al.'s three 'logics of interdisciplinarity' (accountability, innovation, ontology) Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. note: The three logics inform the paper's analysis of the collaborations. | claim_relations[0] | 0.92 | the tagger's words |
| claim_relations | builds-on → Michael's account of the emergent potential of speculative design Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. note: The 'emergent form of critique' is inspired by Michael's reading of speculative design. | claim_relations[1] | 0.92 | the tagger's words |
| claim_relations | builds-on → Latour's reconception of critique as assembling rather than debunking Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. note: The word 'critique' is drawn from Latour (2010): the critic assembles rather than debunks. | claim_relations[2] | 0.92 | the tagger's words |
| claim_relations | builds-on → Ratto's 'critical making' movement Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. note: The emphasis on process over object resonates with critical making. | claim_relations[3] | 0.9 | the tagger's words |
| claim_relations | qualifies → Michael's strict distinction between speculative and critical design Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. note: The authors question whether speculative and critical design can be distinguished so strictly. | claim_relations[4] | 0.9 | the tagger's words |
| claim_relations | recommends → bringing STS's upstream-governance work and critical design together Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. note: There is rich potential to bring these areas of investigation together. | claim_relations[5] | 0.9 | the tagger's words |
| concept_edges | critical design —distinct-from→ commercial design Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. the relation itself is separately evidenced · strength of the relation: 0.95 · note: Differentiator stated: critical design provokes reflection about technology's complexity; commercial design does not. · the relation stated: Critical designers distinguish their work from commercial design by using design to provoke reflection rather than to sell. also in: critical design · commercial design | concept_edges[0] | 0.94 | the tagger's words |
| concept_edges | art —contrasted-with→ design Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. the relation itself is separately evidenced · strength of the relation: 0.9 · note: Actor-stated contrast that recurs across three participants. · the relation stated: Sascha and Oron draw a distinction between art (opening, posing questions) and design (finding solutions, problem-solving).
Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but attributed: the span reports Sascha's distinction (interview). | concept_edges[1] | 0.92 | the tagger's words |
| concept_edges | speculative design —distinct-from→ critical design Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. the relation itself is separately evidenced · strength of the relation: 0.75 · note: Michael's distinction; the authors elsewhere question whether it holds so strictly (q93). · the relation stated: Speculative design's object is coproduced with publics and open-ended, whereas a critical designer's work is often produced alone for a gallery. also in: speculative design · critical design | concept_edges[2] | 0.9 | the tagger's words |
| concept_edges | problem finding —distinct-from→ problem solving Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. the relation itself is separately evidenced · strength of the relation: 0.9 · note: The differentiator is finding versus solving; 'problem finding' is aligned with inventive problem making. · the relation stated: Dunne and Raby distinguish their interest in 'problem finding' from the 'problem solving' of commercial design. also in: problem finding · problem solving | concept_edges[3] | 0.92 | the tagger's words |
| concept_edges | logic of ontology —contrasted-with→ logic of innovation Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. the relation itself is separately evidenced · strength of the relation: 0.9 · note: Barry et al.'s three logics provide different rationales. · the relation stated: The logic of ontology (producing new objects and practices) gives a different rationale for interdisciplinarity from the logic of innovation (economic growth).
Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but the span lists three logics side by side; contrasted-with is loose. also in: logic of ontology · logic of innovation | concept_edges[4] | 0.9 | the tagger's words |
| concept_edges | participants —contrasted-with→ spectators Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. the relation itself is separately evidenced · strength of the relation: 0.7 · note: A proposed reframing, hedged ('may also have to'). · the relation stated: The authors argue researchers may have to think of themselves as 'participants' rather than 'spectators'. also in: participants · spectators | concept_edges[5] | 0.9 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | The three art/design pairs and the STS researchers shared two objectives - 'opening up' synthetic biology and 'critique'. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[0] | 0.92 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | Engaging more closely with art and design can enrich STS work by enabling an emergent form of critique. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[1] | 0.9 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | The most important difference is that artists and designers make tangible artefacts, which the STS researchers' academic texts lack. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[2] | 0.9 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | A speculative object can be embraced by the very field it critiques - the Scatalog was taken up by the Beijing Genomics Institute to represent a desired research end-point. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[3] | 0.9 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | Many synthetic biologists appear happier to collaborate with designers than with social scientists, and those collaborations show less divergence in expectations. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[4] | 0.89 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | Michael separates speculative design (open-ended) from critical design on the grounds that critical design has a pre-defined target of critique. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[5] | 0.88 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | How art/design work is labelled matters less than whether it provokes ongoing exploration and discussion. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[6] | 0.9 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | the application of engineering principles to living systems (Endy) Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: synthetic biology | content_tags.definitions[0] | 0.9 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | using design as a tool to provoke reflection about the social, political and economic complexity of technology, rather than for commercial ends Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: critical design | content_tags.definitions[1] | 0.92 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | drawing attention to the often implicit assumptions that underlie discussions of a technology (Stirling) Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: opening up | content_tags.definitions[2] | 0.9 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | a necessarily co-produced critique that is the outcome of a shared cross-disciplinary endeavour, not one group imposing its tools Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: emergent form of critique | content_tags.definitions[3] | 0.9 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | Latour's 'things' - the disputed assemblages that constitute artefacts and are usually overlooked as mere 'objects' or 'facts' Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: matters of concern | content_tags.definitions[4] | 0.88 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | a rationale for interdisciplinarity that produces new objects and practices of knowledge, so something that would not otherwise have happened comes about Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: logic of ontology | content_tags.definitions[5] | 0.9 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | $10 million — funding made available by the US NSF and the UK EPSRC at the sandpit, from which five projects were funded Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[0] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | over 200 applications — responses received to the 2010 call for participants Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[1] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | six artists and designers and six synthetic biologists — participants selected and paired for the residencies Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[2] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | 12 residents — interviewees, each interviewed on at least two occasions Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[3] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
Tags that could not be placed in the text:
What was deliberately not tagged, and why, is recorded per paper by the tagger. Where a paper has no such record, this page says so rather than implying that nothing was declined.