phenomenon · claim-type · cross-domain-transfer · mechanism · claim-relation · replication-status · limitation — grounded in the full text| phenomenon | the similarities (shared objectives of 'opening up' and 'critique') and differences (making tangible artefacts, play and humour) between STS work and art/design work in engagements with synthetic biology— “In this paper we reflect on a project called ‘Synthetic Aesthetics’, which brought together synthetic biologists with artists and designers in paired exchanges. We – the STS researchers on the project – were quickly struck by the similarities between our objectives and those of the artists and designers. We shared interests in forging new… | |
| claim-type | critique— “To address the question of the paper, we argue that as STS researchers we can learn from the artists and designers on the Synthetic Aesthetics project in several ways. We can learn from their acknowledgement of the extent to which they become implicated in scientific research agendas. Looking at how they negotiate their relationships of… | |
| method — evidence | — “Despite our shift in methodological focus towards a shared endeavour, we persisted with our planned interviews and ethnography. We observed and documented the six four-week exchanges and conducted semi-structured interviews with each of the 12 residents on at least two different occasions. Finally, at the end of the project the team wrote a… | |
| object of study — evidence | — “We focus here on the work of three pairs of Synthetic Aesthetics participants, who explored topics as diverse as futility and time, living machines and evolution, and our coexistence with our bacterial symbionts. We found that this work had notable similarities with STS in terms of two shared objectives: ‘opening up’ and ‘critique’. There… | |
| research question — evidence | — “In 2009 we embarked on a project called ‘Synthetic Aesthetics’, which paired synthetic biologists with artists and designers. As the social scientists on the project, we initially assumed we would base our analysis on observation of the pairs and their collaborations, but we soon found that we had much in common with the artists and… | |
| contribution — evidence | — “To address the question of the paper, we argue that as STS researchers we can learn from the artists and designers on the Synthetic Aesthetics project in several ways. We can learn from their acknowledgement of the extent to which they become implicated in scientific research agendas. Looking at how they negotiate their relationships of… | |
| mechanism | reciprocal residencies The exchanges were made reciprocal - artists/designers spent time in the science lab and scientists/engineers spent an equal time in the art studio - so obligation ran both ways and the creative process was shared.— “After further discussion, the pair decided to focus their work on the topic of time, as manifested by cyanobacteria. They were particularly interested in exploring the links between biological and geological time, the sweep of which extends from the beginning to the end of the Earth. They started from the observation that cyanobacteria… | mechanisms[0] |
| mechanism | opening up implicit assumptions 'Opening up' works by drawing attention to the implicit assumptions underlying a technology, letting new questions be asked and marginalised perspectives and alternative pathways be surfaced.— “Turning to the similarities between these three art/design projects and our STS work, one that quickly became evident was our shared desire to ‘open up’ synthetic biology to a broader range of perspectives, and expand existing ways of imagining the field. Stirling (2008) describes ‘opening up’ as drawing attention to the often implicit… | mechanisms[1] |
| mechanism | speculative objects make ideas discussable Critical designers produce speculative objects that make abstract ideas tangible and open to discussion, using design to provoke reflection rather than to sell.— “Critical designers distinguish their work from commercial design because they use design as a tool to provoke reflection about the social, political and economic complexity of technology. They produce speculative objects that make abstract ideas tangible and open to discussion. They argue that this can ‘help us see that the way things are now… | mechanisms[2] |
| mechanism | getting hands wet implicates the maker By using the same tools and materials as the laboratory and getting one's hands 'wet', the maker becomes implicated in manipulating life and cannot take a distanced stance.— “Both Daisy and Oron were committed to the transformative power of laboratory work. They argued that by getting one’s hands ‘wet’ (or ‘dirty’ perhaps), one becomes implicated in the process of manipulating life. This makes it hard to take a distanced, detached stance; a stance often attributed to us as social scientists, who seemed to spend… | mechanisms[3] |
| mechanism | co-production of critique An emergent critique is generated because it is co-produced by people from different disciplines, so what results is more than and different from what any single discipline could produce.— “We are calling this an ‘emergent’ form of critique is because it is necessarily co-produced. It is not the result of one group imposing their critical tools and perspectives, but is the outcome of a shared endeavour that brings people together from different disciplines. What is generated is thus more than (and different from) anything that… | mechanisms[4] |
| mechanism | tangible artefacts travel Because the artefacts have a materiality and an immediacy, they can travel and be discussed more widely than academic papers, driving conversations well beyond the objects themselves.— “Another measure of the success of the artists and designers is that the tangible artefacts they produce have an immediacy and an ability to travel ( Wilkie, 2011 ), and are more discussed by the synthetic biology community than our social scientific papers. But this raises questions about whether the critical interventions of the artists and… | mechanisms[5] |
| builds-on | Barry et al.'s three 'logics of interdisciplinarity' (accountability, innovation, ontology)— “There is a great deal of literature on art/science collaboration (e.g. Dixon et al., 2011 ; Kac, 2006 ; Stracey, 2009 ), but this is not our primary focus here. We are interested in the similarities and differences between STS and art/design in collaborations with scientists and engineers, rather than art-science interactions per se . In this… | claim_relations[0] |
| builds-on | Michael's account of the emergent potential of speculative design— “We have been inspired here by Michael’s discussion of the emergent potential of speculative design. Michael (2012a) describes how this approach to design is not concerned with ‘problems or facts, but about the process of emergence of new relations which, potentially at least, can reconfigure what the very “fact” or “problem” might be’ (p.… | claim_relations[1] |
| builds-on | Latour's reconception of critique as assembling rather than debunking— “In using the word ‘critique’, we are drawing on Latour (2010) , who rejects the familiar notion of critique as ‘predicated on the discovery of a true world of realities lying behind a veil of appearances’ (pp. 474–475), and instead advocates a notion that is more about unexpectedness, openness and overspilling. It is ‘associated with more… | claim_relations[2] |
| builds-on | Ratto's 'critical making' movement— “This resonates with the ‘critical making’ movement discussed earlier, because rather than prioritizing the object, the emphasis here is placed on the process, on ‘the act of shared construction, joint conversation, and reflection’ ( Ratto, 2011 : 253). And it is precisely the collaborative process that we have come to value most through our… | claim_relations[3] |
| qualifies | Michael's strict distinction between speculative and critical design— “Questions arise, however, about whether we can (or whether practitioners do) distinguish speculative from critical design so strictly. Dunne and Raby (2013) , the founders of critical… | claim_relations[4] |
| recommends | bringing STS's upstream-governance work and critical design together Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[5] |
| sense | critique - the familiar debunking sense (lifting a veil of appearances) versus Latour's sense of the critic as one who assembles and offers participants arenas in which to gather Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[0] |
| sense | opening up - Stirling's policy sense (surfacing the implicit assumptions behind a technology) as against the artists' sense of opening new areas to artistic exploration Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[1] |
| sense | making - the object sense (producing tangible artefacts) versus the 'critical making' process sense (shared construction, conversation and reflection) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[2] |
| sense | design - the mainstream problem-solving/solutions sense versus critical and speculative design's use of design to pose questions and open debate Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[3] |
| sense | success - 'success' in engaging synthetic biology is itself contested, since a warmer welcome for designers may equal co-option rather than influence Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[4] |
| sense | 'matters of concern' versus 'objects'/'facts' - Latour's contrast, in which design foregrounds the disputed assemblages behind an artefact Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[5] |
| sense | interdisciplinarity - three senses/logics: accountability, innovation, and ontology (the production of new objects and practices of knowledge) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[6] |
| sense | the researcher's stance - 'participant' versus 'spectator' in technoscientific worlds (Barad) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[7] |
| note | Barry et al.'s three 'logics of interdisciplinarity' (accountability, innovation, ontology) — The three logics inform the paper's analysis of the collaborations. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[0] |
| weight | Barry et al.'s three 'logics of interdisciplinarity' (accountability, innovation, ontology) — 0.9 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[0] |
| note | Michael's account of the emergent potential of speculative design — The 'emergent form of critique' is inspired by Michael's reading of speculative design. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[1] |
| weight | Michael's account of the emergent potential of speculative design — 0.9 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[1] |
| note | Latour's reconception of critique as assembling rather than debunking — The word 'critique' is drawn from Latour (2010): the critic assembles rather than debunks. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[2] |
| weight | Latour's reconception of critique as assembling rather than debunking — 0.9 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[2] |
| note | Ratto's 'critical making' movement — The emphasis on process over object resonates with critical making. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[3] |
| weight | Ratto's 'critical making' movement — 0.85 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[3] |
| note | Michael's strict distinction between speculative and critical design — The authors question whether speculative and critical design can be distinguished so strictly. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[4] |
| weight | Michael's strict distinction between speculative and critical design — 0.7 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[4] |
| note | bringing STS's upstream-governance work and critical design together — There is rich potential to bring these areas of investigation together. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[5] |
| weight | bringing STS's upstream-governance work and critical design together — 0.8 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[5] |
| note | critical design —distinct-from→ commercial design — Differentiator stated: critical design provokes reflection about technology's complexity; commercial design does not. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[0] |
| relation | critical design —distinct-from→ commercial design — Critical designers distinguish their work from commercial design by using design to provoke reflection rather than to sell. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[0] |
| weight | critical design —distinct-from→ commercial design — 0.95 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[0] |
| audit | art —contrasted-with→ design — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but attributed: the span reports Sascha's distinction (interview). Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[1] |
| note | art —contrasted-with→ design — Actor-stated contrast that recurs across three participants. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[1] |
| relation | art —contrasted-with→ design — Sascha and Oron draw a distinction between art (opening, posing questions) and design (finding solutions, problem-solving). Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[1] |
| weight | art —contrasted-with→ design — 0.9 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[1] |
| note | speculative design —distinct-from→ critical design — Michael's distinction; the authors elsewhere question whether it holds so strictly (q93). Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[2] |
| relation | speculative design —distinct-from→ critical design — Speculative design's object is coproduced with publics and open-ended, whereas a critical designer's work is often produced alone for a gallery. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[2] |
| weight | speculative design —distinct-from→ critical design — 0.75 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[2] |
| note | problem finding —distinct-from→ problem solving — The differentiator is finding versus solving; 'problem finding' is aligned with inventive problem making. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[3] |
| relation | problem finding —distinct-from→ problem solving — Dunne and Raby distinguish their interest in 'problem finding' from the 'problem solving' of commercial design. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[3] |
| weight | problem finding —distinct-from→ problem solving — 0.9 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[3] |
| audit | logic of ontology —contrasted-with→ logic of innovation — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but the span lists three logics side by side; contrasted-with is loose. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[4] |
| note | logic of ontology —contrasted-with→ logic of innovation — Barry et al.'s three logics provide different rationales. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[4] |
| relation | logic of ontology —contrasted-with→ logic of innovation — The logic of ontology (producing new objects and practices) gives a different rationale for interdisciplinarity from the logic of innovation (economic growth). Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[4] |
| weight | logic of ontology —contrasted-with→ logic of innovation — 0.9 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[4] |
| note | participants —contrasted-with→ spectators — A proposed reframing, hedged ('may also have to'). Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[5] |
| relation | participants —contrasted-with→ spectators — The authors argue researchers may have to think of themselves as 'participants' rather than 'spectators'. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[5] |
| weight | participants —contrasted-with→ spectators — 0.7 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[5] |
| relation | logic of ontology → collaboration — The logic of ontology holds that the genuinely new emerges through collaboration. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | unhoused_relations[0] |
| weight | logic of ontology → collaboration — 0.9 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | unhoused_relations[0] |
| relation | emergent form of critique → collaboration — An emergent form of critique requires experimental collaboration. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | unhoused_relations[1] |
| weight | emergent form of critique → collaboration — 0.7 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | unhoused_relations[1] |
| relation | art and design → STS — Art and design can enrich STS work. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | unhoused_relations[2] |
| weight | art and design → STS — 0.7 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | unhoused_relations[2] |
| relation | critical design → Constructive Technology Assessment — Critical design closely resembles CTA-style upstream governance. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | unhoused_relations[3] |
| weight | critical design → Constructive Technology Assessment — 0.8 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | unhoused_relations[3] |
| no type for this | logic of ontology → collaboration — On the logic of ontology, something that would not have happened otherwise comes about through the collaboration. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | unhoused_relations[0] |
| no type for this | emergent form of critique → collaboration — An emergent form of critique requires an experimental, necessarily risky type of collaboration. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | unhoused_relations[1] |
| no type for this | art and design → STS — Engaging more closely with art and design can enrich STS work by enabling an emergent form of critique. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | unhoused_relations[2] |
| no type for this | critical design → Constructive Technology Assessment — Critical design has much in common with upstream-governance approaches such as Constructive Technology Assessment. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | unhoused_relations[3] |
| limitation | There is a danger of putting art and design into an instrumental role that merely performs a service for STS, which the authors are wary of. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[0] |
| limitation | Warmer uptake of art/design by the field raises the risk that their critical interventions are co-opted, assimilated and neutralised. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[1] |
| limitation | 'STS' is notoriously heterogeneous, so any account of what STS can learn rests on a contestable characterisation of the field. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[2] |
| limitation | The paper explicitly declines to set up a hierarchy with art/design above STS or to claim art/design has nothing to learn from STS. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[3] |
| limitation | Experimental collaborations of the kind advocated are necessarily risky, because their outcomes are not obvious from the outset. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[4] |
| limitation | Non-verbal artistic work carries a heightened danger of being misunderstood, misframed or misused against the artist's intentions. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[5] |
finding · quantity · variable · definition · key-term — grounded in the full text| finding | The three art/design pairs and the STS researchers shared two objectives - 'opening up' synthetic biology and 'critique'. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[0] |
| finding | Engaging more closely with art and design can enrich STS work by enabling an emergent form of critique. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[1] |
| finding | The most important difference is that artists and designers make tangible artefacts, which the STS researchers' academic texts lack. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[2] |
| finding | A speculative object can be embraced by the very field it critiques - the Scatalog was taken up by the Beijing Genomics Institute to represent a desired research end-point. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[3] |
| finding | Many synthetic biologists appear happier to collaborate with designers than with social scientists, and those collaborations show less divergence in expectations. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[4] |
| finding | Michael separates speculative design (open-ended) from critical design on the grounds that critical design has a pre-defined target of critique. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[5] |
| finding | How art/design work is labelled matters less than whether it provokes ongoing exploration and discussion. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[6] |
| quantity | $10 million — funding made available by the US NSF and the UK EPSRC at the sandpit, from which five projects were funded Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[0] |
| quantity | over 200 applications — responses received to the 2010 call for participants Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[1] |
| quantity | six artists and designers and six synthetic biologists — participants selected and paired for the residencies Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[2] |
| quantity | 12 residents — interviewees, each interviewed on at least two occasions Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[3] |
| definition | synthetic biology Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[0] |
| definition | critical design Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[1] |
| definition | opening up Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[2] |
| definition | emergent form of critique Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[3] |
| definition | matters of concern Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[4] |
| definition | logic of ontology Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[5] |
| concept | science and technology studies — not defined in this paper's own words; the interdisciplinary study of science and technology as social and political practice; heterogeneous, spanning theoretical to activist work Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[0] |
| concept | STS — not defined in this paper's own words; science and technology studies, the authors' own field, which the project made them re-identify with Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[1] |
| concept | art — not defined in this paper's own words; a practice the artists frame as opening up and posing questions, licensed to be contested, rather than delivering answers Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[2] |
| concept | design — not defined in this paper's own words; a practice whose commercial form is oriented to finding solutions and problem-solving Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[3] |
| concept | synthetic biology — not defined in this paper's own words; the application of engineering principles to living systems; a nascent discipline the collaborations engaged Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[4] |
| concept | critical design — not defined in this paper's own words; design used as a tool to provoke reflection on the complexity of technology and to imagine possible futures Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[5] |
| concept | speculative design — not defined in this paper's own words; Michael's more open-ended, co-produced design that pursues the unexpected and does not set itself against a pre-defined target Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[6] |
| concept | commercial design — not defined in this paper's own words; solution-seeking design from which critical designers distinguish their work Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[7] |
| concept | critique — not defined in this paper's own words; a contested notion ranging from debunking a veil of appearances to Latour's assembling of participants Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[8] |
| concept | emergent form of critique — not defined in this paper's own words; the paper's central proposal: a co-produced critique that emerges from cross-disciplinary collaboration Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[9] |
| concept | opening up — not defined in this paper's own words; drawing attention to implicit assumptions and surfacing alternative technological pathways (Stirling) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[10] |
| concept | making — not defined in this paper's own words; producing tangible artefacts; the difference artists and designers stressed against STS text-work Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[11] |
| concept | critical making — not defined in this paper's own words; material engagement that emphasises the process of shared construction and reflection over the object (Ratto) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[12] |
| concept | tangible artefacts — not defined in this paper's own words; material outputs with an immediacy and an ability to travel and provoke discussion Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[13] |
| concept | matters of concern — not defined in this paper's own words; Latour's 'things' - disputed assemblages, opposed to inert 'objects' or 'facts' Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[14] |
| concept | logic of ontology — not defined in this paper's own words; interdisciplinarity that produces new objects and practices of knowledge Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[15] |
| concept | logic of innovation — not defined in this paper's own words; interdisciplinarity that facilitates the contribution of science to economic growth Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[16] |
| concept | logic of accountability — not defined in this paper's own words; interdisciplinarity that makes scientific research more accountable to society Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[17] |
| concept | interdisciplinarity — not defined in this paper's own words; collaboration across disciplines, framed by Barry et al. in three logics Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[18] |
| concept | Constructive Technology Assessment — not defined in this paper's own words; an upstream-governance approach that critical design strikingly resembles Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[19] |
| concept | Responsible Research and Innovation — not defined in this paper's own words; an upstream-governance framework whose 'what-if' scenarios resonate with critical design Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[20] |
| concept | upstream governance — not defined in this paper's own words; steering emerging technologies at an early stage, where STS and critical design might join Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[21] |
| concept | problem finding — not defined in this paper's own words; Dunne and Raby's aim, close to Michael's 'inventive problem making' Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[22] |
| concept | problem solving — not defined in this paper's own words; the solution-seeking orientation of commercial design Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[23] |
| concept | epistemic partners — not defined in this paper's own words; collaborators on an exploratory journey, rather than informants or mere producers of artefacts Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[24] |
| concept | participants — not defined in this paper's own words; a researcher stance, opposed to 'spectators', in technoscientific worlds (Barad) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[25] |
| concept | spectators — not defined in this paper's own words; the detached observer stance the authors move away from Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[26] |
When we have changed our mind. Some entries in the table begin with a word in capitals and the reason for it. EVIDENCE CORRECTED — the finding still stands, but we had quoted the wrong sentence from the paper, and the quotation has been replaced with the right one. RETRACTED — the entry itself was wrong; it stays on the page, marked, with the reason, rather than being deleted. WITHDRAWN AND REPLACED — the entry was wrong, and a corrected version of it appears in the entries below. Each mark carries its own reason, in brackets, because the reasons differ from one entry to the next. An entry we have WITHDRAWN is removed from this page and kept in the record, with its reason. A line reading Audit and a date is a later re-reading of the entry against its whole sentence: DOUBTFUL means it was kept, and the reason says what is loose about it. Quotation marks inside the tagger's sentence. Where a tag is the tagger's own sentence, a phrase in quotation marks inside it is borrowed from the paper — the tagger's wording around it is not. The paper's own sentence is the evidence quote for that row; on this page it is withheld with the article, and the article is at its publisher. Nothing inside quotation marks anywhere on this page is ours: if it is quoted, it is the paper's. Whose words a concept carries. A concept entry records a term the paper itself uses, so the term, the sense given for it, and its evidence are the paper's own words, quoted where the paper fixes them. This is the opposite of a sense entry in the tag table, which is the tagger's sentence about how the paper uses a term. Where a concept entry could not be grounded in the paper's words, the entry says so on its own row.
Tag layer © the Meta-Tagging Project, CC BY 4.0. The paper text is © its authors/publisher
and is linked, not reproduced. Excerpts shown are short quotations for identification and verification.
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