standOff, and the article is at its publisher via the link below. When we have changed our mind. Some entries in the table begin with a word in capitals and the reason for it. EVIDENCE CORRECTED — the finding still stands, but we had quoted the wrong sentence from the paper, and the quotation has been replaced with the right one. RETRACTED — the entry itself was wrong; it stays on the page, marked, with the reason, rather than being deleted. WITHDRAWN AND REPLACED — the entry was wrong, and a corrected version of it appears in the entries below. Each mark carries its own reason, in brackets, because the reasons differ from one entry to the next. An entry we have WITHDRAWN is removed from this page and kept in the record, with its reason. A line reading Audit and a date is a later re-reading of the entry against its whole sentence: DOUBTFUL means it was kept, and the reason says what is loose about it. Quotation marks inside the tagger's sentence. Where a tag is the tagger's own sentence, a phrase in quotation marks inside it is borrowed from the paper — the tagger's wording around it is not. The paper's own sentence is the evidence quote for that row; on this page it is withheld with the article, and the article is at its publisher. Nothing inside quotation marks anywhere on this page is ours: if it is quoted, it is the paper's. Whose words a concept carries. A concept entry records a term the paper itself uses, so the term, the sense given for it, and its evidence are the paper's own words, quoted where the paper fixes them. This is the opposite of a sense entry in the tag table, which is the tagger's sentence about how the paper uses a term. Where a concept entry could not be grounded in the paper's words, the entry says so on its own row.| relation to other work | claim_relations | how this paper stands to another: agrees, contradicts, extends, qualifies |
| claim type | claim_type | the shape of the claim: existence, mechanism, method, critique, prediction, null |
| concept edge | concept_edges | an asserted relation between two concepts, with the sentence asserting it |
| concept | concepts | an idea the paper works with, quoted where the paper uses it |
| content tag | content_tags | a finding, definition, quantity, statistic or variable named in the paper |
| contribution | contribution | what the paper claims to add |
| control | controls | an experiment run to eliminate a rival explanation |
| limitation | limitations | what the paper says its evidence cannot support |
| mechanism | mechanisms | how the reported effect is said to come about |
| method | method | how the paper produced its evidence |
| object of study | object_of_study | what the paper is about — the thing it investigates |
| phenomenon | phenomenon | the effect or regularity under study |
| research question | research_question | the question the paper sets itself |
| sense | senses | a distinct use of a term, quoted where the paper fixes it |
Relations on this page carry a quotation for the claim. Where a relation was separately evidenced — and so tested against the vocabulary for its type — the row says so; none of 5 relations here carry that mark. The rest are the tagger’s reading of the sentence quoted beside them.
| facet | tag | field | conf. | whose words |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| object_of_study | job quality in the remote gig economy - digital services sold through online labour platforms by workers in Southeast Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa to clients in high-income countries Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | object_of_study | the paper's words | |
| research_question | what the job quality of remote gig work is, and which organisational forms of control explain the commonalities across platforms and countries Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | research_question | the paper's words | |
| contribution | evidence that algorithmic control, unlike Taylorism, delivers high autonomy AND low pay, isolation and overwork at once; and the identification of platform reputation as a symbolic form of marketplace bargaining power Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | contribution | the paper's words | |
| claim_type | existence Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | claim_type | the paper's words | |
| phenomenon | remote gig workers experiencing genuine autonomy and severe overwork as two effects of the same system of control Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | phenomenon | the paper's words | |
| method | field-study Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: field-study | method | the paper's words | |
| mechanisms | mechanisms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | mechanisms[0] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| mechanisms | mechanisms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | mechanisms[1] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| mechanisms | mechanisms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | mechanisms[2] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| mechanisms | mechanisms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | mechanisms[3] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| mechanisms | mechanisms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | mechanisms[4] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| mechanisms | mechanisms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | mechanisms[5] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| mechanisms | mechanisms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | mechanisms[6] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| limitations | probability sampling is stated to be impossible on an online labour platform, because the chance of any member seeing the survey task is unequal and unknown Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | limitations[0] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| limitations | response rates were 30% and 7% on the two platforms, which the authors call low by conventional social survey standards Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | limitations[1] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| limitations | the sample resembles a quota sample except that subsample sizes were not predefined - they depended on how easy each subpopulation was to find Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | limitations[2] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| limitations | the population of remote gig workers is called an ambiguous concept, since engagement runs from a registered account to a full-time income and changes over time; the authors define it by a work threshold instead Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | limitations[3] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| limitations | the survey is used only to show that interview themes are shared more widely, not to estimate population quantities Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | limitations[4] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| limitations | research on remote gig work quality is limited in both the number of studies and the breadth of platforms and countries covered, which bounds what the findings can be compared against Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | limitations[5] | 0.9 | the tagger's words |
| controls | 40 of the 147 workers interviewed were excluded because they did not use either of the two platforms under study Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. eliminates: workers with no experience of the two platforms under study contributing to findings about those platforms - 40 of 147 interviewees were excluded on that ground · outcome: held | controls[0] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| controls | 174 of 853 survey responses were excluded - wrong region, incomplete job-quality modules, or a failed attention check - leaving 679 Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. eliminates: inattentive or mis-targeted responses as a source of the survey results - 174 of 853 were removed for wrong region, incomplete modules, or a failed attention check · outcome: held | controls[1] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| controls | participants were told the interview was research and not a job, and that no platform feedback would be left either way - removing the reputational stake that would otherwise shape what a rated worker says Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. eliminates: the reputational stake as an influence on what workers said - participants were told it was research, not a job, and that no platform feedback would be left either way · outcome: held | controls[2] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| controls | purposive invitation across countries, genders and skills was used in place of an open task, which the authors argue mitigates self-selection on task-type preference and reservation wage Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. eliminates: self-selection on task-type preference and reservation wage, which an open posted task would have introduced - purposive invitation across countries, genders and skills was used instead · outcome: partial | controls[3] | 0.9 | the tagger's words |
| concepts | algorithmic control Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: algorithmic control | concepts[0] | 0.95 | the paper's words |
| concepts | algorithmic management Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: algorithmic management | concepts[1] | 0.95 | the paper's words |
| concepts | gig economy Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: gig economy | concepts[2] | 0.95 | the paper's words |
| concepts | remote gig work Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: remote gig work | concepts[3] | 0.95 | the paper's words |
| concepts | job quality Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: job quality | concepts[4] | 0.95 | the paper's words |
| concepts | online labour platforms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: online labour platforms | concepts[5] | 0.95 | the paper's words |
| concepts | autonomy Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: autonomy | concepts[6] | 0.95 | the paper's words |
| concepts | Taylorist Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: Taylorist | concepts[7] | 0.95 | the paper's words |
| concepts | work intensity Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: work intensity | concepts[8] | 0.95 | the paper's words |
| concepts | symbolic power Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: symbolic power | concepts[9] | 0.95 | the paper's words |
| concepts | marketplace bargaining power Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: marketplace bargaining power | concepts[10] | 0.95 | the paper's words |
| concepts | structural power Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: structural power | concepts[11] | 0.95 | the paper's words |
| concepts | platform reputation Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: platform reputation | concepts[12] | 0.95 | the paper's words |
| concepts | social isolation Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: social isolation | concepts[13] | 0.95 | the paper's words |
| concepts | customer management Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: customer management | concepts[14] | 0.95 | the paper's words |
| concepts | labour process Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: labour process | concepts[15] | 0.95 | the paper's words |
| concepts | discretion Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: discretion | concepts[16] | 0.95 | the paper's words |
| concepts | overwork Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: overwork | concepts[17] | 0.95 | the paper's words |
| concepts | non-proximity Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: non-proximity | concepts[18] | 0.95 | the paper's words |
| concepts | theory elaboration Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: theory elaboration | concepts[19] | 0.95 | the paper's words |
| concepts | purposive Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: purposive | concepts[20] | 0.9 | the paper's words |
| concepts | self-selection biases Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: self-selection biases | concepts[21] | 0.95 | the paper's words |
| senses | autonomy - IN THIS PAPER A REAL AND MEASURED FREEDOM THAT DOES NOT IMPLY GOOD WORK. 72% could choose the order of tasks and 74% their methods, and the same workers report overwork, sleep deprivation and exhaustion. The paper's whole argument is that autonomy and job quality come apart, so reading `autonomy` as a job-quality outcome inverts the finding Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[0] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| senses | algorithmic control - CONTROL EXERCISED AT THE END OF THE LABOUR PROCESS RATHER THAN DURING IT. That single structural fact generates the whole pattern: because only the output is judged, the worker is free in how they work, and because the rating governs future work, the freedom is unusable Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[1] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| senses | algorithmic management - NOT SUPERVISION BY MACHINE BUT CUSTOMER MANAGEMENT EXTENDED: the client is placed in the management circuit, and the platform's ranking turns their rating into a sanction. The controller is another user, not an algorithm with a policy Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[2] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| senses | platform reputation - AN INDIVIDUAL RESOURCE IN THE LABOUR MARKET, alongside skills, rather than a signal about past work. It is what the paper means by reputation having `symbolic power`: it is held by the worker, cannot be transferred between platforms, and determines what work is reachable at all Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[3] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| claim_relations | contradicts → accounts which hold that ICTs bring Taylorist organisational forms to white-collar work - the 'assembly line in the head' and 'electronic sweatshop' readings - which this study's remote gig workers do not fit Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | claim_relations[0] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| claim_relations | contradicts → Shapiro's characterisation of gig-work autonomy as 'autonomy over minute decisions', which the authors find far from minute for remote gig work Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | claim_relations[1] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| claim_relations | extends → Silver's and Wright's concept of marketplace bargaining power, which this article extends with a symbolic form neither of them considers Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | claim_relations[2] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| claim_relations | qualifies → the literature on Taylorist informational control, which is predominantly based on call-centre research and was generalised into theories of effort-biased technology adoption Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | claim_relations[3] | 0.9 | the tagger's words |
| concept_edges | algorithmic control —distinct-from→ Taylorist Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. strength of the relation: 0.95
Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but the span lists Taylorist and algorithmic controls as forms; it does not assert a distinction. also in: algorithmic control · Taylorist | concept_edges[0] | the tagger's words | |
| concept_edges | algorithmic management —is-a→ customer management Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. strength of the relation: 0.95
Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but the span calls algorithmic management an EXTENSION of customer management; is-a is loose. also in: algorithmic management · customer management | concept_edges[1] | the tagger's words | |
| concept_edges | algorithmic control —causes→ autonomy Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. strength of the relation: 0.9
Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but endpoint by anaphora: 'This form of control' = algorithmic control (previous sentence); the span says algorithmic management FACILITATES autonomy. also in: algorithmic control · autonomy | concept_edges[2] | the tagger's words | |
| concept_edges | algorithmic control —causes→ overwork Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. direction on the measure: increases · strength of the relation: 0.9
Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but the span says algorithmic control CAN lead to overwork; hedged. also in: algorithmic control · overwork | concept_edges[3] | the tagger's words | |
| concept_edges | symbolic power —is-a→ marketplace bargaining power Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. strength of the relation: 0.95 also in: symbolic power · marketplace bargaining power | concept_edges[4] | the tagger's words | |
| content_tags | Algorithmic control is central to online labour platforms, bringing autonomy and flexibility but also low pay, isolation, unsocial hours, overwork and exhaustion. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[0] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | control operates at the end of the labour process rather than during it, which is what distinguishes it from Taylorist informational control Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[1] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | Online labour platforms filter work away from low-rated workers. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[2] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | Workers often welcomed monitoring because the platform guaranteed payment for monitored work. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[3] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | skills and platform reputation are the individual resources that matter most; workers lacking them suffered low incomes and insecurity Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[4] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | gig economy Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: gig economy | content_tags.definitions[0] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | remote gig work Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: remote gig work | content_tags.definitions[1] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | algorithmic management Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: algorithmic management | content_tags.definitions[2] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | Taylorist informational control Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: Taylorist informational control | content_tags.definitions[3] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | 107 interviews across six countries (36 in Southeast Asia, 71 in Sub-Saharan Africa) over seven months of fieldwork — None Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[0] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | 679 survey respondents after exclusions, 40% female and 60% male, 51% SEA and 49% SSA — None Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[1] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | 72% could choose or change the order of their tasks and 74% their methods of work — None Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[2] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | survey response rates of 30% and 7% on the two platforms — None Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[3] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | skills Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: skills | content_tags.variables[2] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | platform reputation Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: platform reputation | content_tags.variables[3] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
Tags that could not be placed in the text:
What was deliberately not tagged, and why, is recorded per paper by the tagger. Where a paper has no such record, this page says so rather than implying that nothing was declined.