standOff, and the article is at its publisher via the link below. When we have changed our mind. Some entries in the table begin with a word in capitals and the reason for it. EVIDENCE CORRECTED — the finding still stands, but we had quoted the wrong sentence from the paper, and the quotation has been replaced with the right one. RETRACTED — the entry itself was wrong; it stays on the page, marked, with the reason, rather than being deleted. WITHDRAWN AND REPLACED — the entry was wrong, and a corrected version of it appears in the entries below. Each mark carries its own reason, in brackets, because the reasons differ from one entry to the next. An entry we have WITHDRAWN is removed from this page and kept in the record, with its reason. A line reading Audit and a date is a later re-reading of the entry against its whole sentence: DOUBTFUL means it was kept, and the reason says what is loose about it. Quotation marks inside the tagger's sentence. Where a tag is the tagger's own sentence, a phrase in quotation marks inside it is borrowed from the paper — the tagger's wording around it is not. The paper's own sentence is the evidence quote for that row; on this page it is withheld with the article, and the article is at its publisher. Nothing inside quotation marks anywhere on this page is ours: if it is quoted, it is the paper's. Whose words a concept carries. A concept entry records a term the paper itself uses, so the term, the sense given for it, and its evidence are the paper's own words, quoted where the paper fixes them. This is the opposite of a sense entry in the tag table, which is the tagger's sentence about how the paper uses a term. Where a concept entry could not be grounded in the paper's words, the entry says so on its own row.| relation to other work | claim_relations | how this paper stands to another: agrees, contradicts, extends, qualifies |
| claim type | claim_type | the shape of the claim: existence, mechanism, method, critique, prediction, null |
| concept edge | concept_edges | an asserted relation between two concepts, with the sentence asserting it |
| concept | concepts | an idea the paper works with, quoted where the paper uses it |
| content tag | content_tags | a finding, definition, quantity, statistic or variable named in the paper |
| contribution | contribution | what the paper claims to add |
| control | controls | an experiment run to eliminate a rival explanation |
| limitation | limitations | what the paper says its evidence cannot support |
| mechanism | mechanisms | how the reported effect is said to come about |
| method | method | how the paper produced its evidence |
| object of study | object_of_study | what the paper is about — the thing it investigates |
| phenomenon | phenomenon | the effect or regularity under study |
| research question | research_question | the question the paper sets itself |
| sense | senses | a distinct use of a term, quoted where the paper fixes it |
| transfer | transfers | a method or concept carried in from another field |
Relations on this page carry a quotation for the claim. Where a relation was separately evidenced — and so tested against the vocabulary for its type — the row says so; 1 of 1 relation here carries that mark. The rest are the tagger’s reading of the sentence quoted beside them.
| facet | tag | field | conf. | whose words |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| object_of_study | what actually happens at a manganese dioxide cathode in a mild-acidic aqueous zinc cell - which phase is present, which ion moves, and where the lost capacity goes Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | object_of_study | the paper's words | |
| research_question | whether the competing published mechanisms for Zn insertion in MnO2 polymorphs are different reactions or one reaction seen at different points, and whether the resulting cell can be made to cycle Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | research_question | the paper's words | |
| contribution | one common electrode mechanism for alpha, beta and gamma MnO2 - an irreversible tunnel-to-layered conversion to Zn-buserite on first discharge followed by reversible Zn2+ (de)intercalation - plus a triflate electrolyte with a Mn2+ additive giving 94% retention over 2000 cycles Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | contribution | the paper's words | |
| claim_type | mechanism Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | claim_type | the paper's words | |
| phenomenon | a cathode material that changes identity during its own first discharge, so that its measured properties before and after describe different substances Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | phenomenon | the paper's words | |
| method | experiment Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: experiment | method | the paper's words | |
| mechanisms | Zn2+ and water co-insert into the pyrolusite framework, manganese dissolves away leaving vacancies, and the tunnel structure distorts into stacked layers with water between them; every subsequent cycle is intercalation into that layered product, so the material's own first discharge is the synthesis of the working electrode Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | mechanisms[0] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| mechanisms | Mn3+ in the solid disproportionates into Mn4+ that stays and Mn2+ that leaves; pre-loading the electrolyte with Mn2+ moves the equilibrium so that less leaves, which is why an additive that is not a reactant improves retention Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | mechanisms[1] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| mechanisms | charging in Mn2+-containing electrolyte electrodeposits a porous amorphous MnOx nanosheet film on the cathode; being porous it does not impede mass diffusion, and it holds the electrode together - the EIS shows a new interface resistance of 6 ohm appearing while charge transfer falls from 350 to 25 Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | mechanisms[2] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| mechanisms | triflate carries one charge against sulfate's two and is larger, so fewer water molecules surround each Zn2+; the ion moves and transfers charge more easily, which the paper offers as why the same cation in two salts gives 275 against 120 mAh g-1 Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | mechanisms[3] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| limitations | the exact structural motif of the Zn-buserite phase the whole mechanism rests on is not determined Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | limitations[0] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| limitations | the tunnel-to-layer conversion is irreversible, and together with Mn dissolution and electrode pulverization it is the source of the capacity fade the additive only mitigates Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | limitations[1] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| limitations | nanorods expand and exfoliate over cycling, which the authors expect to cost capacity Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | limitations[2] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| limitations | the triflate salt is more expensive than the sulfate or hydroxide it replaces, and the authors say so rather than leaving it to a reader Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | limitations[3] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| limitations | the deposited MnOx layer contributes about 2.4% of the delivered capacity itself, so the reported cathode capacity is not purely the cathode's Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | limitations[4] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| limitations | the mechanism literature it corrects is genuinely contradictory - spinel, layered, birnessite and a conversion reaction have all been proposed for the same electrode Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | limitations[5] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| transfers | buserite, a layered manganese oxide known as a mineral, used as the structural model for a discharge product in a battery electrode Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | transfers[0] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| transfers | synchrotron X-ray absorption spectroscopy, carried from structural physics into reading the oxidation state and local coordination of a cycled electrode Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | transfers[1] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| controls | the discharged electrode rinsed with water before EDS and XPS, with sulfur and fluorine checked for as the signature of residual electrolyte salt Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. eliminates: precipitated electrolyte on the surface being read as part of the discharge product - S and F absent means the Zn and Mn signal is the electrode's · outcome: held | controls[0] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| controls | the rinsed discharged XRD pattern compared against every species previously reported for this electrode - MnOOH, spinel ZnMn2O4, birnessite, tunnelled and layered Zn-Mn oxides - and then Rietveld refined Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. eliminates: the new phase being one of the published ones under another name; the comparison is to the named alternatives, not to nothing · outcome: held | controls[1] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| controls | alpha-MnO2 and gamma-MnO2 taken through the identical XRD and XAS analysis, not only the beta polymorph the argument is built on Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. eliminates: the mechanism being a peculiarity of one polymorph - the claim is that the three converge, and it is tested on the three · outcome: held | controls[2] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| controls | thermal gravimetric analysis of the discharged phase, to test whether the water the structural model requires between the layers is actually there Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. eliminates: the layered assignment resting on diffraction alone - the model predicts interlayer water and a mass-loss measurement can refute it · outcome: held | controls[3] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| controls | ICP-AES on the electrolyte at successive states of discharge, after the measured Mn valence disagreed with the value the delivered capacity predicts Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. eliminates: the postulated disproportionation staying a postulate - the manganese that left the electrode is counted where it went rather than inferred from where it is not · outcome: held | controls[4] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| controls | four electrolytes compared on the same cell chemistry - 45 wt% KOH, 3 M ZnSO4, 3 M Zn(CF3SO3)2, and the same with 0.1 M Mn(CF3SO3)2 added Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. eliminates: the cathode alone as the explanation of the cycling behaviour, and alkaline against mild-acidic as an untested assumption · outcome: held | controls[5] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| controls | the additive chosen as Mn(CF3SO3)2 rather than MnSO4, and then the cross combinations ZnSO4+MnSO4 and Zn(CF3SO3)2+MnSO4 also run Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. eliminates: the anion as a hidden variable in the additive experiment - varying the cation while the anion changes too would confound the two · outcome: held | controls[6] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| controls | electrolyte concentration varied from 1 M to 3 M with everything else held Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. eliminates: concentration being confounded with the choice of salt · outcome: held | controls[7] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| controls | three-electrode voltammetry across the working potential window, against the Nernst estimate for forming MnO2 and Mn2O3 from the additive Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. eliminates: the added Mn2+ being reduced and plated during operation - the measurement shows it is not, within the window actually used · outcome: held | controls[8] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| controls | the capacity contributed by the deposited MnOx layer itself measured separately Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. eliminates: the protective deposit being an unacknowledged second active material - it is one, at 2.4%, and the number is given · outcome: held | controls[9] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| controls | EIS on dismantled cathodes after ten cycles, with and without the additive, fitted to the same equivalent circuit Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. eliminates: the additive's benefit being attributed to chemistry when it is partly interfacial - the fit separates series, interface, charge-transfer and diffusion terms and only some of them move · outcome: held | controls[10] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| controls | post-mortem examination of the zinc anode in all three electrolytes, plus EDS for manganese on the anode surface Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. eliminates: the cathode being credited with a cell-level improvement that belongs to the anode, and manganese plating on the zinc as a hidden sink · outcome: held | controls[11] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| controls | commercial micrometre-sized beta-MnO2 powder run in the same electrolyte alongside the hydrothermally grown nanorods Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. eliminates: the nanorod morphology as the source of the result - a bulk commercial powder with no special preparation also cycles · outcome: held | controls[12] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| concepts | Zn-buserite Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: Zn-buserite | concepts[0] | 0.95 | the paper's words |
| concepts | phase transition Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: phase transition | concepts[1] | 0.95 | the paper's words |
| concepts | polymorphs Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: polymorphs | concepts[2] | 0.95 | the paper's words |
| concepts | disproportional dissolution Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: disproportional dissolution | concepts[3] | 0.95 | the paper's words |
| concepts | capacity retention Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: capacity retention | concepts[4] | 0.95 | the paper's words |
| concepts | electrode integrity Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: electrode integrity | concepts[5] | 0.95 | the paper's words |
| concepts | Coulombic efficiency Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: Coulombic efficiency | concepts[6] | 0.95 | the paper's words |
| concepts | EXAFS Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: EXAFS | concepts[7] | 0.95 | the paper's words |
| concepts | ICP-AES Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: ICP-AES | concepts[8] | 0.95 | the paper's words |
| concepts | energy density Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: energy density | concepts[9] | 0.95 | the paper's words |
| senses | b-MnO2's capacity for zinc - AS CHARACTERISED IN THE LITERATURE: hardly any, because the (1 x 1) tunnels are too narrow to admit Zn2+ Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[0] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| senses | b-MnO2's capacity for zinc - AS MEASURED HERE: 307 mAh g-1 on first discharge against a theoretical 308, because the tunnels have stopped existing Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[1] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| senses | the cell's energy density - PER ACTIVE MATERIAL MASS: 158.5 Wh kg-1 Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[2] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| senses | the cell's energy density - PER WHOLE BATTERY MASS: 75.2 Wh kg-1, the number the abstract quotes and the only one comparable to the Pb-acid and Ni-Cd figures printed beside it Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[3] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| senses | the Mn oxidation state at full discharge - AS PREDICTED FROM THE CAPACITY: about 3.0 Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[4] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| senses | the Mn oxidation state at full discharge - AS MEASURED BY XANES: 3.6, and the gap is 8.9% of the manganese having left for the electrolyte Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | senses[5] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| claim_relations | critiques → the published mechanisms for Zn insertion in MnO2 - spinel ZnMn2O4, layered Zn-buserite, birnessite and a conversion reaction to MnOOH have all been proposed for the same electrode, and the paper says the mechanism remains elusive and controversial Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | claim_relations[0] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| claim_relations | qualifies → the characterisation of beta-MnO2 as unable to host zinc because its tunnels are too narrow - true of the phase, and irrelevant to the electrode, because the phase does not survive the first discharge Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | claim_relations[1] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| claim_relations | extends → the practice of pre-adding Mn2+ salt to improve capacity retention, which was known to work and whose mechanism the paper says was unclear - resolved here into three separate functions Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | claim_relations[2] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| claim_relations | qualifies → its own cost case - the triflate salt is more expensive than the sulfate and hydroxide alternatives it outperforms Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | claim_relations[3] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| concept_edges | Zn-buserite —distinct-from→ polymorphs Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. differs in: which phase is actually present after the first discharge, as against which was assumed · the relation itself is separately evidenced · strength of the relation: 0.95 · differs in (stated by the tagger, no quotation): which phase is actually present after the first discharge, as against which was assumed · the relation stated: the rinsed discharged pattern matches none of the species previously reported for this reaction
Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but the span says the two polymorphs TRANSFORM into Zn-buserite; distinct-from is loose. also in: Zn-buserite · polymorphs | concept_edges[0] | 0.85 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | alpha, beta and gamma MnO2 all convert to layered Zn-buserite on first discharge, so the three polymorphs share one electrode mechanism Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[0] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | beta-MnO2's initial discharge capacity reaches 307 of a theoretical 308 mAh g-1. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[1] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | the tunnel-to-layer conversion is irreversible, shown by EXAFS spectra that do not recover on first recharge Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[2] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | At full discharge about 8.9% of the total manganese is dissolved in the electrolyte. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[3] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | the Mn2+ additive does three separate things - accommodates dissolution, raises efficiency and conductivity, and deposits a porous MnOx film that holds the electrode together Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[4] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | The full cell delivers 158.5 Wh kg-1 on active-material mass and 75.2 Wh kg-1 on whole-battery mass. Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[5] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | 94% capacity retention over 2000 cycles at 6.50 C with Coulombic efficiency approaching 100% Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.findings[6] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | the layered water-containing manganese oxide formed during the first discharge, whose XRD pattern differs from every species previously reported for this electrode Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: Zn-buserite | content_tags.definitions[0] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | Mn3+ in the solid splitting into Mn4+ that remains and Mn2+ that dissolves - proposed to explain a measured valence of 3.6 where the capacity predicts 3.0 Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: disproportional dissolution | content_tags.definitions[1] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | mAh g-1 initial discharge capacity of a polymorph the literature calls electrochemically inactive, against a theoretical 308 Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[0] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | capacity retention over 2000 cycles at 6.50 C with the triflate-plus-Mn2+ electrolyte Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[1] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | of the total manganese found dissolved in the electrolyte at full discharge, measured by ICP-AES Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[2] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | Wh kg-1 per ACTIVE MATERIAL mass - the same cell that gives 75.2 per whole-battery mass Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[3] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | Wh kg-1 per WHOLE BATTERY mass - the number the abstract quotes, and the only one comparable to the Pb-acid and Ni-Cd figures printed beside it Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[4] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | of the delivered capacity contributed by the protective MnOx deposit rather than by the cathode Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. | content_tags.quantities[5] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | Rietveld refinement Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: Rietveld refinement | content_tags.statistics[0] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | capacity retention Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: capacity retention | content_tags.variables[0] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
| content_tags | energy density Quotation withheld — this record is not cleared for redistribution. The sentence is in the paper at the link above. also in: energy density | content_tags.variables[1] | 0.95 | the tagger's words |
Tags that could not be placed in the text:
What was deliberately not tagged, and why, is recorded per paper by the tagger. Where a paper has no such record, this page says so rather than implying that nothing was declined.