phenomenon · claim-type · cross-domain-transfer · mechanism · claim-relation · replication-status · limitation — grounded in the full text| phenomenon | a cathode material that changes identity during its own first discharge, so that its measured properties before and after describe different substances— “A comparison of the crystallographic structure between β-MnO2 and Zn-buserite suggests that the co-insertion of Zn2+ and H2O and the dissolution of Mn distort the pyrolusite framework, leaving Mn vacancies in the upper/underlying layers and generating layered Zn-buserite. This tunnel-to-layer phase transition is irreversible, as indicated by… | |
| claim-type | mechanism— “We demonstrate that the tunnel structured manganese dioxide polymorphs undergo a phase transition to layered zinc-buserite on first discharging, thus allowing subsequent intercalation of zinc cations in the latter structure. Based on this electrode mechanism, we formulate an aqueous zinc/manganese triflate electrolyte that enables the… | |
| method — evidence | — “Notably, the XRD pattern of the rinsed cathode differs from that of previously reported species (e.g., MnOOH, spinel ZnMn2O4 , birnessite, tunneled γ-ZnMnO2 , and layered L-ZnxMnO2 ) in discharged MnO2 electrodes (Supplementary Fig. 4d). Rietveld refinement of the XRD data of the discharged electrode suggests the formation of Zn-buserite… | |
| object of study — evidence | — “Recently, the rechargeability of aqueous Zn-MnO2 batteries has been improved by using mild acidic electrolyte (e.g., aqueous ZnSO4 solution)−. However, the reaction mechanism of MnO2 polymorphs remains elusive and controversial. For example, electrochemical Zn-insertion in α-MnO2 is shown to undergo phase transition from tunneled structure to… | |
| research question — evidence | — “Recently, the rechargeability of aqueous Zn-MnO2 batteries has been improved by using mild acidic electrolyte (e.g., aqueous ZnSO4 solution)−. However, the reaction mechanism of MnO2 polymorphs remains elusive and controversial. For example, electrochemical Zn-insertion in α-MnO2 is shown to undergo phase transition from tunneled structure to… | |
| contribution — evidence | — “We demonstrate that the tunnel structured manganese dioxide polymorphs undergo a phase transition to layered zinc-buserite on first discharging, thus allowing subsequent intercalation of zinc cations in the latter structure. Based on this electrode mechanism, we formulate an aqueous zinc/manganese triflate electrolyte that enables the… | |
| transfer | from mineralogy: buserite, a layered manganese oxide known as a mineral, used as the structural model for a discharge product in a battery electrode— “Notably, the XRD pattern of the rinsed cathode differs from that of previously reported species (e.g., MnOOH, spinel ZnMn2O4 , birnessite, tunneled γ-ZnMnO2 , and layered L-ZnxMnO2 ) in discharged MnO2 electrodes (Supplementary Fig. 4d). Rietveld refinement of the XRD data of the discharged electrode suggests the formation of Zn-buserite… | transfers[0] |
| transfer | from synchrotron physics: synchrotron X-ray absorption spectroscopy, carried from structural physics into reading the oxidation state and local coordination of a cycled electrode— “A comparison of the crystallographic structure between β-MnO2 and Zn-buserite suggests that the co-insertion of Zn2+ and H2O and the dissolution of Mn distort the pyrolusite framework, leaving Mn vacancies in the upper/underlying layers and generating layered Zn-buserite. This tunnel-to-layer phase transition is irreversible, as indicated by… | transfers[1] |
| mechanism | a host that becomes a different host on first use Zn2+ and water co-insert into the pyrolusite framework, manganese dissolves away leaving vacancies, and the tunnel structure distorts into stacked layers with water between them; every subsequent cycle is intercalation into that layered product, so the material's own first discharge is the synthesis of the working electrode— “A comparison of the crystallographic structure between β-MnO2 and Zn-buserite suggests that the co-insertion of Zn2+ and H2O and the dissolution of Mn distort the pyrolusite framework, leaving Mn vacancies in the upper/underlying layers and generating layered Zn-buserite. This tunnel-to-layer phase transition is irreversible, as indicated by… | mechanisms[0] |
| mechanism | a dissolution equilibrium bought with a sacrificial solute Mn3+ in the solid disproportionates into Mn4+ that stays and Mn2+ that leaves; pre-loading the electrolyte with Mn2+ moves the equilibrium so that less leaves, which is why an additive that is not a reactant improves retention— “Based on the above results, we propose three merits of the Mn2+ electrolyte additive for the Zn-MnO2 battery: (1) accommodating and compensating Mn2+ dissolution from the electrode, (2) improving initial Coulombic efficiency and ionic conductivity of the electrolyte and (3) generating a… | mechanisms[1] |
| mechanism | a deposit that protects rather than blocks charging in Mn2+-containing electrolyte electrodeposits a porous amorphous MnOx nanosheet film on the cathode; being porous it does not impede mass diffusion, and it holds the electrode together - the EIS shows a new interface resistance of 6 ohm appearing while charge transfer falls from 350 to 25 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | mechanisms[2] |
| mechanism | a bulky anion thinning the solvation shell triflate carries one charge against sulfate's two and is larger, so fewer water molecules surround each Zn2+; the ion moves and transfers charge more easily, which the paper offers as why the same cation in two salts gives 275 against 120 mAh g-1 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | mechanisms[3] |
| critiques | the published mechanisms for Zn insertion in MnO2 - spinel ZnMn2O4, layered Zn-buserite, birnessite and a conversion reaction to MnOOH have all been proposed for the same electrode, and the paper says the mechanism remains elusive and controversial Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[0] |
| qualifies | the characterisation of beta-MnO2 as unable to host zinc because its tunnels are too narrow - true of the phase, and irrelevant to the electrode, because the phase does not survive the first discharge Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[1] |
| extends | the practice of pre-adding Mn2+ salt to improve capacity retention, which was known to work and whose mechanism the paper says was unclear - resolved here into three separate functions Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[2] |
| qualifies | its own cost case - the triflate salt is more expensive than the sulfate and hydroxide alternatives it outperforms Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[3] |
| sense | b-MnO2's capacity for zinc - AS CHARACTERISED IN THE LITERATURE: hardly any, because the (1 x 1) tunnels are too narrow to admit Zn2+ Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[0] |
| sense | b-MnO2's capacity for zinc - AS MEASURED HERE: 307 mAh g-1 on first discharge against a theoretical 308, because the tunnels have stopped existing Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[1] |
| sense | the cell's energy density - PER ACTIVE MATERIAL MASS: 158.5 Wh kg-1 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[2] |
| sense | the cell's energy density - PER WHOLE BATTERY MASS: 75.2 Wh kg-1, the number the abstract quotes and the only one comparable to the Pb-acid and Ni-Cd figures printed beside it Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[3] |
| sense | the Mn oxidation state at full discharge - AS PREDICTED FROM THE CAPACITY: about 3.0 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[4] |
| sense | the Mn oxidation state at full discharge - AS MEASURED BY XANES: 3.6, and the gap is 8.9% of the manganese having left for the electrolyte Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[5] |
| control | the discharged electrode rinsed with water before EDS and XPS, with sulfur and fluorine checked for as the signature of residual electrolyte salt — held Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. — rules out precipitated electrolyte on the surface being read as part of the discharge product - S and F absent means the Zn and Mn signal is the electrode's Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[0] |
| control | the rinsed discharged XRD pattern compared against every species previously reported for this electrode - MnOOH, spinel ZnMn2O4, birnessite, tunnelled and layered Zn-Mn oxides - and then Rietveld refined — held Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. — rules out the new phase being one of the published ones under another name; the comparison is to the named alternatives, not to nothing Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[1] |
| control | alpha-MnO2 and gamma-MnO2 taken through the identical XRD and XAS analysis, not only the beta polymorph the argument is built on — held Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. — rules out the mechanism being a peculiarity of one polymorph - the claim is that the three converge, and it is tested on the three Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[2] |
| control | thermal gravimetric analysis of the discharged phase, to test whether the water the structural model requires between the layers is actually there — held Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. — rules out the layered assignment resting on diffraction alone - the model predicts interlayer water and a mass-loss measurement can refute it Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[3] |
| control | ICP-AES on the electrolyte at successive states of discharge, after the measured Mn valence disagreed with the value the delivered capacity predicts — held Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. — rules out the postulated disproportionation staying a postulate - the manganese that left the electrode is counted where it went rather than inferred from where it is not Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[4] |
| control | four electrolytes compared on the same cell chemistry - 45 wt% KOH, 3 M ZnSO4, 3 M Zn(CF3SO3)2, and the same with 0.1 M Mn(CF3SO3)2 added — held Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. — rules out the cathode alone as the explanation of the cycling behaviour, and alkaline against mild-acidic as an untested assumption Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[5] |
| control | the additive chosen as Mn(CF3SO3)2 rather than MnSO4, and then the cross combinations ZnSO4+MnSO4 and Zn(CF3SO3)2+MnSO4 also run — held Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. — rules out the anion as a hidden variable in the additive experiment - varying the cation while the anion changes too would confound the two Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[6] |
| control | electrolyte concentration varied from 1 M to 3 M with everything else held — held Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. — rules out concentration being confounded with the choice of salt Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[7] |
| control | three-electrode voltammetry across the working potential window, against the Nernst estimate for forming MnO2 and Mn2O3 from the additive — held Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. — rules out the added Mn2+ being reduced and plated during operation - the measurement shows it is not, within the window actually used Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[8] |
| control | the capacity contributed by the deposited MnOx layer itself measured separately — held Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. — rules out the protective deposit being an unacknowledged second active material - it is one, at 2.4%, and the number is given Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[9] |
| control | EIS on dismantled cathodes after ten cycles, with and without the additive, fitted to the same equivalent circuit — held Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. — rules out the additive's benefit being attributed to chemistry when it is partly interfacial - the fit separates series, interface, charge-transfer and diffusion terms and only some of them move Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[10] |
| control | post-mortem examination of the zinc anode in all three electrolytes, plus EDS for manganese on the anode surface — held Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. — rules out the cathode being credited with a cell-level improvement that belongs to the anode, and manganese plating on the zinc as a hidden sink Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[11] |
| control | commercial micrometre-sized beta-MnO2 powder run in the same electrolyte alongside the hydrothermally grown nanorods — held Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. — rules out the nanorod morphology as the source of the result - a bulk commercial powder with no special preparation also cycles Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[12] |
| weight | the published mechanisms for Zn insertion in MnO2 - spinel ZnMn2O4, layered Zn-buserite, birnessite and a conversion reaction to MnOOH have all been proposed for the same electrode, and the paper says the mechanism remains elusive and controversial — 0.95 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[0] |
| weight | the characterisation of beta-MnO2 as unable to host zinc because its tunnels are too narrow - true of the phase, and irrelevant to the electrode, because the phase does not survive the first discharge — 0.95 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[1] |
| weight | the practice of pre-adding Mn2+ salt to improve capacity retention, which was known to work and whose mechanism the paper says was unclear - resolved here into three separate functions — 0.95 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[2] |
| weight | its own cost case - the triflate salt is more expensive than the sulfate and hydroxide alternatives it outperforms — 0.9 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[3] |
| audit | Zn-buserite —distinct-from→ polymorphs — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but the span says the two polymorphs TRANSFORM into Zn-buserite; distinct-from is loose. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[0] |
| differs in (stated by the tagger, no quotation) | Zn-buserite —distinct-from→ polymorphs — which phase is actually present after the first discharge, as against which was assumed | concept_edges[0] |
| relation | Zn-buserite —distinct-from→ polymorphs — the rinsed discharged pattern matches none of the species previously reported for this reaction Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[0] |
| weight | Zn-buserite —distinct-from→ polymorphs — 0.95 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[0] |
| outcome | control — held Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[0] |
| outcome | control — held Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[1] |
| outcome | control — held Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[2] |
| outcome | control — held Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[3] |
| outcome | control — held Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[4] |
| outcome | control — held Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[5] |
| outcome | control — held Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[6] |
| outcome | control — held Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[7] |
| outcome | control — held Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[8] |
| outcome | control — held Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[9] |
| outcome | control — held Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[10] |
| outcome | control — held Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[11] |
| outcome | control — held Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[12] |
| limitation | the exact structural motif of the Zn-buserite phase the whole mechanism rests on is not determined Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[0] |
| limitation | the tunnel-to-layer conversion is irreversible, and together with Mn dissolution and electrode pulverization it is the source of the capacity fade the additive only mitigates Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[1] |
| limitation | nanorods expand and exfoliate over cycling, which the authors expect to cost capacity Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[2] |
| limitation | the triflate salt is more expensive than the sulfate or hydroxide it replaces, and the authors say so rather than leaving it to a reader Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[3] |
| limitation | the deposited MnOx layer contributes about 2.4% of the delivered capacity itself, so the reported cathode capacity is not purely the cathode's Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[4] |
| limitation | the mechanism literature it corrects is genuinely contradictory - spinel, layered, birnessite and a conversion reaction have all been proposed for the same electrode Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[5] |
finding · quantity · variable · definition · key-term — grounded in the full text| finding | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[0] |
| finding | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[1] |
| finding | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[2] |
| finding | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[3] |
| finding | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[4] |
| finding | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[5] |
| finding | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[6] |
| quantity | mAh g-1 initial discharge capacity of a polymorph the literature calls electrochemically inactive, against a theoretical 308 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[0] |
| quantity | capacity retention over 2000 cycles at 6.50 C with the triflate-plus-Mn2+ electrolyte Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[1] |
| quantity | of the total manganese found dissolved in the electrolyte at full discharge, measured by ICP-AES Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[2] |
| quantity | Wh kg-1 per ACTIVE MATERIAL mass - the same cell that gives 75.2 per whole-battery mass Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[3] |
| quantity | Wh kg-1 per WHOLE BATTERY mass - the number the abstract quotes, and the only one comparable to the Pb-acid and Ni-Cd figures printed beside it Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[4] |
| quantity | of the delivered capacity contributed by the protective MnOx deposit rather than by the cathode Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[5] |
| variable | capacity retention Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[0] |
| variable | energy density Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[1] |
| definition | Zn-buserite Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[0] |
| definition | disproportional dissolution Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[1] |
| concept | Zn-buserite — not defined in this paper's own words; the layered, water-containing manganese oxide phase that forms during the first discharge and is what actually cycles - not any of the species previously reported for this reaction Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[0] |
| concept | phase transition — not defined in this paper's own words; the irreversible tunnel-to-layer conversion on first discharge, common to all three MnO2 polymorphs tested and the reason their prior characterisation does not predict their behaviour Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[1] |
| concept | polymorphs — not defined in this paper's own words; alpha, beta and gamma MnO2 - tunnel structures of different width, historically treated as materials with different zinc capacities and shown here to converge on one product Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[2] |
| concept | disproportional dissolution — not defined in this paper's own words; Mn3+ in the solid splitting into Mn4+ that stays and Mn2+ that leaves for the electrolyte - the process that both raises the measured valence above prediction and removes active mass Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[3] |
| concept | capacity retention — not defined in this paper's own words; the fraction of reversible capacity surviving cycling - 94% over 2000 cycles here, and the quantity the electrolyte additive exists to protect Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[4] |
| concept | electrode integrity — not defined in this paper's own words; whether the cathode's conducting network survives repeated intercalation; the additive's third and least obvious function, and the one visible only in cross-section Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[5] |
| concept | Coulombic efficiency — not defined in this paper's own words; charge out over charge in per cycle - near 100% here, and one of the three things the Mn2+ additive was selected on Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[6] |
| concept | EXAFS — not defined in this paper's own words; extended X-ray absorption fine structure - the local-coordination measurement that shows corner-sharing MnO6 octahedra breaking, and whose failure to recover proves the conversion irreversible Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[7] |
| concept | ICP-AES — not defined in this paper's own words; the elemental analysis of the electrolyte that turned a postulated dissolution into a measured 8.9% Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[8] |
| concept | energy density — not defined in this paper's own words; energy per mass - a quantity with no fixed denominator, quoted here both per active material and per whole battery, differing by a factor of 2.1 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[9] |
| Rietveld refinement | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[0] |
When we have changed our mind. Some entries in the table begin with a word in capitals and the reason for it. EVIDENCE CORRECTED — the finding still stands, but we had quoted the wrong sentence from the paper, and the quotation has been replaced with the right one. RETRACTED — the entry itself was wrong; it stays on the page, marked, with the reason, rather than being deleted. WITHDRAWN AND REPLACED — the entry was wrong, and a corrected version of it appears in the entries below. Each mark carries its own reason, in brackets, because the reasons differ from one entry to the next. An entry we have WITHDRAWN is removed from this page and kept in the record, with its reason. A line reading Audit and a date is a later re-reading of the entry against its whole sentence: DOUBTFUL means it was kept, and the reason says what is loose about it. Quotation marks inside the tagger's sentence. Where a tag is the tagger's own sentence, a phrase in quotation marks inside it is borrowed from the paper — the tagger's wording around it is not. The paper's own sentence is the evidence quote for that row; on this page it is withheld with the article, and the article is at its publisher. Nothing inside quotation marks anywhere on this page is ours: if it is quoted, it is the paper's. Whose words a concept carries. A concept entry records a term the paper itself uses, so the term, the sense given for it, and its evidence are the paper's own words, quoted where the paper fixes them. This is the opposite of a sense entry in the tag table, which is the tagger's sentence about how the paper uses a term. Where a concept entry could not be grounded in the paper's words, the entry says so on its own row.
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