phenomenon · claim-type · cross-domain-transfer · mechanism · claim-relation · replication-status · limitation — grounded in the full text| phenomenon | gradual accumulation of evidence in perceptual decision-making— “Gradual accumulation of evidence favoring one or another choice is considered a core component of many different types of decisions, and has been the subject of many neurophysiological studies in non-human primates.” | |
| claim-type | critique— “Consequently, we consider the PPC to have the lowest likelihood of being an important center of the causally relevant circuit for gradual evidence accumulation.” | |
| method — evidence | — “Here we will first briefly describe studies with non-human primates into the neural basis of the evidence accumulator.” | |
| object of study — evidence | — “To study the macro- and micro-circuitry causally responsible for gradual accumulation, we must first know which brain regions are part of that circuitry.” | |
| mechanism | When evidence is weak the accumulator drifts only slowly away from the decision boundary, so it takes longer to establish which side it is on, which is why difficult decisions are slow.— “In this model, when the evidence is strong, the accumulator’s value quickly diverges away from the decision boundary, and it rapidly become easy to say on which side of the decision boundary it is.” | mechanisms[0] |
| mechanism | FOF acts downstream of accumulation, categorizing the accumulator's value into a choice, which is why its activity is required near the go cue rather than throughout the stimulus.— “the FOF’s main role in the task lies in categorizing the value of the accumulator, an operation that occurs after the graded evidence accumulation itself” | mechanisms[1] |
| mechanism | Discrepant PPC inactivation results across rodent visual tasks may arise because the inactivation spreads beyond PPC into neighbouring small secondary visual areas that supply sensory input.— “the observed effects from inactivations targeting rodent PPC could perhaps be due to inactivation spillover into one of the many small V2 areas” | mechanisms[2] |
| mechanism | Encoding was inferred from ramping firing rates that rise faster on easy trials than hard ones, exactly as the accumulator model predicts— “Critically, when averaged across easy trials, firing rates ramped slowly; but when averaged across difficult trials, firing rates ramped much more sharply--precisely as expected of the evidence accumulator ([ 25 – 27 ]; Fig. 1b ).” | mechanisms[3] |
| mechanism | Tuning curves separate two regions that look alike in averages: one reads out the graded value, the other a categorical side of the boundary— “Thus what is best read out from FOF firing is not the graded value of the accumulator, but rather which categorical decision report the subject should make if the trial ended at that point in time.” | mechanisms[4] |
| mechanism | A region can be required at a specific moment rather than throughout, which optogenetic timing can test and lesions cannot— “The tens of milliseconds time resolution afforded by optogenetic inactivation, in this case using the virally-delivered, light-activated chloride pump eNpHR3.0 [ 52 ] injected unilaterally into the FOF, allowed probing and confirming the hypothesis about the specific times when activity in the FOF would be required (see Fig 2f ; [ 45… | mechanisms[5] |
| mechanism | Microstimulation cannot localise its own effect, because it acts largely on axons passing through rather than on the cells at the site | mechanisms[6] |
| mechanism | The proposed test for circuit membership is three conditions at once - inactivation matters, it matters during the accumulation window specifically, and the graded value is encoded there Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | mechanisms[7] |
| mechanism | Where a label's boundaries are uncertain, an inactivation aimed at one region may be silencing its neighbour, which would reconcile the conflicting results across species Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | mechanisms[8] |
| builds-on | Brunton et al. (Poisson clicks rat task) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[0] |
| critiques | the proposal of a one-to-one relationship between parietal firing rates and the accumulator value Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[1] |
| critiques | microstimulation as a means of localising causal contributions Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[2] |
| critiques | the authors' own earlier serial model in which PPC computes the accumulator and FOF reads it out Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[3] |
| extends | Brunton et al.'s rat Poisson clicks model of accumulation Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[4] |
| sense | a region's involvement - ENCODING: the accumulator's graded value can be read out of its firing, which PPC satisfies Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[0] |
| sense | a region's involvement - CAUSAL: silencing it changes behaviour, which PPC does not satisfy despite encoding the value Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[1] |
| sense | necessity - AT ALL: silencing the region changes performance, criterion one Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[2] |
| sense | necessity - AT THE RIGHT TIME: silencing during the accumulation window specifically changes performance, criterion two, which separates accumulating from reading out Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[3] |
| sense | PPC - as a name for tissue defined by location, which differs across labs and species Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[4] |
| sense | PPC - as a name the authors propose reserving for tissue defined by function and connectivity, including the very null result at issue Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[5] |
| audit | posterior parietal cortex —distinct-from→ evidence accumulation — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but the PPC 'MAY play little to no role' in accumulation; distinct-from is hedged. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[0] |
| weight | posterior parietal cortex —distinct-from→ evidence accumulation — 0.9 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[0] |
| audit | ramping —operationalised-as→ evidence accumulation — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its span and kept, but the span proposes a 1-to-1 relation between PPC firing and the accumulator; operationalised-as is loose. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[1] |
| weight | ramping —operationalised-as→ evidence accumulation — 0.7 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[1] |
| audit | frontal orienting fields —causes→ decision boundary — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but the span 'SUGGESTS' the FOF categorizes the accumulator's value to drive the choice; causes is hedged. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[2] |
| weight | frontal orienting fields —causes→ decision boundary — 0.9 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[2] |
| audit | eNpHR3.0 —operationalised-as→ optogenetic inactivation — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but eNpHR3.0 is the TOOL used for optogenetic inactivation; operationalised-as is loose. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[5] |
| audit | RETRACTED (NEITHER ENDPOINT IS IN THE SPAN, AND THE RELATION IS HEDGED THREE TIMES) · frontal orienting fields —same-as→ frontal eye fields — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but the FOF was SUGGESTED as analogous or perhaps homologous to the FEF; same-as is hedged. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[7] |
| retracted | RETRACTED (NEITHER ENDPOINT IS IN THE SPAN, AND THE RELATION IS HEDGED THREE TIMES) · frontal orienting fields —same-as→ frontal eye fields — NEITHER ENDPOINT IS IN THE SPAN, AND THE RELATION IS HEDGED THREE TIMES. The edge is 'frontal orienting fields --same-as--> frontal eye fields'. The span: 'HAD BEEN SUGGESTED…' The span names 'PPC' and 'FEF'; it does not contain either endpoint name as words at all - the endpoints were supplied from the tagger's vocabulary, THE SAME FAULT AS Gelbard-Sagiv2008's absent 'reactivation'. This edge PREDATES the gate check and could not be written today. On top of that: 'suggested as', 'analogous', and 'perhaps even' are three hedges in eleven words, and 'respectively' means the sentence maps TWO pairs at once, so even the intended relation is half of a two-way mapping. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[7] |
| weight | RETRACTED (NEITHER ENDPOINT IS IN THE SPAN, AND THE RELATION IS HEDGED THREE TIMES) · frontal orienting fields —same-as→ frontal eye fields — 0.7 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[7] |
| edge | lateral intraparietal —part-of→ posterior parietal cortex Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[8] |
| audit | secondary visual cortex —distinct-from→ posterior parietal cortex — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but secondary visual cortex lies immediately POSTERIOR TO the PPC; distinct-from is loose. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[9] |
| weight | secondary visual cortex —distinct-from→ posterior parietal cortex — 0.9 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[9] |
| audit | click-triggered average —part-of→ Poisson clicks — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but the click-triggered average is an analysis OF responses to single clicks; part-of is loose. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[11] |
| audit | decision boundary —part-of→ evidence accumulation — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but endpoint by anaphora: 'this model' = accumulation of evidence (previous sentence); part-of is loose. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[12] |
| audit | PPC —distinct-from→ accumulation of evidence — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but the PPC 'MAY play little to no role' in accumulation; distinct-from is hedged. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[13] |
| note | PPC —distinct-from→ accumulation of evidence — RE-GROUNDS the record's 'posterior parietal cortex --distinct-from--> evidence accumulation'. The SPAN was always right; the ENDPOINT NAMES did not match its words. 'normalised' maps the abbreviation and the paper's phrasing onto the existing concepts. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[13] |
| relation | PPC —distinct-from→ accumulation of evidence — the region ENCODES the accumulator's value yet is dispensable for decisions that use it Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[13] |
| for which use | limitation — the scope of the review: WE LIMIT OURSELVES TO TWO-ALTERNATIVE DECISIONS ... AND WILL NOT ADDRESS WORK IN HUMANS Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[0] |
| for which use | limitation — the rat-to-primate inference: WHETHER THIS IS INDEED THE CASE REMAINS AN OPEN QUESTION Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[1] |
| for which use | limitation — every inactivation result attributed to rodent PPC: THE PRECISE DEFINITION OF RODENT PPC AND THE LOCATION OF ITS BORDER WITH THESE V2 AREAS [is] STILL HIGHLY UNCERTAIN AND A MATTER OF ACTIVE RESEARCH Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[2] |
| for which use | limitation — the authors' own earlier account: AS WE DESCRIBE BELOW, THIS SERIAL MODEL TURNED OUT TO BE WRONG Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[3] |
| for which use | limitation — the two candidate regions against the review's own test: NEITHER THE FOF NOR THE PPC SATISFY ALL THREE CRITERIA Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[4] |
| for which use | limitation — the negative inactivation results: the PPC COULD, PERHAPS, PLAY A ROLE ... AS PART OF A MUCH LARGER REDUNDANT CIRCUIT, which a null cannot exclude Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[5] |
| for which use | limitation — the comparability of PPC results across studies: FURTHER CLARITY ... WILL GREATLY BENEFIT FROM BETTER DEFINITIONS AND KNOWLEDGE ABOUT THE TOPOGRAPHY OF BRAIN REGIONS NEAR THE LOCATION CURRENTLY REFERRED TO AS RODENT PPC Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[6] |
| for which use | limitation — several supporting claims: they rest on unpublished data from the authors' own laboratory Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[7] |
| for which use | limitation — the causal evidence for these areas in primates: ONLY THREE EXISTING PUBLISHED STUDIES, ALL USING ONLY UNILATERAL ELECTRICAL MICROSTIMULATION Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[8] |
| replication | contested | |
| limitation | The review restricts itself to two-alternative decisions and excludes human work. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[0] |
| limitation | Whether rats and primates in fact use the same circuits and algorithms for accumulation is inferred from similar ramping responses and is not established. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[1] |
| limitation | Because the anatomical border of rodent PPC with adjacent small V2 areas is still uncertain, inactivation effects attributed to PPC may reflect spillover into V2. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[2] |
| limitation | The authors report that their own earlier serial model of the two regions was wrong Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[3] |
| limitation | Neither of the two candidate regions satisfies the criteria the authors themselves propose Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[4] |
| limitation | A negative inactivation result cannot rule out a redundant circuit in which no single region is required Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[5] |
| limitation | The region name itself is unsettled, so results labelled PPC may not concern the same tissue across studies Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[6] |
| limitation | Several of the supporting results are unpublished data from the authors' own laboratory Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[7] |
| limitation | The causal evidence in primates rests on three microstimulation studies, all with the confound the authors name Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[8] |
finding · quantity · variable · definition · key-term — grounded in the full text| finding | Contrary to expectations, inactivating rat PPC had negligible effects on Poisson Clicks performance. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[0] |
| finding | The authors conclude that PPC is the least likely of the regions examined to be a genuine node of the accumulation circuit. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[1] |
| finding | The serial account in which PPC computes the accumulator and hands it to FOF was falsified by the perturbation results. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[2] |
| finding | Frontal orienting fields carry a categorical, step-like read-out of which side of the decision boundary the accumulator is on, rather than its graded value. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[3] |
| finding | Unpublished data suggest at least one subcortical region appears to meet all three criteria and may become the first identified node of the causal accumulation circuit. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[4] |
| finding | The authors propose a nomenclature reform, restricting the label 'rodent PPC' to tissue whose physiology and connectivity match primate PPC. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[5] |
| finding | silencing parietal cortex had, against expectations, negligible effects on task performance Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[6] |
| finding | the same inactivations did affect interspersed free-choice trials, so the manipulation itself worked Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[7] |
| finding | parietal cortex is the only region whose silencing leaves task behaviour unaffected Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[8] |
| finding | tuning curves were smooth graded functions of accumulator value in PPC but step-like in FOF Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[9] |
| finding | the mapping from accumulator value to firing rate stays fixed across the trial even as the value changes Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[10] |
| finding | neither candidate region satisfies all three of the authors' criteria for causal circuit membership Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[11] |
| quantity | three — number of published causal perturbation studies of accumulation-related areas in the primate random-dot-motion task at the time of writing Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[0] |
| quantity | 6 — number of rat brain regions whose silencing had been tested on the Poisson Clicks task, of which only PPC showed no behavioural impact Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[1] |
| quantity | 50 — illustrative number of trained subjects needed to deploy a new perturbation technique, used to argue that rodents make perturbation work feasible Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[2] |
| quantity | three initial criteria — the proposed test for whether a region belongs to the causal circuit Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[3] |
| quantity | 6 different rat regions — how many have been silenced, of which only one showed no effect Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[4] |
| quantity | only three existing published studies — the entire causal literature on these primate regions in this task, all by one method Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[5] |
| definition | evidence accumulation Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[0] |
| definition | decision boundary Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[1] |
| definition | tuning curve Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[2] |
| definition | initial criteria Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[3] |
| definition | Poisson clicks task Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[4] |
| definition | secondary visual cortex Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[5] |
| definition | tuning curves Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[7] |
| key-terms | evidence accumulation, decision boundary, posterior parietal cortex, frontal orienting fields, lateral intraparietal, frontal eye fields, random dot motion, Poisson clicks, tuning curves, microstimulation, optogenetic inactivation, ramping, causal circuit, redundant circuit |
| concept | PPC Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[17] |
| concept | accumulation of evidence Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[18] |
| claim type | critique — a second reading reaching the same value; recorded: critique Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | alternatives.claim_type |
| phenomenon | gradual accumulation of evidence in perceptual decision-making — a second reading reaching the same value; recorded: gradual accumulation of evidence in perceptual decision-making Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | alternatives.phenomenon |
When we have changed our mind. Some entries in the table begin with a word in capitals and the reason for it. EVIDENCE CORRECTED — the finding still stands, but we had quoted the wrong sentence from the paper, and the quotation has been replaced with the right one. RETRACTED — the entry itself was wrong; it stays on the page, marked, with the reason, rather than being deleted. WITHDRAWN AND REPLACED — the entry was wrong, and a corrected version of it appears in the entries below. Each mark carries its own reason, in brackets, because the reasons differ from one entry to the next. An entry we have WITHDRAWN is removed from this page and kept in the record, with its reason. A line reading Audit and a date is a later re-reading of the entry against its whole sentence: DOUBTFUL means it was kept, and the reason says what is loose about it. Quotation marks inside the tagger's sentence. Where a tag is the tagger's own sentence, a phrase in quotation marks inside it is borrowed from the paper — the tagger's wording around it is not. The paper's own sentence is the evidence quote for that row; on this page it is withheld with the article, and the article is at its publisher. Nothing inside quotation marks anywhere on this page is ours: if it is quoted, it is the paper's. Whose words a concept carries. A concept entry records a term the paper itself uses, so the term, the sense given for it, and its evidence are the paper's own words, quoted where the paper fixes them. This is the opposite of a sense entry in the tag table, which is the tagger's sentence about how the paper uses a term. Where a concept entry could not be grounded in the paper's words, the entry says so on its own row.
Tag layer © the Meta-Tagging Project, CC BY 4.0. The paper text is © its authors/publisher
and is linked, not reproduced. Excerpts shown are short quotations for identification and verification.
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