phenomenon · claim-type · cross-domain-transfer · mechanism · claim-relation · replication-status · limitation — grounded in the full text| phenomenon | perceptual decision-making in rodents— “Here we review some of the techniques for studying perceptual decisions in rodents.” | |
| claim-type | method— “We then review methods of psychophysics, focusing on the technical issues that arise in their implementation in rodents.” | |
| method — evidence | — “Here we give a brief overview of the sensory capabilities of rodents and of their cortical areas devoted to sensation and decision.” | |
| object of study — evidence | — “However, rigorous psychophysical methods are not yet as developed for these rodents as they are for primates.” | |
| research question — evidence | — “Understanding the underlying processes and their neural bases requires that one pair recordings and manipulations of neural activity with rigorous psychophysics.” | |
| contribution — evidence | — “These methods represent a rich set of challenges and opportunities.” | |
| transfer | from primate psychophysics: the whole task toolbox - random-dot motion, forced choice, psychometric curves - carried into rodents together with the standards for interpreting it— “However, rigorous psychophysical methods are not yet as developed for these rodents as they are for primates.” | transfers[0] |
| transfer | from signal detection theory in engineering and psychophysics: the separation of sensitivity from criterion, imported as the reason a rodent task must measure false alarms and not only hits— “In SDT, one measures not only the rate of correct detections, but also the rate of false alarms: trials where the animal reported the stimulus or attribute was present when it wasn't. These rates yield a measure of detectability called d ', which is independent of criterion, and thus immune to its changes.” | transfers[1] |
| mechanism | a shift in decision criterion or in willingness to act inflates the response rate, which is then misread as an improvement in the neural representation of the stimulus— “It would be premature to conclude that the optogenetic stimulation enhanced the neural representation of the tone: the increased response rate might simply reflect an increased willingness to perform the response action or to report the tone's presence, for instance because of a change in decision criterion.” | mechanisms[0] |
| mechanism | free water over the weekend leaves animals under-motivated at the start of the week, which drives the observed day-of-week variation in trial counts and proficiency— “However, this regime causes substantial variations in motivation across days of the week, with the animals being insufficiently motivated and proficient early in the week.” | mechanisms[1] |
| mechanism | a belief about the animal is traced back to how the animal is kept: mice look nocturnal because laboratory food is unlimited— “The view of mice as minimally visual might stem from the belief that they are nocturnal. Mice, however, are reliably nocturnal only if food is unlimited, as is typical in the laboratory; when food is scarcer, they sleep part of the night to lower body temperature and conserve energy” | mechanisms[2] |
| mechanism | the correction is checked against morphology rather than behaviour alone - the eyes lack the tapetum a nocturnal animal would have— “In nature, indeed, laboratory mice can become entirely diurnal 27 . Accordingly, the eyes of rats and mice lack the reflective tapetum that would be expected in nocturnal animals.” | mechanisms[3] |
| mechanism | task designs are ordered by what each one can rule out, so the choice of design is presented as a choice of which confound survives— “Unlike a go/no-go task, however, this design is immune to changes in a subject's willingness to respond, because the subject must report a decision on every trial. The requirement to respond on every trial, likewise, makes it clearer which responses constitute true decisions.” | mechanisms[4] |
| mechanism | the criterion problem is made concrete with a hypothetical optogenetic result that would be misread under a go/no-go design— “Moreover, suppose one used a go/no-go design to compare a mouse's ability to detect a faint tone, with and without optogenetic stimulation. Suppose further that the stimulation increased the percentage of time the mouse indicated the presence of the tone. It would be premature to conclude that the optogenetic stimulation enhanced the… | mechanisms[5] |
| mechanism | d-prime is preferred over the raw hit-minus-false-alarm difference specifically because the latter moves when only the criterion moves— “This measure is preferable to the difference between correct detections and false alarms (which has been used in some studies, e.g. 67 ), because the latter can change markedly following simple changes in criterion” | mechanisms[6] |
| mechanism | a two-stimulus design removes the criterion entirely, because presence must be assigned to one location and absence to the other— “Indeed, in a task with two stimulus presentations subjects cannot have a bias for the… | mechanisms[7] |
| mechanism | one stimulus intensity is shown to be uninterpretable: sensitivity, bias and lapse rate produce identical data at a single point | mechanisms[8] |
| mechanism | the fix is a full psychometric curve, whose slope, position and tails separate the three Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | mechanisms[9] |
| mechanism | short training is argued against on the grounds that error trials become uninterpretable, since a mistake may be about the stimulus or about the task Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | mechanisms[10] |
| mechanism | a well-trained animal makes error trials interpretable, and near-perfect performance on easy trials is the check that the task itself is understood Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | mechanisms[11] |
| mechanism | an unpublished four-fold day-of-week effect on trial count is reported, traced to the weekend water schedule Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | mechanisms[12] |
| mechanism | the tacit knowledge attached to a standard task is named as knowledge that circulates informally and appears in no paper Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | mechanisms[13] |
| critiques | the view that rodent behaviour is only weakly influenced by vision Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[0] |
| contradicts | the belief that mice are nocturnal, which the paper traces to unlimited laboratory food Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[1] |
| critiques | rodent studies that measure behaviour at a single stimulus intensity Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[2] |
| critiques | the untested consensus that rats learn perceptual tasks faster than mice Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[3] |
| critiques | the use of the difference between hit and false-alarm rates as a detectability measure Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[4] |
| builds-on | primate psychophysics, whose task toolbox and standards the paper takes as the benchmark Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[5] |
| supports | evidence that rodent frontal cortex, like primate, supports working memory and categorization, against the histological argument for fundamental difference Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[6] |
| sense | the mouse as a nocturnal, minimally visual animal versus as a facultatively diurnal one - the first turns out to be an artefact of unlimited laboratory food Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[0] |
| sense | detectability - as the raw difference between hits and false alarms versus as d-prime, which is criterion-independent; the two diverge whenever the criterion moves Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[1] |
| sense | a performance change - as reduced sensitivity, as shifted bias, or as raised lapse rate; three distinct mechanisms indistinguishable at a single stimulus intensity Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[2] |
| sense | two-alternative choice (one stimulus, two responses) versus two-alternative forced choice (two stimuli, two responses) - names that are often conflated and designs that differ in exactly which confound they remove Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[3] |
| sense | an error trial - as misperception of the stimulus versus as confusion about the task; only training separates them Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[4] |
| sense | a species difference in trainability versus a difference in the training techniques that happen to have been developed Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[5] |
| sense | rodent frontal cortex as fundamentally different from primate on histological grounds versus as functionally equivalent on behavioural grounds Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[6] |
| differs in | rodent studies that measure behaviour at a single stimulus intensity — how many stimulus intensities were measured: OBTAINING BEHAVIORAL DATA AT ONLY A SINGLE INTENSITY (AS IS OFTEN DONE IN RODENT STUDIES) WOULD NOT ALLOW ONE TO DISTINGUISH THE EFFECTS OF SENSITIVITY, BIAS, AND LAPSE RATE - one measurement cannot separate three quantities Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[2] |
| evidential status | the untested consensus that rats learn perceptual tasks faster than mice — the paper's own words: not been directly tested Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[3] |
| differs in | the use of the difference between hit and false-alarm rates as a detectability measure — whether the measure survives a criterion shift: THE LATTER CAN CHANGE MARKEDLY FOLLOWING SIMPLE CHANGES IN CRITERION, where the recommended measure does not Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[4] |
| differs in | Signal Detection Theory —contrasted-with→ Drift Diffusion Model — THE AXIS IS WHETHER THE DECISION VARIABLE EVOLVES WITH ACCUMULATING EVIDENCE. 'An increasingly popular ALTERNATIVE TO SDT, the Drift Diffusion Model POSTULATES A decision variable that drifts in one direction or the other depending on THE ACCUMULATING EVIDENCE.' Both models produce a choice from noisy evidence; only one gives the decision a trajectory in time, which is what makes reaction times predictable and is the whole of the difference. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[0] |
| audit | go/no-go —contrasted-with→ two-alternative choice — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but endpoint by anaphora: 'this design' = the two-alternative choice task (previous sentences). Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[1] |
| audit | two-alternative choice —contrasted-with→ two-alternative forced choice — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but endpoint by anaphora: the refinement is of the two-choice design (previous section); the span names 'two-alternative forced choice' only. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[2] |
| weight | two-alternative choice —contrasted-with→ two-alternative forced choice — 0.95 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[2] |
| audit | criterion —distinct-from→ two-alternative forced choice — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its span and kept, but the span argues two-interval designs remove presence/absence bias; distinct-from 'criterion' is loose. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[3] |
| weight | criterion —distinct-from→ two-alternative forced choice — 0.95 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[3] |
| audit | psychophysics —operationalised-as→ psychometric curves — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its span and kept, but the span describes obtaining psychometric functions; operationalised-as is loose. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[4] |
| weight | psychophysics —operationalised-as→ psychometric curves — 0.95 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[4] |
| audit | water control —causes→ motivation — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but endpoint by anaphora: 'this regime' = the regime of water control (previous sentence). Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[5] |
| weight | water control —causes→ motivation — 0.9 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[5] |
| audit | Posterior Parietal Cortex —causes→ evidence integration — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but the PPC is 'POISED TO' integrate multisensory inputs; causes is hedged. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[6] |
| weight | Posterior Parietal Cortex —causes→ evidence integration — 0.7 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[6] |
| audit | lapse rate —part-of→ psychometric curves — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but the span writes 'psychometric function', not 'psychometric curves'; part-of is loose. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[7] |
| weight | lapse rate —part-of→ psychometric curves — 0.95 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[7] |
| for which use | limitation — the review's coverage: DUE TO OUR OWN BACKGROUNDS AND INTERESTS, WE PERHAPS UNDULY EMPHASIZE ONE BRAIN REGION, THE CEREBRAL CORTEX, AND ONE SENSORY MODALITY, VISION Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[0] |
| for which use | limitation — everything in the review: WE HIGHLIGHT WHAT ARE MAINLY OPEN QUESTIONS ABOUT RODENT PERCEPTUAL ABILITIES AND OUR ABILITY TO ASSESS THESE EXPERIMENTALLY Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[1] |
| for which use | limitation — any reliance on the rats-versus-mice trainability view: AS FAR AS WE KNOW, HOWEVER, THIS VIEW HAS NOT BEEN DIRECTLY TESTED Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[2] |
| for which use | limitation — the same scope as limitations[2] - the view is widely held and untested Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[3] |
| for which use | limitation — the species comparison: RATS MAY ONLY APPEAR TO BE EASIER TO TRAIN SIMPLY BECAUSE MICE REQUIRE DIFFERENT TRAINING TECHNIQUES Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[4] |
| for which use | limitation — every design decision justified by overtraining: THE NOTION OF OVERTRAINING, HOWEVER, IS POORLY DEFINED Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[5] |
| for which use | limitation — the argument for shorter training: IT IS NOT CLEAR THAT THIS PLASTICITY WOULD COMPLICATE INTERPRETATION of behavioral and neural data Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[6] |
| for which use | limitation — virtual-environment results: THE VISUAL FEEDBACK IN THE VIRTUAL ENVIRONMENT MAY NOT ENTIRELY MAKE UP FOR THE LACK OF VESTIBULAR FEEDBACK Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[7] |
| for which use | limitation — the use of rodents as a substitute: IT WOULD BE A MISTAKE TO CONSIDER RODENTS AS A COMPLETE REPLACEMENT FOR PRIMATES IN INVESTIGATIONS OF PERCEPTUAL DECISION-MAKING Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[8] |
| for which use | limitation — the future of rodent psychophysics: WILL EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS IN RODENTS BE ABLE TO TAKE ADVANTAGE OF RIGOROUS primate methods - left open Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[9] |
| for which use | limitation — punishment-based training: THEY MAY CREATE STRESS, WHICH MIGHT PREVENT LEARNING OF MORE COMPLEX TASKS Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[10] |
| replication | untested | |
| limitation | The authors state that their own background biases the review toward one brain region and one modality. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[0] |
| limitation | The review is framed around unresolved questions rather than settled answers about rodent perceptual ability. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[1] |
| limitation | The widely held view that rats out-train mice is flagged by the authors as untested. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[2] |
| limitation | the widely held view that rats out-learn mice has never been directly tested Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[3] |
| limitation | and may be an artefact of training technique rather than a species difference Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[4] |
| limitation | a term the field uses to justify design decisions has no agreed definition Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[5] |
| limitation | whether longer training adds more uncontrolled plasticity than shorter training is not established either way Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[6] |
| limitation | virtual environments lack vestibular feedback, which visual feedback may not compensate for Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[7] |
| limitation | rodents should not be treated as a replacement for primates Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[8] |
| limitation | whether rodent designs can reach primate psychophysical rigour is left open Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[9] |
| limitation | punishment-based training learns fast but may induce stress that blocks harder tasks Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[10] |
finding · quantity · variable · definition · key-term — grounded in the full text| finding | Go/no-go tasks are highly vulnerable to changes in the animal's motivation and response criterion. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[0] |
| finding | Requiring a decision on every trial makes the design immune to changes in the subject's willingness to respond. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[1] |
| finding | With two stimulus presentations subjects cannot be biased toward presence or absence, since each choice assigns presence to one location and absence to the other. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[2] |
| finding | Data from a single stimulus intensity, as often collected in rodent studies, cannot separate the effects of sensitivity, bias and lapse rate. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[3] |
| finding | Mice are reliably nocturnal only when food is unlimited, as in the laboratory; with scarcer food they sleep part of the night to save energy. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[4] |
| finding | Rodent eye anatomy provides independent evidence against the nocturnality assumption. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[5] |
| finding | Performance can differ fourfold across the week - about 100 trials per session on Mondays against about 400 on Fridays - by the authors' unpublished observations. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[6] |
| finding | Despite the technical advantages of rodents, the review argues against treating them as a substitute for primate work on perceptual decisions. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[7] |
| finding | mice are reliably nocturnal only when food is unlimited, as it is in the laboratory Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[8] |
| finding | laboratory mice can become entirely diurnal in nature, and rodent eyes lack the tapetum expected of a nocturnal animal Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[9] |
| finding | mouse spatial resolution is about 100 times lower than primate, yet vision is the primary sense rodents use to locate themselves Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[10] |
| finding | mice performed about 100 trials per session on Mondays against about 400 on Fridays Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[11] |
| finding | contemporary regimes fix this with constant daily intake and seven-day training Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[12] |
| finding | some rodent tasks take 2 to 10 days to teach and others 3 to 6 weeks, and rodent training rarely exceeds 2 months Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[13] |
| finding | rats combine multisensory information about as optimally as humans do Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[14] |
| finding | even within mice, body weight correlates strongly with the number of trials performed per day Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[16] |
| quantity | ~100 times — how much lower spatial resolution is in rats and mice than in primates Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[0] |
| quantity | at least 10 — number of retinotopic areas in the mouse visual cortex Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[1] |
| quantity | 2–10 days / 3–6 weeks — range of training times needed for mice on easier versus harder perceptual tasks Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[2] |
| quantity | 6–12 months — typical training time for a primate to reach proficiency on complex tasks, for contrast with rodents Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[3] |
| quantity | a factor of 4 (~100 vs. ~400 trials/session) — Monday-versus-Friday difference in trials completed under a 5-day water-control regime Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[4] |
| quantity | 25 ml/kg/day — target constant daily water intake in contemporary training regimes Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[5] |
| quantity | 10 million years — how much more recently rodents and primates share a common ancestor than either does with the cat Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[6] |
| quantity | ~100 times lower — rodent spatial resolution against primate Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[7] |
| quantity | factor of 4 — Monday against Friday trial counts under the weekend water regime Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[8] |
| quantity | 2-10 days or 3-6 weeks — rodent training durations, rarely beyond 2 months Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[9] |
| quantity | 6-12 months — primate training to proficiency on complex tasks Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[10] |
| quantity | 25 ml/kg/day — a contemporary constant water-intake target Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[11] |
| variable | stimulus strength Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[0] |
| variable | decision criterion Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[1] |
| variable | trials/session Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[2] |
| variable | training duration Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[3] |
| definition | go/no-go task Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[0] |
| definition | two-alternative forced choice Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[2] |
| definition | detectability Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[3] |
| definition | Signal Detection Theory Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[4] |
| definition | Drift Diffusion Model Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[5] |
| definition | go/no-go Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[7] |
| definition | two-alternative choice Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[8] |
| definition | forced choice Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[9] |
| definition | Drift Diffusion Model Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[10] |
| definition | psychometric function Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[11] |
| definition | d Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[12] |
| definition | perceptual sensitivity Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[13] |
| definition | sensory bias Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[14] |
| definition | lapse rate Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[15] |
| key-terms | perceptual decision-making, psychophysics, Signal Detection Theory, Drift Diffusion Model, decision variable, criterion, psychometric curves, lapse rate, go/no-go, two-alternative choice, two-alternative forced choice, overtraining, water control, head-fixed, virtual reality, Posterior Parietal Cortex, persistent activity, tapetum, retinotopic areas, optogenetics, evidence integration, orbital frontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, false alarms, 2-photon microscopy, whiskers, nocturnal |
| Signal Detection Theory | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[0] |
| false alarms | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[1] |
| Drift Diffusion Model | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[2] |
| lapse rate | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[3] |
| claim type | method — a second reading reaching the same value; recorded: method Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | alternatives.claim_type |
| method | narrative methods review of task designs, sensory environments, training regimes and reward schedules, evaluated against signal detection theory — a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value; recorded: review Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | alternatives.method |
| phenomenon | perceptual decision-making - using ambiguous sensory information to guide action — a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value; recorded: perceptual decision-making in rodents Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | alternatives.phenomenon |
When we have changed our mind. Some entries in the table begin with a word in capitals and the reason for it. EVIDENCE CORRECTED — the finding still stands, but we had quoted the wrong sentence from the paper, and the quotation has been replaced with the right one. RETRACTED — the entry itself was wrong; it stays on the page, marked, with the reason, rather than being deleted. WITHDRAWN AND REPLACED — the entry was wrong, and a corrected version of it appears in the entries below. Each mark carries its own reason, in brackets, because the reasons differ from one entry to the next. An entry we have WITHDRAWN is removed from this page and kept in the record, with its reason. A line reading Audit and a date is a later re-reading of the entry against its whole sentence: DOUBTFUL means it was kept, and the reason says what is loose about it. Quotation marks inside the tagger's sentence. Where a tag is the tagger's own sentence, a phrase in quotation marks inside it is borrowed from the paper — the tagger's wording around it is not. The paper's own sentence is the evidence quote for that row; on this page it is withheld with the article, and the article is at its publisher. Nothing inside quotation marks anywhere on this page is ours: if it is quoted, it is the paper's. Whose words a concept carries. A concept entry records a term the paper itself uses, so the term, the sense given for it, and its evidence are the paper's own words, quoted where the paper fixes them. This is the opposite of a sense entry in the tag table, which is the tagger's sentence about how the paper uses a term. Where a concept entry could not be grounded in the paper's words, the entry says so on its own row.
Tag layer © the Meta-Tagging Project, CC BY 4.0. The paper text is © its authors/publisher
and is linked, not reproduced. Excerpts shown are short quotations for identification and verification.
· back to index
· concepts · authors
· עברית
© 2026 Shir Sivroni · ORCID 0009-0000-2597-2824