phenomenon · claim-type · cross-domain-transfer · mechanism · claim-relation · replication-status · limitation — grounded in the full text| phenomenon | single-neuron recording in clinical neurology— “Single neuron actions and interactions are the sine qua non of brain function, and nearly all diseases and injuries of the central nervous system trace their clinical sequelae to neuronal dysfunction or failure.” | |
| claim-type | prediction— “Using direct interfaces with the nervous system, millisecond-scale information will soon be extracted from single neurons in clinical environments, supporting personalized treatment of neurologic and psychiatric disease.” | |
| method — evidence | — “In this review we focus on single neuronal activity in restoring communication and motor control in patients suffering from devastating neurological injuries.” | |
| object of study — evidence | — “Single neuron actions and interactions are the sine qua non of brain function, and nearly all diseases and injuries of the central nervous system trace their clinical sequelae to neuronal dysfunction or failure. Remarkably, discussion of neuronal activity is largely absent in clinical neuroscience.” | |
| research question — evidence | — “This state of affairs is not surprising for many reasons. Arguably, much of the pathology that is seen in routine clinical practice such as stroke, trauma, inflammation, infection, and tumors, are not recognized or considered to be diseases of the individual neuron. Even motor neuron disease, demyelinating diseases, and other… | |
| contribution — evidence | — “The only references to single neuron activity and action potentials in searching through classic textbooks of neurology (e.g. Adams and Victor's 8 th edition, Ropper and Brown, eds. ( Ropper, AH; Brown, RJ; Brown, 2005 )) are related to peripheral nerves.” | |
| transfer | from non-human primate motor physiology: the encoding of movement in M1, transferred to human brain-computer interfaces - the transfer the paper says IS licensed, because the anatomy is evidently similar— “Largely through research with non-human primates, a foundation was developed for understanding the anatomic and functional organization of primary motor cortex and other motor-related areas ( Evarts, 1966 , 1967 , 1968b , 1968a ; Fetz, 1969 ; DeLong, 1971 ; DeLong and Strick, 1974 ; Tanji and Evarts, 1976 ; Weinrich and Wise, 1982… | transfers[0] |
| transfer | from animal models of epilepsy: the transfer the paper says is NOT licensed, because the correspondence to human epilepsy is unclear— “Unlike the motor prosthesis approach in which the similarity between nonhuman primate M1 and human M1 is evident in the underlying anatomy (and, as now being demonstrated, physiology), the relationship between any given animal model of epilepsy and the various forms of human epilepsy is unclear.” | transfers[1] |
| transfer | from computer science and machine learning: clustering algorithms, dimensionality reduction and point-process methods, imported to make terabyte-scale spike data tractable— “First amongst these are new methods for extracting spiking information from large data sets. These ‘clustering’ algorithms are now available in a variety of different forms with optimization for high speed (essentially real-time) and for working with particularly large data sets.” | transfers[2] |
| mechanism | Clinical neglect of the single neuron is explained by the prior unavailability of technology able to target or measure small groups of neurons— “Perhaps even more important to the general clinical neglect of the single neuron is the previous absence of relevant technology.” | mechanisms[0] |
| mechanism | Propofol produces unconsciousness by phase-locking cortical neurons to local slow oscillations that are out of phase across regions, fragmenting long-range cortical communication— “Single unit recordings during loss of consciousness demonstrated that cortical neurons become phase-locked to local slow oscillations, but are out of phase with distant cortical areas, producing a fragmented network in which long-range cortical communication is disrupted.” | mechanisms[1] |
| mechanism | Loss of dopamine erodes the separation normally maintained between basal ganglia subcircuits, so circuit elements merge into larger hypersynchronised networks that drive motor cortical synchrony— “When that dopaminergically maintained separation erodes circuit elements form larger, hypersynchronized networks” | mechanisms[2] |
| mechanism | the absence is attributed to instrument resolution: MRI, EEG and MEG cannot resolve activity at the scale of the action potential— “While the spatial resolution of modern structural and functional MRI, the temporal sensitivity of electroencephalography (EEG) or magnetoencephalography (MEG) and the exploding capabilities of genetics and proteomics are remarkable, they are not capable of resolving neuronal activity at its most fundamental scale of the action potential and… | mechanisms[3] |
| mechanism | and to the absence of any intervention that could target small groups of neurons, let alone one— “Perhaps even more important to the general clinical neglect of the single neuron is the previous absence of relevant technology. Until recently there were essentially no diagnostic examinations or therapeutic interventions that could target modest groups of neurons let alone single neurons.” | mechanisms[4] |
| mechanism | and to the nature of the pathology: stroke, trauma, tumours are not diseases of an individual neuron | mechanisms[5] |
| mechanism | and to the confinement of the relevant physiology to animal models in a small subset of laboratories Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | mechanisms[6] |
| mechanism | propofol unconsciousness explained mechanistically: neurons phase-lock to local slow oscillations but fall out of phase with distant cortex, fragmenting the network Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | mechanisms[7] |
| mechanism | in Parkinson's, dopaminergic loss is hypothesised to erode the separation between basal ganglia subcircuits, which then hypersynchronise Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | mechanisms[8] |
| mechanism | single-unit firing patterns mark the boundaries of the STN and globus pallidus as the electrode advances, the one routine clinical use Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | mechanisms[9] |
| critiques | clinical neurology, neurosurgery and psychiatry, for the absence of single-neuron thinking Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[0] |
| qualifies | the canonical framing of epilepsy as a disorder of hypersynchrony and imbalanced excitation and inhibition Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[1] |
| supports | the use of intraoperative single-unit recording to localise DBS electrodes Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[2] |
| supports | slow-oscillation phase-locking as a mechanism of propofol-induced loss of consciousness Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[3] |
| cites | Gelbard-Sagiv et al. on hippocampal reactivation during free recall - a paper independently tagged in this corpus Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[4] |
| sense | single unit here means an isolated action potential train from one neuron, explicitly contrasted with the averaged multineuron signals of EEG and ECoG Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[0] |
| sense | gold standard is used for single-unit recording in BASIC neurophysiology, in a paper arguing it is absent from clinical practice - the standard and the practice are different communities Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[1] |
| sense | hypersynchrony, as a framing of epilepsy, is said to be accurate at a superficial level and to break down under finer measurement - a claim whose truth depends on resolution Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[2] |
| sense | model, for epilepsy, is explicitly weaker than model for motor cortex: the primate-human M1 similarity is evident where the epilepsy correspondence is unclear Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[3] |
| note | single neuron —same-as→ single unit — used interchangeably throughout; the second is the recorded proxy for the first, which is why the weight is not 1.0 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[0] |
| weight | single neuron —same-as→ single unit — 0.9 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[0] |
| audit | electroencephalography —distinct-from→ action potential — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but EEG and MEG CANNOT RESOLVE activity at the scale of the action potential; distinct-from is loose. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[1] |
| note | electroencephalography —distinct-from→ action potential — the key edge of the paper: EEG, MEG and MRI are NOT capable of resolving activity at the scale of the action potential. an instrument-scale exclusion, not a conceptual one Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[1] |
| note | propofol —causes→ slow oscillations — RE-GROUNDS another row of this record: the old span named ONE endpoint. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[5] |
| weight | propofol —causes→ slow oscillations — 0.9 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[5] |
| for which use | limitation — the technological coverage of the review: THERE ARE MANY IMPORTANT RESEARCH ENDEAVORS IN THIS FIELD WHICH ARE BEYOND THE SCOPE OF THIS REVIEW Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[0] |
| for which use | limitation — the cognitive-neuroscience coverage: A COMPLETE EXPLORATION OF THESE MYRIAD TOPICS IS BEYOND THE SCOPE OF THIS REVIEW Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[1] |
| for which use | limitation — clinical application specifically: THESE FINDINGS ARE INDEED NOT YET OF IMMEDIATE CLINICAL RELEVANCE Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[2] |
| for which use | limitation — any transfer from animal epilepsy models: UNLIKE THE MOTOR PROSTHESIS APPROACH IN WHICH THE SIMILARITY BETWEEN NONHUMAN PRIMATE M1 AND HUMAN M1 IS EVIDENT, THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ANY GIVEN ANIMAL MODEL and human epilepsy is unclear Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[3] |
| for which use | limitation — claims about the seizure focus itself: THE DETAILS OF SINGLE NEURON ACTIVITY IN THE FOCUS remain poorly understood Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[4] |
| for which use | limitation — every seizure-prediction method reviewed: NONE HAS LED TO A CLINICALLY USEABLE OR COMMERCIALLY SUCCESSFUL PREDICTIVE ALGORITHM Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[5] |
| for which use | limitation — the spiking basis of anaesthetic EEG patterns: THE SPIKE (ACTION POTENTIAL) ACTIVITY UNDERLYING MANY OF THESE PATTERNS IS NOT KNOWN, WITH THE EXCEPTION OF SLOW OSCILLATIONS DURING PROPOFOL INDUCED ANESTHESIA Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[6] |
| for which use | limitation — large-scale cortical claims from either source: THE SMALL SIZE OF THE BRAIN IN THE ANIMAL MODELS HAS PREVENTED MUCH ANALYSIS OF LARGE-SCALE RELATIONSHIPS ACROSS THE CORTEX, AND HUMAN STUDIES OF SCALP EEG PROVIDE LITTLE SPATIAL RESOLUTION Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[7] |
| for which use | limitation — the same scope as limitations[2] Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[8] |
| for which use | limitation — what can be extracted from the recordings at all: THIS MUCH NEURAL DATA CHALLENGES OUR COMPUTATIONAL CAPABILITIES AND, ESSENTIALLY, OUR TECHNIQUES FOR EXTRACTING MEANINGFUL INFORMATION FROM THIS HIGH DIMENSIONAL DATA SET Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[9] |
| for which use | limitation — the clinical uptake claim: SINGLE UNIT PHYSIOLOGY IS STILL A SMALL COMPONENT OF NEUROLOGIC AND PSYCHIATRIC PRACTICE, after A MORE THAN 40-YEAR HISTORY Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[10] |
| duplicate of | mechanism — mechanisms[1] Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | mechanisms[7] |
| replication | untested | |
| limitation | Much relevant work on miniaturised and wireless implanted recording is acknowledged as outside the review's scope. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[0] |
| limitation | The cognitive-neuroscience literature on human single units is only sampled, not covered. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[1] |
| limitation | The cognitive single-unit findings surveyed are conceded to have no immediate clinical application. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[2] |
| limitation | the relationship between any animal model of epilepsy and human epilepsy is unclear, unlike the primate-human motor cortex case Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[3] |
| limitation | the details of single-neuron activity in the seizure focus itself remain poorly understood Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[4] |
| limitation | decades of seizure-prediction work has produced no clinically usable algorithm Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[5] |
| limitation | the spiking activity underlying most anaesthetic EEG signatures is simply not known Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[6] |
| limitation | animal brains are too small to study large-scale cortical relationships, and human scalp EEG has too little spatial resolution - neither end of the scale is available Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[7] |
| limitation | the cognitive single-unit findings are not yet of immediate clinical relevance, stated plainly Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[8] |
| limitation | data volumes already exceed what current techniques can extract meaning from Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[9] |
| limitation | after forty years single-unit physiology is still a small component of practice Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[10] |
finding · quantity · variable · definition · key-term — grounded in the full text| finding | Despite being foundational to brain function, single-neuron activity has almost no presence in everyday clinical neurology, neurosurgery or psychiatry. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[0] |
| finding | Current clinical measurement modalities cannot resolve neuronal activity at the scale of the action potential. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[1] |
| finding | Even after four decades of relevant recordings, single-unit physiology remains a marginal component of neurological and psychiatric practice. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[2] |
| finding | Microelectrode and macroelectrode array work has undermined the standard account of epilepsy as purely a disorder of hypersynchrony and excitation-inhibition imbalance. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[3] |
| finding | The authors suggest intraoperative single-unit localisation during DBS may be the best example of single-neuron activity used directly in clinical care. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[4] |
| finding | Firing rates and patterns are used to identify the boundaries of the subthalamic nucleus and globus pallidus internus as the electrode advances. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[5] |
| finding | Intracortical arrays implanted from 2004 onward let people with tetraplegia produce 2D cursor movement and simple robotic control directly from cortical spiking. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[6] |
| finding | Multiple studies indicate that individual neurons in higher-order cortex keep tuning or specificity for complex stimuli. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[7] |
| finding | discussion of neuronal activity is largely absent from clinical neuroscience Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[8] |
| finding | the only single-neuron references in classic neurology textbooks concern peripheral nerves Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[9] |
| finding | existing clinical modalities cannot resolve activity at the scale of the action potential Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[10] |
| finding | finer measurement challenges the canonical framing of epilepsy as hypersynchrony Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[11] |
| finding | DBS electrode localisation by firing pattern may be the best example of clinical use of single-neuron activity Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[12] |
| finding | during loss of consciousness, cortical neurons phase-lock to local slow oscillations but fall out of phase with distant cortex Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[13] |
| finding | no seizure-prediction method has yet produced a clinically usable or commercially successful algorithm Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[14] |
| finding | waves often portrayed as homogeneous are more heterogeneous in space and in their involvement of individual neurons Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[15] |
| finding | after forty years, single-unit physiology remains a small part of clinical practice Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[16] |
| quantity | 100 probes — number of etched silicon probes in the original Utah array Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[0] |
| quantity | several Tb / 100+ neurons — data volume and neuron count typically obtained from a single 4x4 mm Utah array recording Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[1] |
| quantity | ~500 GB per day — full-bandwidth neural data rate produced by one implanted array at current resolutions Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[2] |
| quantity | 365 Terabytes in one year — storage burden of continuously recording one individual with two implanted arrays for a year Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[3] |
| quantity | mid 1950s — date from which human single-unit recordings have been performed Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[4] |
| quantity | >100 Hz — frequency range of the high frequency oscillations shown to matter in epilepsy Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[5] |
| quantity | <1 Hz / ~10 Hz — slow-oscillation and frontal alpha frequencies that dominate the EEG under propofol anaesthesia Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[6] |
| quantity | about 500 GB per day from one array — full-bandwidth neural data rate Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[7] |
| quantity | 365 terabytes in one year from two arrays — continuous storage for one individual Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[8] |
| quantity | a single 4 x 4 mm Utah array yields several Tb and 100+ neurons — yield per implant Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[9] |
| quantity | at least four high-resolution recording platforms — the available instruments Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[10] |
| quantity | mid 1950s — when human single-unit recording began, against a literature that still omits it Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[11] |
| quantity | 100 years — how long human epilepsy was studied almost entirely by scalp EEG Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[12] |
| variable | firing rates or patterns Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[0] |
| definition | brain-computer interface (BCI) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[0] |
| definition | Utah array Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[1] |
| definition | ‘clustering’ algorithms Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[2] |
| definition | "Jennifer Anniston Neuron" Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[3] |
| definition | brain-computer interface Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[4] |
| definition | single unit Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[5] |
| key-terms | single neuron, single unit, action potential, clinical neuroscience, electroencephalography, brain-computer interface, Utah array, tetraplegia, epilepsy, hypersynchrony, high frequency oscillations, deep brain stimulating, subthalamic nucleus, propofol, slow oscillations, local field potentials, sparse encoding, animal models, gold standard, clustering |
| clustering algorithms for spike extraction | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[0] |
| dimensionality reduction and point process techniques | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[1] |
| claim type | critique — a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value; recorded: prediction Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | alternatives.claim_type |
| method | narrative review across motor prosthetics, epilepsy, movement disorders, anaesthesia and cognition, with a textbook search establishing the absence — a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value; recorded: review Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | alternatives.method |
| phenomenon | single-unit activity as a clinical observable — a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value; recorded: single-neuron recording in clinical neurology Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | alternatives.phenomenon |
When we have changed our mind. Some entries in the table begin with a word in capitals and the reason for it. EVIDENCE CORRECTED — the finding still stands, but we had quoted the wrong sentence from the paper, and the quotation has been replaced with the right one. RETRACTED — the entry itself was wrong; it stays on the page, marked, with the reason, rather than being deleted. WITHDRAWN AND REPLACED — the entry was wrong, and a corrected version of it appears in the entries below. Each mark carries its own reason, in brackets, because the reasons differ from one entry to the next. An entry we have WITHDRAWN is removed from this page and kept in the record, with its reason. A line reading Audit and a date is a later re-reading of the entry against its whole sentence: DOUBTFUL means it was kept, and the reason says what is loose about it. Quotation marks inside the tagger's sentence. Where a tag is the tagger's own sentence, a phrase in quotation marks inside it is borrowed from the paper — the tagger's wording around it is not. The paper's own sentence is the evidence quote for that row; on this page it is withheld with the article, and the article is at its publisher. Nothing inside quotation marks anywhere on this page is ours: if it is quoted, it is the paper's. Whose words a concept carries. A concept entry records a term the paper itself uses, so the term, the sense given for it, and its evidence are the paper's own words, quoted where the paper fixes them. This is the opposite of a sense entry in the tag table, which is the tagger's sentence about how the paper uses a term. Where a concept entry could not be grounded in the paper's words, the entry says so on its own row.
Tag layer © the Meta-Tagging Project, CC BY 4.0. The paper text is © its authors/publisher
and is linked, not reproduced. Excerpts shown are short quotations for identification and verification.
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