phenomenon · claim-type · cross-domain-transfer · mechanism · claim-relation · replication-status · limitation — grounded in the full text| phenomenon | artificial intelligence in education— “The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of Artificial Intelligence (AI) on education.” | |
| claim-type | existence— “The study ascertained that AI has extensively been adopted and used in education, particularly by education institutions, in different forms.” | |
| method — evidence | — “A qualitative research approach, leveraging the use of literature review as a research design and approach was used and effectively facilitated the realization of the study purpose.” | |
| mechanism | Machine learning infers each learner's capabilities and needs, which lets the system deliver personalised content, and that personalisation is what raises uptake and retention (i.e. improves learning).— “Students on the other hand, because AI uses machine learning as adduced from the different studies, are able to have a better and richer learning experience because AI uses machine learning to assess capabilities and needs, and subsequently, with the findings of such an analysis, develop and disseminate personalized or customized content… | mechanisms[0] |
| mechanism | Automating administrative paperwork frees instructor time, which is then redirected to core instructional work, raising teaching quality.— “AI, has significantly reduced the paperwork and workload on instructors, particularly in the performance of various administrative functions, thereby enabling them to focus on their core mandate, instruction, dissemination of content and materials in line with the curriculum in place at the institution or nationally [11], [13].” | mechanisms[1] |
| builds-on | Chassignol et al. (2018), 'Artificial intelligence trends in education: A narrative overview'— “These areas, which Chassignol et al. identify as the framework for analyzing and understanding artificial intelligence in education, will form the scope of this study.” | claim_relations[0] |
| sense | AI - A FIELD AND A THEORY AT ONCE, ON ONE SOURCE'S ACCOUNT: reported as a study area in computer science aimed at solving cognitive problems, and also as a theoretical framework guiding the development and use of computer systems; a field of study and a theoretical framework are not the same kind of entity, and the review reports both without choosing— “Embedded computers, sensors, and other emerging technologies have facilitated the transfer of artificial intelligence to machines and other items, such as buildings and robots [11]. Indeed, Chassignol et al. provides a two-faceted definition and description of AI. They define AI as a field and a theory. As a field of study, they define AI as… | senses[0] |
| sense | the definitions of AI - CALLED NEAR SIMILAR: the review gathers characterisations from several authors and describes them as bringing to the fore near similar elements, which is a judgement that differences do not matter rather than a demonstration that there are none— “Other scholars and in other studies, the definition of AI provided brings to the fore near similar elements” | senses[1] |
| sense | the H-Index - A PROXY FOR REPUTABILITY, WITH THE INFERENCE WRITTEN DOWN: the review states that the higher the H-Index the more reputable the journal and its authors, and then uses a threshold of 20 as an inclusion rule, so the corpus is bounded by a bibliometric number standing in for quality— “and the higher the H-Index, the more reputable the journal and the authors published in the journal are” | senses[2] |
| control | a stated search strategy - key words and search strings run across EBSCOhost, ProQuest and Web of Science rather than one database — held — rules out a review whose findings are a property of which database was searched - three sources with a recorded query is what lets someone else get the same set— “Key words and search strings will be used to search different databases, including EBSCOhost, ProQuest,Web of Science.” | controls[0] |
| control | pre-stated inclusion and exclusion criteria applied to 250 articles published after 2009 — held — rules out articles chosen after their content was known - the criteria and the date window are fixed before the screening rather than after it— “Initially, a total of 250 articles, published after 2009 were selected premised on the aforementioned criteria; matching the search key words and search strings and inclusion in a journal with an H-Index of 20 and above.” | controls[1] |
| weight | artificial intelligence —is-a→ field of study — 0.8— “Embedded computers, sensors, and other emerging technologies have facilitated the transfer of artificial intelligence to machines and other items, such as buildings and robots [11]. Indeed, Chassignol et al. provides a two-faceted definition and description of AI. They define AI as a field and a theory. As a field of study, they define AI as… | concept_edges[0] |
| weight | artificial intelligence —is-a→ theoretical framework — 0.8— “Embedded computers, sensors, and other emerging technologies have facilitated the transfer of artificial intelligence to machines and other items, such as buildings and robots [11]. Indeed, Chassignol et al. provides a two-faceted definition and description of AI. They define AI as a field and a theory. As a field of study, they define AI as… | concept_edges[1] |
| outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation) | control — held | controls[0] |
| outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation) | control — held | controls[1] |
| for which use | limitation — the three areas the review covers and nothing else: THE SCOPE OF THE STUDY WAS LIMITED TO THE APPLICATION AND EFFECTS OF AI IN ADMINISTRATION, INSTRUCTION, AND LEARNING— “Premised on a narrative and framework for assessing AI identified from a preliminary analysis, the scope of the study was limited to the application and effects of AI in administration, instruction, and learning.” | limitations[0] |
| for which use | limitation — any use of this review's account of AI: it reports a two-faceted definition in which AI is both a field of study in computer science and a theoretical framework guiding the development of computer systems— “Embedded computers, sensors, and other emerging technologies have facilitated the transfer of artificial intelligence to machines and other items, such as buildings and robots [11]. Indeed, Chassignol et al. provides a two-faceted definition and description of AI. They define AI as a field and a theory. As a field of study, they define AI as… | limitations[1] |
| for which use | limitation — any claim that this review works from a single definition of AI: the definitions gathered from other scholars are said to bring to the fore near similar elements or characteristics— “Other scholars and in other studies, the definition of AI provided brings to the fore near similar elements” | limitations[2] |
| for which use | limitation — any claim about the state of the literature drawn from this review: articles were selected by matching search keywords and by— “Initially, a total of 250 articles, published after 2009 were selected premised on the aforementioned criteria; matching the search key words and search strings and inclusion in a journal with an H-Index of 20 and above” | limitations[3] |
| replication | untested | |
| limitation | The review's scope was deliberately restricted to three areas of education taken from a prior framework.— “Premised on a narrative and framework for assessing AI identified from a preliminary analysis, the scope of the study was limited to the application and effects of AI in administration, instruction, and learning.” | limitations[0] |
| limitation | One cited source is reported as defining the review's central term as two different kinds of thing.— “Embedded computers, sensors, and other emerging technologies have facilitated the transfer of artificial intelligence to machines and other items, such as buildings and robots [11]. Indeed, Chassignol et al. provides a two-faceted definition and description of AI. They define AI as a field and a theory. As a field of study, they define AI as… | limitations[1] |
| limitation | Differences between the collected definitions are described as near similar rather than reconciled.— “Other scholars and in other studies, the definition of AI provided brings to the fore near similar elements” | limitations[2] |
| limitation | The corpus is bounded by a journal bibliometric threshold.— “Initially, a total of 250 articles, published after 2009 were selected premised on the aforementioned criteria; matching the search key words and search strings and inclusion in a journal with an H-Index of 20 and above” | limitations[3] |
finding · quantity · variable · definition · key-term — grounded in the full text| finding | The review concludes that AI has been widely adopted across education institutions in several distinct technological forms.— “The study ascertained that AI has extensively been adopted and used in education, particularly by education institutions, in different forms.” | content_tags.findings[0] |
| finding | AI improved the efficiency of administrative tasks that would otherwise take instructors much time.— “AI has improved efficiencies in the performance of different administrative tasks that instructors, would require a lot of time to perform in the absence of AI.” | content_tags.findings[1] |
| finding | The main learning benefit identified was customisation and personalisation of curriculum and content to individual learners' needs and abilities.— “An important way in which AI has been applied in improving students’ learning is the customization and personalization of curriculum and content in line with the learners needs, abilities, and capabilities [15].” | content_tags.findings[2] |
| finding | One reviewed study highlighted an adverse effect of AI: degraded academic integrity and cheating through AI-enabled paper-mill services.— “One study discussed or highlighted the adverse impact of AI, degradation of academic integrity and cheating using paper churning and paper mill services facilitated by AI.” | content_tags.findings[3] |
| quantity | 70% — share of the AI-and-education papers found in Web of Science and Google Scholar that were published in the 2015-2019 window— “Note that the papers published in 2015-2019 accounted for a large proportion, i.e., 70% of all the papers” | content_tags.quantities[0] |
| quantity | 250 — number of articles initially retrieved that met the keyword and journal H-Index criteria— “Initially, a total of 250 articles, published after 2009 were selected premised on the aforementioned criteria; matching the search key words and search strings and inclusion in a journal with an H-Index of 20 and above.” | content_tags.quantities[1] |
| quantity | thirty — final number of articles retained for analysis after the second screening round— “narrowing down the number of articles for analysis to thirty, a sample size that was considered sufficient to inform conclusions and inferences about the impact of AI on education” | content_tags.quantities[2] |
| quantity | more than forty — number of documents (journal articles, professional publications, reports) selected after the eliminative process— “A total of more than forty articles, including journal articles, professional publications, and government and institutional reports were selected after the use of an eliminative process.” | content_tags.quantities[3] |
| definition | artificial intelligence— “Artificial intelligence, according to Coppin, is the ability of machines to adapt to new situations, deal with emerging situations, solve problems, answer questions, device plans, and perform various other functions that require some level of intelligence typically evident in human beings [4] (p.4).” | content_tags.definitions[0] |
| definition | H-Index— “An H-Index is an author level measure of scientific productivity in terms of publications and citations and by extension, contribution to science and scholarly pursuits; and the higher the H-Index, the more reputable the journal and the authors published in the journal are.” | content_tags.definitions[1] |
| definition | machine learning— “The core of machine learning is knowledge discovery, the process of parsing based on sampling data set known as ‘‘training data’’, generating meaningful patterns and a structured knowledge.” | content_tags.definitions[2] |
| concept | artificial intelligence— “Embedded computers, sensors, and other emerging technologies have facilitated the transfer of artificial intelligence to machines and other items, such as buildings and robots [11]. Indeed, Chassignol et al. provides a two-faceted definition and description of AI. They define AI as a field and a theory. As a field of study, they define AI as… | concepts[0] |
| concept | field of study— “Embedded computers, sensors, and other emerging technologies have facilitated the transfer of artificial intelligence to machines and other items, such as buildings and robots [11]. Indeed, Chassignol et al. provides a… | concepts[1] |
| concept | theoretical framework | concepts[2] |
| concept | H-Index Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[3] |
| concept | cognitive problems Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[4] |
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