phenomenon · claim-type · cross-domain-transfer · mechanism · claim-relation · replication-status · limitation — grounded in the full text| phenomenon | neural correlates of perceptual awareness— “A long-standing debate in cognitive neuroscience focuses on the neural correlates of perceptual awareness.” | |
| claim-type | null-result— “Overall, we found a robust P3b in the report condition, but no P3b whatsoever in the no-report condition.” | |
| method — evidence | — “Brain electrical activity was recorded using a custom 64-channel electrode cap with equidistantly spaced electrodes (EASYCAP).” | |
| object of study — evidence | — “Here, however, we found that the P3b does not track what observers are perceiving, but instead tracks what observers are reporting. When observers are aware of simple visual stimuli, the P3b is nowhere to be found unless observers are reporting the contents of their experience. These results challenge the well established notion of the P3b as… | |
| research question — evidence | — “While intuitive, this approach often contains a critical limitation: to link brain activity with perceptual awareness, observers traditionally report the contents of their perceptual experience. However, relying on observers' reports is problematic because it is difficult to know whether the neural responses being measured are associated… | |
| contribution — evidence | — “Overall, we found a robust P3b in the report condition, but no P3b whatsoever in the no-report condition. This finding suggests that the P3b itself is not a neural signature of conscious processing” | |
| transfer | from visual masking research: equal numbers of stimulus and blank trials within each masking condition, so that mask-blank-mask ERPs can be subtracted from mask-stimulus-mask ERPs— “Complementary blanks were presented on 50% of all trials, with 25% lightly masked and 25% heavily masked. This was to ensure equal numbers of stimulus and blank trials within each masking condition, for purposes of subtracting mask-blank-mask ERPs from mask-stimulus-mask ERPs.” | transfers[0] |
| transfer | from no-report paradigms: participants count how many times the green circle appeared during each 64-trial block, with a single button-press response at the end of the block— “During the no-report condition, participants were instructed to count how many times the green circle appeared during each 64-trial block, providing a three-alternative-forced-choice (3-AFC) button-press response at the end of each block to indicate four, six, or eight green circles (number of circles presented varied randomly across blocks… | transfers[1] |
| transfer | from Bayesian hypothesis testing: a Bayes factor against a specified prior, used to argue for an absence rather than merely fail to reject— “Because our hypotheses included the absence of a P3b in the no-report condition, we also conducted planned Bayesian analyses to determine whether our nonsignificant result was due to statistical insensitivity, or whether this result provides evidence in favor of the null hypothesis. First, we compared the mean voltage in the P3b ROI in the… | transfers[2] |
| transfer | from recognition memory testing: an unexpected memory test with foils, used as an objective measure of what was consciously seen when no report was collected— “After the 15 blocks of each condition, participants were given an incidental memory test, to verify the manipulation of visibility via masking, regardless of the task. Accordingly, during these memory tests, participants were shown the eight visible (lightly masked) images, the eight heavily masked (invisible) images, and eight foil images… | transfers[3] |
| mechanism | The P3b is generated by the postperceptual machinery recruited by the reporting task (categorisation, short-term memory, decision-making), not by conscious perception itself; remove the report and the component disappears even though awareness is unchanged.— “Thus, we conclude that the P3b is more tightly linked with carrying out reporting tasks than with consciously perceiving the stimuli.” | mechanisms[0] |
| mechanism | Standard aware-versus-unaware contrasts confound awareness with reporting because the aware condition alone permits the extra postperceptual steps that unseen trials cannot support.— “Therefore, the “aware” condition includes additional steps in postperceptual processing that the “unaware” condition does not (e.g., categorization, short-term memory, decision-making).” | mechanisms[1] |
| mechanism | when stimuli are not perceived such judgments cannot be made, and observers can only report that they did not see anything or provide a random guess— “In nearly all prior studies, observers were tasked with making judgments about stimuli that they did or did not consciously perceive (e.g., Was the target an animal or object?). However, when stimuli are not perceived, such judgments cannot be made and observers can only report that they did not see anything or provide a random guess.… | mechanisms[2] |
| mechanism | so a difference attributed to awareness may belong to the steps that only the aware condition can perform— “While intuitive, this approach often contains a critical limitation: to link brain activity with perceptual awareness, observers traditionally report the contents of their perceptual experience. However, relying on observers' reports is problematic because it is difficult to know whether the neural responses being measured are associated… | mechanisms[3] |
| mechanism | the P3b is concluded to be more tightly linked to carrying out a reporting task than to perceiving the stimulus— “If observers naturally engaged in postperceptual processing in no-report conditions and we still observed a P3b in the no-report condition, this could lead to difficulties in interpretation. If a P3b was observed in no-report conditions, it might index neural activity related to conscious perception or it might reflect neural activity… | mechanisms[4] |
| builds-on | Dehaene et al. (2001)— “The masking paradigm was closely modeled on the seminal experiments of Dehaene et al. (2001) .” | claim_relations[0] |
| replicates | Dehaene et al. (2001)— “The observed sequence of ERPs differentiating visible versus masked stimuli in the report condition closely replicated the results of the study by Dehaene et al. (2001) .” | claim_relations[1] |
| contradicts | global neuronal workspace theory's prediction that the P3b is a signature of conscious processing (Dehaene, 2014)— “While we firmly believe our results do not critically challenge the core hypotheses of cognitive and higher-order theories, they do challenge certain long-standing key predictions, particularly of global neuronal workspace theory, which states that the P3b is a signature of conscious processing ( Dehaene, 2014 ).” | claim_relations[2] |
| contradicts | the proposal that the P3b is a neural signature of conscious processing— “Overall, we found a robust P3b in the report condition, but no P3b whatsoever in the no-report condition. This finding suggests that the P3b itself is not a neural signature of conscious processing” | claim_relations[3] |
| replicates | the sequence of event-related potentials distinguishing visible from masked stimuli reported by Dehaene and colleagues, in the report condition— “The observed sequence of ERPs differentiating visible versus masked stimuli in the report condition closely replicated the results of the study by Dehaene et al. (2001) . The unique result of the current study was the disappearance of the later ERP effects, including the P3b, in the no-report condition. These robust, late positive ERPs in the… | claim_relations[4] |
| qualifies | global neuronal workspace theory, whose core hypotheses are said to survive even though this particular prediction does not— “While we firmly believe our results do not critically challenge the core hypotheses of cognitive and higher-order theories, they do challenge certain long-standing key predictions, particularly of global neuronal workspace theory, which states that the P3b is a signature of conscious processing” | claim_relations[5] |
| extends | earlier no-report studies, which used nonstandard awareness manipulations or passive viewing and so carried less weight— “To date, however, studies incorporating no-report conditions have used nonstandard manipulations of awareness and/or passive viewing conditions, which have tempered enthusiasm and confidence in their results. Thus, in this study we combined a classic visual masking paradigm with a novel no-report paradigm.” | claim_relations[6] |
| critiques | the entire literature establishing the P3b as a marker, on the ground that all of it required reports— “While this particular neural activation pattern has been widely replicated and continues to be systematically put forth as a possible… | claim_relations[7] |
| sense | THE SIGNATURE TRACKS THE READOUT, NOT THE THING: the P3b does not track what observers are perceiving, it tracks what they are reporting, and it vanishes entirely when the same stimuli are not reported | senses[0] |
| sense | AND EVERY STUDY THAT ESTABLISHED IT SHARED THE STEP THAT CREATES IT: the pattern is widely replicated and routinely cited, and those prior studies always had participants report their experiences Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[1] |
| sense | so replication across a literature is not independent evidence when every study inherits the same procedure - the confound is in the method, not in any one paper Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[2] |
| sense | THE SAME STIMULI IN BOTH CONDITIONS, WITH ONLY THE TASK CHANGED: all stimulus parameters identical, the key change being what the participant was instructed to do Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[3] |
| sense | THE NULL IS ARGUED FOR RATHER THAN ASSUMED: Bayesian analyses use the report condition's own effect as the prior, and a second version specifies a minimum effect of interest eight times smaller Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[4] |
| sense | and the design, the analysis windows and the electrode pool were preregistered before any data were collected Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[5] |
| sense | AN INDEPENDENT CHECK ON WHAT WAS SEEN, WITHOUT ASKING: an unexpected memory test after the no-report blocks, with never-presented foils to measure how much of the yes rate is bias Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[6] |
| sense | and both directions of error in that check are named - repeating each stimulus may overestimate awareness, showing each once would underestimate it, and neither design is free Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[7] |
| sense | THE SECOND EXPERIMENT IS BUILT AGAINST NAMED OBJECTIONS, with what each possible outcome would license stated in advance Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[8] |
| sense | AND THE SCOPE OF THE CONCLUSION IS FENCED: the result rules out one proposed signature and is stated not to disprove the theories that proposed it Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[9] |
| control | false discovery rate correction applied across every mass univariate test — held — rules out chance significance arising from the number of comparisons - with a test at every electrode and time point, some will pass at p<0.05 with no effect present at all Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[0] |
| control | the experimental design AND the planned analyses registered publicly, before any data were collected — held — rules out analytic freedom after seeing the data - which analysis, which window, which exclusion. Preregistration is the institutional form of the enumeration control: it removes the choice rather than asking the reader to trust it Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[1] |
| differs in | global neuronal workspace theory, whose core hypotheses are said to survive even though this particular prediction does not — THE AXIS IS WHICH PART OF THE THEORY IS AT ISSUE. 'While we firmly believe our results do not critically challenge the core hypotheses of cognitive and higher-order theories, they do challenge certain long-standing key predictions, particularly of global neuronal workspace theory, which states that the P3b is a signature of conscious processing.' A theory and its diagnostic marker are separated, and only the marker is contested - so a citation reading 'Cohen2020 challenges global workspace theory' asserts more than the paper does, in the sentence where the paper says so. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[5] |
| differs in | earlier no-report studies, which used nonstandard awareness manipulations or passive viewing and so carried less weight — THE AXIS IS THE STANDARDNESS OF THE AWARENESS MANIPULATION. 'To date, however, studies incorporating no-report conditions have used nonstandard manipulations of awareness and/or passive viewing conditions, which have tempered enthusiasm and confidence in their results.' The no-report literature already existed and is discounted for its paradigms, not its findings - and this record's [7] makes the mirror-image objection to the REPORT-BASED literature. ONE PAPER OBJECTING TO BOTH SIDES ON THE SAME DIMENSION. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[6] |
| differs in | the entire literature establishing the P3b as a marker, on the ground that all of it required reports — THE AXIS IS WHETHER THE TASK REQUIRED A REPORT. 'While this particular neural activation pattern has been widely replicated and continues to be systematically put forth as a possible neural signature of consciousness, these prior studies always had parti[CIPANTS REPORT].' Replication is granted in full and then bounded by a design feature common to every replication - so the weight of the literature is not evidence against the objection, because the objection is about what they all share. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[7] |
| note | P3b —distinct-from→ aware — a robust P3b when the stimuli are reported and none whatsoever when the same stimuli are not Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[1] |
| audit | P3b —operationalised-as→ postperceptual — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but the P3b is 'more tightly linked with carrying out reporting tasks'; operationalised-as postperceptual is loose. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[2] |
| note | P3b —operationalised-as→ postperceptual — and the conclusion is stated as a comparison of tightness rather than as an identity Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[2] |
| note | no-report —contrasted-with→ report — a robust P3b in one and none whatsoever in the other, with everything about the stimulus held identical Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[5] |
| audit | no-report —operationalised-as→ green circle — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its span and kept, but the no-report condition used a green-circle counting task; operationalised-as is loose. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[6] |
| note | no-report —operationalised-as→ green circle — counted across a block and reported once at the end, so nothing is judged trial by trial Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[6] |
| note | masked —contrasted-with→ visible — validated by the reports themselves: nothing seen on 99.6 percent of heavily masked trials, the target seen on 98.2 percent of lightly masked ones Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[7] |
| audit | foil —part-of→ memory test — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its span and kept, but foils were part of the memory test design; the span implies it. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[12] |
| note | foil —part-of→ memory test — and rejecting them is what separates recognition from a vague sense of familiarity Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[12] |
| outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation) | control — held | controls[0] |
| outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation) | control — held | controls[1] |
| for which use | limitation — the awareness rate from the incidental memory test: THESE RESULTS MAY SOMEWHAT OVERESTIMATE HOW FREQUENTLY PARTICIPANTS WERE AWARE ... BECAUSE EACH INDIVIDUAL STIMULUS WAS REPEATED MULTIPLE TIMES Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[0] |
| for which use | limitation — the interpretation of the memory-test responses: WE DID NOT OBTAIN ANY METACOGNITIVE REPORTS ... REGARDING THEIR SUBJECTIVE CONFIDENCE Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[1] |
| for which use | limitation — the ERP source estimates only: SOURCE ESTIMATIONS FROM ERP DATA ARE NOTORIOUSLY IMPRECISE, PARTICULARLY IN EXPERIMENTS SUCH AS OURS IN WHICH THE EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN WAS NOT OPTIMIZED TO ISOLATE SOURCES Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[2] |
| for which use | limitation — any claim about signatures of awareness other than the P3b: THE CURRENT STUDY WAS NOT DESIGNED TO ISOLATE ANY SUCH SIGNATURES Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[3] |
| for which use | limitation — the same scope as limitations[3] - the design tests P3b predictions, nothing else Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[4] |
| for which use | limitation — the size of the neural difference between visible and invisible: THE MASKING PROCEDURE WAS SO SEVERE THAT EARLY (PRECONSCIOUS) SENSORY ACTIVITY WAS DISRUPTED ... LEADING TO AN OVERESTIMATION OF NEURAL DIFFERENCES Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[5] |
| for which use | limitation — the frontoparietal null in the no-report condition: THERE IS SIGNIFICANT FRONTOPARIETAL ACTIVATION ... BUT WE ARE SIMPLY UNABLE to detect it - absence of evidence from EEG Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[6] |
| for which use | limitation — the interpretation of the no-report condition itself: WHETHER OUR OBSERVERS ENGAGED IN SPONTANEOUS POSTPERCEPTUAL PROCESSING EVEN IN NO-REPORT CONDITIONS Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[7] |
| for which use | limitation — the awareness estimate in both directions: repeating the stimulus OVERESTIMATES awareness and the alternative design underestimates it - there is no unbiased version of the measure Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[8] |
| for which use | limitation — the same scope as limitations[1], with the partial remedy: no confidence reports, though FOIL items allowed response bias to be assessed Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[9] |
| replication | replicated | |
| no type for this | P3b → reporting — THE INDEXING / PROXY RELATION - 'from' STANDS IN FOR 'to'. We have no type for it: 'causes' asserts production, and 'operationalised-as' says the authors CHOSE a measure, whereas a proxy claim says THIS STANDS IN FOR WHAT WE ACTUALLY CARE ABOUT AND WE KNOW IT IS NOT THE SAME THING. Measured at 8% of papers. PRESERVED BECAUSE THE EDGE IT DEFEATED WAS WITHDRAWN. 'P3b --causes--> report' was retracted in an earlier note of ours for turning a tracking relation into a causal one; without this record the paper's actual finding would have left the corpus with the bad edge. 'the P3b DOES NOT TRACK what observers are perceiving, but instead TRACKS what observers are REPORTING' - and the paper's point is that indexing report is NOT being a marker of awareness. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | unhoused_relations[0] |
| limitation | Repeating each stimulus several times may inflate the incidental memory test's estimate of how often participants were aware of the stimuli. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[0] |
| limitation | No metacognitive confidence data were collected on the memory tests. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[1] |
| limitation | The exploratory ERP source estimates are imprecise and the design was not optimised for source localisation. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[2] |
| limitation | The study cannot identify alternative signatures of awareness, having been designed only to test the P3b. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[3] |
| limitation | the study was not designed to isolate any remaining signature of awareness, only to test predictions about the P3b Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[4] |
| limitation | the masking was severe enough to disrupt early sensory processing, which overestimates the neural difference between seen and unseen Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[5] |
| limitation | frontoparietal activation might be present in the no-report condition and simply not visible to EEG Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[6] |
| limitation | observers may still have engaged in spontaneous postperceptual processing without being asked to report Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[7] |
| limitation | the memory test may overestimate awareness because stimuli repeated, and the alternative design would underestimate it Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[8] |
| limitation | no metacognitive confidence was collected on the memory test, though foils allowed response bias to be assessed Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[9] |
finding · quantity · variable · definition · key-term — grounded in the full text| finding | A robust P3b appeared in the report condition and no P3b at all in the no-report condition. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[0] |
| finding | The predicted visibility-by-reporting-task interaction on P3b amplitude was confirmed, alongside main effects of both factors. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[1] |
| finding | Bayesian analysis showed the null P3b result in the no-report condition was positive evidence for absence rather than insensitivity. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[2] |
| finding | Experiment 2 closely replicated Experiment 1 while addressing remaining concerns about stimulus visibility in the no-report condition. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[3] |
| finding | High accuracy (78.5%) on a surprise word memory test suggests the unreported stimuli were perceived and encoded at an abstract conceptual level. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[4] |
| finding | Early (70-300 ms) and late (600-1000 ms) visible-versus-invisible ERP differences survived in both conditions, so only the 300-600 ms window was report-dependent. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[5] |
| finding | THE MARKER TRACKS THE READOUT: a robust P3b when observers reported their experience and none whatsoever when they did not Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[6] |
| finding | and the same pattern held in a second experiment with the masks removed entirely Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[7] |
| finding | the pattern is widely replicated and put forward as a signature of consciousness, but all of those studies had participants report their experiences Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[8] |
| finding | the confound is stated structurally: when a stimulus is not perceived no judgement can be made, so the aware condition contains extra steps by construction Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[9] |
| finding | the report condition closely replicated the sequence reported by the study being argued against, and then it vanished under the same stimuli and visibility manipulation Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[10] |
| finding | early components were present in both conditions and the divergence was late Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[11] |
| finding | the interaction between visibility and reporting task was the largest effect in the analysis Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[12] |
| finding | THE NULL WAS ARGUED FOR RATHER THAN ASSUMED, with the report condition's own effect supplying the prior Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[13] |
| finding | and a second Bayesian test set a minimum effect of interest eight times smaller, returning the same answer Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[14] |
| finding | a data-driven sweep across every electrode and timepoint was run beside the preregistered test Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[15] |
| finding | and everything found that way is labelled exploratory, after the planned analysis is reported Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[16] |
| finding | design, analysis windows and electrode pool were preregistered before data collection Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[17] |
| finding | with the window and electrode pool taken from the published literature on the component Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[18] |
| finding | a stopping rule fixed collection at twenty non-excluded participants Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[19] |
| finding | with five exclusion criteria stated in advance, including one that excluded nobody Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[20] |
| finding | the share of trials removed for blinks and eye movements did not differ significantly between conditions Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[21] |
| finding | stimulus groups were counterbalanced across participants so no image was tied to a condition Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[22] |
| finding | equal numbers of stimulus and blank trials in each masking condition allowed the mask's own response to be subtracted Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[23] |
| finding | all stimulus parameters were identical across conditions, with only the instructed task changing Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[24] |
| finding | masking was validated by the reports themselves - nothing seen on 99.6 percent of heavily masked trials Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[25] |
| finding | AND BY AN INCIDENTAL MEMORY TEST FOLLOWING THE NO-REPORT CONDITION: yes responses 3.8% of the time for stimuli that were masked and 3.1% of the time for foil stimuli Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[26] |
| finding | BOTH DIRECTIONS OF ERROR IN THAT CHECK ARE NAMED: repeating each stimulus may overestimate awareness, showing each once would underestimate it, and neither design is free Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[27] |
| finding | and no metacognitive confidence was collected, though foils allowed response bias to be assessed Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[28] |
| finding | the second experiment was built against named objections - whether the stimuli were really seen, and whether memory could reflect an iconic trace or mere familiarity Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[29] |
| finding | WITH WHAT EACH OUTCOME WOULD LICENSE STATED IN ADVANCE for the conceptual memory test Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[30] |
| finding | word memory accuracy was high (78.5%), suggesting the task-irrelevant stimuli were encoded at an abstract conceptual level Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[31] |
| finding | with foils rejected in both tests, separating recognition from a vague sense of familiarity Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[32] |
| finding | in the no-report condition, P3b-ROI voltage did not differ between stimuli and blanks Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[33] |
| finding | SOMETHING SURVIVES THE MANIPULATION: differences from about 600 to 800 ms appeared in both conditions, distinct from the P3b Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[34] |
| finding | so differences at 300 to 600 ms depend on the reporting task while earlier and later ones do not Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[35] |
| finding | the study is stated not to have been designed to isolate any remaining signature Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[36] |
| finding | and the masking is acknowledged to be severe enough to overestimate the seen-against-unseen difference Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[37] |
| finding | THE SCOPE IS FENCED: the result is stated not to disprove the theories that proposed the marker Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[38] |
| finding | frontoparietal activation might be present and simply invisible to this method Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[39] |
| finding | and the other proposed signatures are explicitly left standing, named as the next thing to test the same way Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[40] |
| finding | while one long-standing prediction of global workspace theory is said to be challenged directly Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[41] |
| finding | three separate reasons are given that the stimuli were seen without being reported Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[42] |
| finding | the standing worry about spontaneous postperceptual processing is named, and answered by noting it would only matter had a P3b been found Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[43] |
| finding | earlier no-report studies are described as having used nonstandard awareness manipulations or passive viewing Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[44] |
| finding | and the P3b was chosen because it is the largest and most replicable piece of neural evidence cited by cognitive theories Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[45] |
| quantity | F (1,19) = 151.13, p < 0.001 — the visibility-by-reporting-task interaction on P3b amplitude in experiment 1 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[0] |
| quantity | BF(10) of 0.001 — Bayes factor for the no-report P3b against a half-t prior derived from the report condition, i.e. strong support for the null Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[1] |
| quantity | 99.6% (SD = 0.5%) — proportion of heavily masked animal/object trials on which participants reported seeing nothing, validating invisibility Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[2] |
| quantity | 17.4% — average share of trials discarded for EEG artifacts in experiment 1, leaving about 180 trials per condition Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[3] |
| quantity | 20 — preregistered final sample size of experiment 1, reached after exclusions from 33 tested participants Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[4] |
| quantity | 99.6% — trials on which heavily masked stimuli were reported as nothing - the validation of invisibility Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[5] |
| quantity | 86.3% — yes responses to visible stimuli on the surprise memory test after the no-report blocks, against 3.1 percent for foils Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[6] |
| quantity | 69.4% — yes responses to words naming task-irrelevant stimuli, the evidence that meaning was encoded without any report Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[7] |
| quantity | BF(10)] of 0.001 — Bayes factor for the absence of a P3b in the no-report condition, against a prior taken from the report condition Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[8] |
| quantity | F (1,19) = 151.13 — the interaction between visibility and reporting task, larger than either main effect Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[9] |
| quantity | 300 and 600 ms — the preregistered P3b window, fixed in advance from the published literature Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[10] |
| variable | stimulus presence (independent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[1] |
| variable | P3b Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[5] |
| variable | task Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[6] |
| variable | visible Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[7] |
| variable | memory test Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[8] |
| variable | stimulus visibility (independent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[9] |
| variable | reporting task (independent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[10] |
| definition | P3b event-related potential Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[0] |
| definition | no-report paradigm Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[1] |
| definition | sandwich masking Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[2] |
| definition | no-report Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[3] |
| definition | postperceptual Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[4] |
| definition | P3b Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[5] |
| definition | memory test Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[6] |
| key-terms | P3b, aware, postperceptual, report, no-report, task, masking, visible, masked, blank, green circle, memory test, foil, conceptual, ERP, preregistered, stopping rule, excluded, Bayes factor, mass univariate, data-driven, interaction, Latin square, artifact, spontaneous, frontoparietal, signature |
| repeated-measures ANOVA F | as written: 2 × 2 repeated-measures ANOVA Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[0] |
| paired-samples t-test t | as written: one-tailed paired-samples t test Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[1] |
| Bayes factor analysis BF(10) | as written: planned Bayesian analyses Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[2] |
| nonparametric mass univariate permutation analysis t | as written: nonparametric mass univariate analyses Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[3] |
| false discovery rate correction for multiple comparisons FDR | as written: The false discovery rate (FDR) method Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[4] |
| mean mean | as written: computing the mean voltage from 300 to 600 ms Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[5] |
| repeated-measures ANOVA | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[6] |
| Bayes factor | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[7] |
| paired-samples t test | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[8] |
| mass univariate | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[9] |
| claim type | critique — a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value; recorded: null-result Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | alternatives.claim_type |
| method | the same masked stimuli shown in a report block, where observers judged each one, and a no-report block, where they counted an unrelated green circle instead, with incidental memory tests to check what was seen — a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value; recorded: electrophysiology Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | alternatives.method |
| phenomenon | the P3b: a late centroparietal positivity that appears for stimuli observers are aware of and disappears for stimuli they are not — a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value; recorded: neural correlates of perceptual awareness Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | alternatives.phenomenon |
When we have changed our mind. Some entries in the table begin with a word in capitals and the reason for it. EVIDENCE CORRECTED — the finding still stands, but we had quoted the wrong sentence from the paper, and the quotation has been replaced with the right one. RETRACTED — the entry itself was wrong; it stays on the page, marked, with the reason, rather than being deleted. WITHDRAWN AND REPLACED — the entry was wrong, and a corrected version of it appears in the entries below. Each mark carries its own reason, in brackets, because the reasons differ from one entry to the next. An entry we have WITHDRAWN is removed from this page and kept in the record, with its reason. A line reading Audit and a date is a later re-reading of the entry against its whole sentence: DOUBTFUL means it was kept, and the reason says what is loose about it. Quotation marks inside the tagger's sentence. Where a tag is the tagger's own sentence, a phrase in quotation marks inside it is borrowed from the paper — the tagger's wording around it is not. The paper's own sentence is the evidence quote for that row; on this page it is withheld with the article, and the article is at its publisher. Nothing inside quotation marks anywhere on this page is ours: if it is quoted, it is the paper's. Whose words a concept carries. A concept entry records a term the paper itself uses, so the term, the sense given for it, and its evidence are the paper's own words, quoted where the paper fixes them. This is the opposite of a sense entry in the tag table, which is the tagger's sentence about how the paper uses a term. Where a concept entry could not be grounded in the paper's words, the entry says so on its own row.
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