x 10 9 may be x 10⁹, chi 2 5 may be chi-squared with five degrees of freedom, and 1 2 may be one half. Read any expression here against the published paper before relying on it.phenomenon · claim-type · cross-domain-transfer · mechanism · claim-relation · replication-status · limitation — grounded in the full text| phenomenon | traffic-noise effects on spatial learning and memory— “The present study aimed to evaluate the influences of combined traffic noise (CTN) on the ability of learning and memory in mice.” | |
| claim-type | mechanism— “Furthermore, those effects were regulated and controlled by the level of glutamate in the hippocampus.” | |
| method — evidence | — “On the basis of behavioral reactions in Morris water maze (MWM) and the concentrations of amino acid neurotransmitters in the hippocampus, the impacts of CTN on learning and memory in mice were examined.” | |
| object of study — evidence | — “The present study aimed to evaluate the influences of combined traffic noise (CTN) on the ability of learning and memory in mice.” | |
| transfer | from toxicology: the hormesis biphasic dose-response model, with noise dose defined by analogy to an ingested toxicant dose (sound level times duration)— “Corresponding to the dose of toxicity that was ingested by organisms, the exposure dose of noise for organisms was the value of exposure sound level times exposure duration.” | transfers[0] |
| mechanism | A low-dose stressor breaks homeostasis and triggers a compensatory response that overshoots the inhibition, producing facilitation early on.— “Under the condition of low-dose stimulation, the compensatory response produced by organisms could be greater than the inhibitory response of stimuli, which resulted in the excitatory effect of stimuli.” | mechanisms[0] |
| mechanism | With continued exposure the compensatory response is exhausted, so the inhibitory effect of the noise comes to dominate.— “It could be caused by a gradual exhaustion of compensatory response.” | mechanisms[1] |
| mechanism | Glutamate acting on hippocampal NMDA receptors admits calcium and thereby changes synaptic plasticity, which is the substrate of learning and memory.— “Subsequently, Mg 2+ , which blocked the channel of Ca 2+ , was removed, and the Ca 2+ flowed into the cell, which induced the change of synaptic plasticity.” | mechanisms[2] |
| mechanism | The behavioural swing is mediated by the hippocampal glutamate level, which is raised by short exposure and lowered by long exposure.— “Thus, it could be speculated that the effects of CTN on the ability of learning and memory in mice were regulated and controlled by the level of Glu in the hippocampus.” | mechanisms[3] |
| mechanism | The direction of the effect reverses with exposure duration, which the paper identifies as hormesis - excitation at low dose, inhibition at high— “Hormesis was the common biphasic dose-effect model in toxicology and was characterized by low-dose excitement and high-dose inhibition.[ 22 ]” | mechanisms[4] |
| mechanism | Dose for noise is not the level but the level multiplied by the duration, which is why the same decibel figure sits on both sides of the curve— “Corresponding to the dose of toxicity that was ingested by organisms, the exposure dose of noise for organisms was the value of exposure sound level times exposure duration.[ 25 ]” | mechanisms[5] |
| mechanism | The reversal is attributed to a compensatory response that outruns the insult at first and is then exhausted— “Under the condition of low-dose stimulation, the compensatory response produced by organisms could be greater than the inhibitory response of stimuli, which resulted in the excitatory effect of stimuli.” | mechanisms[6] |
| mechanism | The behavioural reversal is tracked by glutamate, which rises early and falls late while GABA stays flat— “Obviously, the level of Glu in mice rose after short-term exposure (6–10 days) to 70 dB(A) CTN, but the long-term exposure (26–30 days, 36–40 days) led to a decrease in the Glu level in mice.” | mechanisms[7] |
| mechanism | Glutamate has its own inverted-U: more release aids learning until excitotoxicity sets in— “Nonetheless, too much release of Glu could cause an excitatory toxic effect on the neurons, which resulted in a decline in the learning and memory ability.” | mechanisms[8] |
| mechanism | Combined road and rail noise is not the sum of its parts - the two sources differ in continuity, peak level and low-frequency content— “Highway traffic noise is relatively continuous. However, high-speed railway produces intermittent noise, which is characterized by shorter duration, higher-peak… | mechanisms[9] |
| builds-on | hormesis, the biphasic low-dose-excitation / high-dose-inhibition dose-effect model in toxicology (refs 22-26) | claim_relations[0] |
| replicates | the epidemiological surveys of Haines (ref 8) and Kempen (ref 9) showing declining cognitive ability in children after long-term aircraft or road traffic noise | claim_relations[1] |
| extends | Calabrese's overcompensation account of hormesis Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[2] |
| critiques | previous animal noise studies that used white noise, narrow band noise or pure tones instead of real environmental noise Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[3] |
| supports | Di et al. on combined road-rail noise being more annoying than a single dominant source at the same level Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[4] |
| sense | the effect of 70 dB(A) noise - after SHORT exposure (6-10 days): learning and memory IMPROVE Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[0] |
| sense | the effect of 70 dB(A) noise - after LONG exposure (26-40 days): learning and memory DECLINE, at the same sound level Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[1] |
| sense | dose - as sound level: the 70 dB(A) figure, which is what gets reported and compared across studies Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[2] |
| sense | dose - as level times duration: the quantity that actually determines the sign of the effect Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[3] |
| sense | glutamate - below the toxic threshold: more release, better learning Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[4] |
| sense | glutamate - above it: excitotoxic, and learning declines with the same transmitter that improved it Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[5] |
| control | a control group of ten mice per batch held at a background level of no more than 35 dB(A), against 70 +/- 1.5 dB(A) for the exposed group, and never given the combined traffic noise — absent-stated-about-other — rules out that the auditory and physiological changes follow from handling, captivity or elapsed time rather than from the traffic-noise exposure Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[0] |
| weight | overcompensation —causes→ hormesis — 0.9 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[1] |
| edge | GABA —distinct-from→ Glu Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[4] |
| audit | GABA —causes→ NMDA — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but GABA 'COULD strengthen the blocking effect of Mg2+ on the NMDA receptor'; 'causes NMDA' drops the blocking and is hedged. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[5] |
| weight | GABA —causes→ NMDA — 0.9 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[5] |
| evidential status | Glu —causes→ excitatory toxic effect — the paper's own words: could Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[7] |
| note | Glu —causes→ excitatory toxic effect — direction corrected 2026-08-20 by the project: the quote puts 'Glu' on the causing side. The edge previously read excitatory toxic effect --causes--> Glu, which is the reverse of its own sentence. Nothing else on the row changed; the quote, weight and anchor are untouched. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[7] |
| audit | Morris water maze —operationalised-as→ latencies — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its span and kept, but latencies are the water-maze measure; operationalised-as is loose. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[8] |
| edge | combined traffic noise —operationalised-as→ day–night equivalent continuous A-weighted sound pressure level Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[10] |
| effect direction | short-term exposure —causes→ ability of learning — increases Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[13] |
| holds when | short-term exposure —causes→ ability of learning — 6-10 days of exposure to 70 dB(A) combined traffic noise Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[13] |
| note | short-term exposure —causes→ ability of learning — ONE OF A PAIR: the SAME exposure carries the OPPOSITE sign at longer durations. Neither edge is the paper's finding alone - the finding is that the sign flips. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[13] |
| effect direction | long-term exposure —causes→ ability of learning — reduces Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[14] |
| holds when | long-term exposure —causes→ ability of learning — 26-30 and 36-40 days of exposure Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[14] |
| note | long-term exposure —causes→ ability of learning — ONE OF A PAIR: see the short-term edge, which carries the opposite sign on the same measure. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[14] |
| outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation) | control — absent-stated-about-other | controls[0] |
| for which use | limitation — the human relevance of the whole study: THIS SPECULATION NEEDS TO BE VERIFIED BY ADDITIONAL COGNITIVE BEHAVIOR TESTS IN HUMANS EXPOSED TO 70 dB(A) CTN Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[0] |
| for which use | limitation — the mechanistic account of the biphasic effect: IT WAS SPECULATED THAT THE COMPENSATORY RESPONSE WAS GREATER THAN THE INHIBITORY RESPONSE Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[1] |
| for which use | limitation — every group comparison: EACH BATCH (N = 20) CONSISTED OF TWO GROUPS ... THE EXPERIMENTAL GROUP (N = 10) AND THE CONTROL GROUP (N = 10) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[2] |
| for which use | limitation — the time course specifically: batches are separate groups of animals, so the comparison across durations is between-subjects rather than repeated Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[3] |
| for which use | limitation — any claim about the population: A TOTAL OF 80 HEALTHY MALE ICR MICE - all male, so nothing here speaks to sex differences Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[4] |
| for which use | limitation — the dose-response reading: only one sound level was tested, so the curve is traced through EXPOSURE DURATION alone Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[5] |
| duplicate of | limitation — limitations[1] Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[6] |
| for which use | limitation — the same scope as limitations[1] - the compensation account is speculated, not measured Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[6] |
| for which use | limitation — the human literature this is motivated by: THE RESULTS OF EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SURVEY WERE ALSO INFLUENCED BY THE PERSONAL FACTORS OF PARTICIPANTS (E.G., AGE, EDUCATIONAL LEVEL, AND PHYSICAL CONDITION) - the disagreement it aims to resolve is attributed to confounding Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[7] |
| replication | untested | |
| no type for this | Mg 2+ → synaptic plasticity — THE MECHANISM THE SPAN ACTUALLY DESCRIBES, between terms it actually names: magnesium blocked the calcium channel, was removed, and the resulting calcium influx induced the change of synaptic plasticity. A three-step chain, and no edge type carries a chain - each link would have to be asserted separately, losing the ordering that is the content. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | unhoused_relations[0] |
| limitation | The extrapolation from mice to human cognitive ability is explicitly only a speculation awaiting human testing. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[0] |
| limitation | The compensatory-response account of the biphasic effect is inferred rather than measured. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[1] |
| limitation | Ten mice per group per batch, with the key contrasts significant in only some batches Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[2] |
| limitation | Batches are separate groups of animals rather than repeated measures, so the time course is between-subjects Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[3] |
| limitation | All animals were male, so nothing here speaks to sex differences Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[4] |
| limitation | Only one sound level was tested, so the dose-response curve is traced through duration alone Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[5] |
| limitation | The mechanism is inferred from a speculation about compensation rather than measured Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[6] |
| limitation | The human literature the study is motivated by is itself inconsistent, and the paper attributes that to uncontrolled personal and social factors Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[7] |
finding · quantity · variable · definition · key-term — grounded in the full text| finding | Six to ten days of exposure to 70 dB(A) combined traffic noise improved learning and memory in mice. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[0] |
| finding | Longer exposure reversed the effect, degrading learning and memory. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[1] |
| finding | Learning rate was significantly higher in exposed mice than in controls in the first batch (6-10 days). Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[2] |
| finding | Time in the target quadrant was significantly higher in exposed mice than in controls in the first batch (6-10 days). Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[3] |
| finding | Glutamate rose after short (6-10 day) exposure and fell after long exposure. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[4] |
| finding | Hippocampal GABA was unchanged by noise exposure at every time point. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[5] |
| finding | The authors rule out excessive glutamate release causing an excitotoxic effect on hippocampal neurons. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[6] |
| finding | The biphasic time course of the noise effect matches the hormesis dose-response pattern. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[7] |
| finding | short exposure to 70 dB(A) combined traffic noise improved water-maze learning and memory Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[8] |
| finding | long exposure at the same level degraded them Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[9] |
| finding | in the intermediate batch (16-20 days) learning rate was similar to controls Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[10] |
| finding | glutamate was higher in exposed mice than in controls in the first batch Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[11] |
| finding | GABA did not differ between groups in any batch Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[12] |
| finding | the human literature already disagrees about noise and cognition, including one study where 71 dB(A) road noise IMPROVED children's episodic memory Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[13] |
| quantity | 70 ± 1.5 dB(A) — day-night equivalent sound pressure level of the combined traffic noise played to the experimental group Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[0] |
| quantity | 35 dB(A) — background noise level, i.e. the exposure of the control group Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[1] |
| quantity | 80 — total number of male ICR mice used, split into four batches Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[2] |
| quantity | n = 20 (n = 10 and n = 10) — mice per batch, split evenly into experimental and control groups Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[3] |
| quantity | 42 days — duration of continuous noise exposure for the experimental group after a 7-day adaptation Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[4] |
| quantity | 5 and 15 μmol/g — normal hippocampal glutamate range against which the measured values were judged non-toxic Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[5] |
| quantity | 2092 pcu/h — highway traffic flux used to reconstruct the combined traffic noise stimulus Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[6] |
| quantity | 90 s — maximum trial duration in the Morris water maze hidden platform test Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[7] |
| quantity | 70 dB(A) — the single exposure level, which produces opposite effects at different durations Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[8] |
| quantity | 80 healthy male ICR mice — the whole sample, in four batches of twenty Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[9] |
| quantity | 42 days — total exposure period across which the four batches were tested Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[10] |
| quantity | 71 dB(A) — the level at which an earlier human study found IMPROVED episodic memory - one decibel above this study's exposure Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[11] |
| quantity | 63.5 dB — the level above which combined road-rail noise becomes more annoying than a single dominant source Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[12] |
| quantity | 2092 pcu/h — the highway traffic flux used to reconstruct the combined exposure Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[13] |
| variable | percentage of time spent in the target quadrant (dependent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[3] |
| variable | percentages of time spent in a target quadrant (dependent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[10] |
| definition | hormesis Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[0] |
| definition | learning rate Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[2] |
| definition | hidden platform test Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[3] |
| definition | probe trail test Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[4] |
| definition | combined traffic noise (CTN) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[5] |
| definition | hormesis Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[6] |
| definition | exposure dose of noise Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[7] |
| definition | GABA Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[8] |
| definition | Glu Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[9] |
| key-terms | combined traffic noise, hormesis, Morris water maze, latencies, learning rate, target quadrant, hippocampus, Glu, GABA, synaptic plasticity, NMDA, excitatory toxic effect, overcompensation, epidemiological survey |
| concept | short-term exposure Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[16] |
| concept | long-term exposure Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[17] |
| concept | ability of learning Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[18] |
| ANOVA | as written: analysis of variance with repeated measures Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[0] |
| t-test t | as written: independent samples t -test Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[1] |
| standard error of the mean SEM | as written: mean ± SEM (Standard Error of Mean) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[2] |
| statistical-significance | as written: Significance was accepted at the level of P < 0.05 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[3] |
| linear regression | as written: linear fitting between latencies and training days Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[4] |
| phenomenon | traffic-noise effects on spatial learning and memory — a second reading reaching the same value; recorded: traffic-noise effects on spatial learning and memory Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | alternatives.phenomenon |
When we have changed our mind. Some entries in the table begin with a word in capitals and the reason for it. EVIDENCE CORRECTED — the finding still stands, but we had quoted the wrong sentence from the paper, and the quotation has been replaced with the right one. RETRACTED — the entry itself was wrong; it stays on the page, marked, with the reason, rather than being deleted. WITHDRAWN AND REPLACED — the entry was wrong, and a corrected version of it appears in the entries below. Each mark carries its own reason, in brackets, because the reasons differ from one entry to the next. An entry we have WITHDRAWN is removed from this page and kept in the record, with its reason. A line reading Audit and a date is a later re-reading of the entry against its whole sentence: DOUBTFUL means it was kept, and the reason says what is loose about it. Quotation marks inside the tagger's sentence. Where a tag is the tagger's own sentence, a phrase in quotation marks inside it is borrowed from the paper — the tagger's wording around it is not. The paper's own sentence is the evidence quote for that row; on this page it is withheld with the article, and the article is at its publisher. Nothing inside quotation marks anywhere on this page is ours: if it is quoted, it is the paper's. Whose words a concept carries. A concept entry records a term the paper itself uses, so the term, the sense given for it, and its evidence are the paper's own words, quoted where the paper fixes them. This is the opposite of a sense entry in the tag table, which is the tagger's sentence about how the paper uses a term. Where a concept entry could not be grounded in the paper's words, the entry says so on its own row.
Tag layer © the Meta-Tagging Project, CC BY 4.0. The paper text is © its authors/publisher
and is linked, not reproduced. Excerpts shown are short quotations for identification and verification.
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