phenomenon · claim-type · cross-domain-transfer · mechanism · claim-relation · replication-status · limitation — grounded in the full text| phenomenon | behaviour-dependent short-term synaptic plasticity in prefrontal cortex— “Here we looked for the signature of short-term plasticity in the fine-timescale spiking relationships of a simultaneously recorded population of physiologically identified pyramidal cells and interneurons, in the medial prefrontal cortex of the rat, in a working memory task.” | |
| claim-type | mechanism— “Monosynaptic interactions between pairs of neurons varied dynamically during the task and might be explained by the demonstrated short-term facilitation and suppression of synaptic strengths and the supralinear postsynaptic effect of the coincident firing of two or more presynaptic neurons.” | |
| method — evidence | — “During the recording sessions, neurophysiological signals were acquired continuously at 20 kHz on a 128-channel DataMax system (16-bit resolution; RC Electronics).” | |
| object of study — evidence | — “However, in contrast to the large body of experiments that focus on neuronal firing patterns, relatively little empirical research 14 – 16 bears on short-term synaptic plasticity in the intact brain during behavior, and therefore its significance with respect to behavioral and cognitive processes remains largely theoretical.” | |
| contribution — evidence | — “On finer timescales, putative monosynaptic interactions reflected short-term plasticity in their dynamic and predictable modulation across various aspects of the task, beyond a statistical accounting for the effect of the neurons’ co-varying firing rates.” | |
| transfer | from statistics: conditional inference by surrogate construction, with the null chosen to preserve every timescale but the one under test— “Because the jittered data sets preserve firing rates on timescales much broader than that of the jitter interval, the overall effect of the analysis is to identify as monosynaptic those pairs that showed excess co-firing at short latencies that cannot be accounted for by firing rates varying only at timescales of tens of milliseconds” | transfers[0] |
| transfer | from survey sampling: thinning - deleting observations at random until a nuisance variable is flat - imported as a power control— “To more rigorously demonstrate position-dependent monosynaptic effects (the statistical issue is one of power; see Methods), we used a heuristic randomization argument based on thinning. For a given cell pair, we randomly and iteratively removed spikes occurring in maze segment(s) of interest until the remaining (‘thinned’) spikes were… | transfers[1] |
| mechanism | Short-term synaptic facilitation and depression modulate spike transmission, so sequentially discharging neurons form internally generated assemblies whose lifetimes are set by changing synaptic efficacies— “We hypothesize that sequentially discharging neurons reflect internally generated cell assemblies, whose dynamics are in turn supported by the modulation of synaptic efficacies.” | mechanisms[0] |
| mechanism | Supersynchronous presynaptic input triggers dendritic spikes in the target interneuron, producing supralinear summation of coincident inputs— “One mechanism underlying the supralinear summation effect might be the initiation of dendritic spikes triggered by supersynchronous inputs” | mechanisms[1] |
| mechanism | Neuronal reverberation: a receding assembly hands its representational content to a successor assembly, generating the ordered firing sequence— “A potential interpretation of the orderly sequence of neuronal firing is that firing patterns reflect a neuronal representation of goals and movement trajectories through ‘neuronal reverberation’” | mechanisms[2] |
| mechanism | one presynaptic neuron's increased activity can reduce its control of an interneuron while another's increases it, on the same postsynaptic cell— “We also observed the combination of these effects on single cells, showing that, for a given interneuron, increased activity from one presynaptic neuron can reduce that neuron’s control of the interneuron (depression), whereas increased activity from another presynaptic neuron can increase that neuron’s control of the interneuron.” | mechanisms[3] |
| mechanism | that opposite pattern on one cell argues for synaptic mechanisms rather than passive membrane properties— “These latter findings also argue in favor of synaptic mechanisms rather than passive membrane properties” | mechanisms[4] |
| mechanism | coincident discharge of two or more presynaptic neurons within 5 ms raises the target's firing probability supralinearly— “A second mechanism that affected spike transmission between cell pairs depended on the precise timing of the various inputs. Coincident discharge of two or more pre-synaptic neurons within a 5-ms time window increased, in a supra-linear fashion, the probability of a target interneuron’s discharge.” | mechanisms[5] |
| mechanism | dendritic spikes triggered by supersynchronous inputs are offered as a mechanism for that supralinearity— “One mechanism underlying the supralinear summation effect might be the initiation of dendritic spikes triggered by supersynchronous inputs, as shown in hippocampal neurons 30 . Such dendritic boosting may be particularly prominent in certain interneuron types because of the high densities of voltage-gated sodium and potassium ion channels in… | mechanisms[6] |
| mechanism | sequences may reflect a receding assembly handing its content to the next, with lifetimes set by internal mechanisms including short-term plasticity— “A potential interpretation of the orderly sequence of neuronal firing is that firing patterns reflect a neuronal representation of goals and movement trajectories through ‘neuronal reverberation’ 1 , wherein a receding assembly gives rise to another cell assembly, which lasts for a similar duration before passing its representational… | mechanisms[7] |
| replicates | previous studies reporting that short-timescale cross-correlations between neuron pairs vary with behaviour (refs 14-16, 33)— “Similarly to previous studies, we observed that short-term (~5 ms) cross-correlations between pairs of neurons varied as a function of behavior” | claim_relations[0] |
| contradicts | those earlier studies' assumption that behaviourally varying short-latency cross-correlation peaks reflect pyramidal-pyramidal interactions— “In contrast, taking into account physiological criteria to separate excitatory and inhibitory neurons, our analysis indicated that most such short-latency peaks in cross-correlograms were likely to correspond to monosynaptic excitation of GABAergic interneurons by their presynaptic pyramidal cells” | claim_relations[1] |
| extends | prior in vitro observations that excitatory inputs from different sources onto the same interneuron can be depressing or potentiating (refs 2, 5)— “These observations support previous in vitro observations that excitatory inputs from different sources to the same interneuron can possess either depressing or potentiating properties” | claim_relations[2] |
| reinterprets | earlier reports of behaviour-dependent short-term cross-correlations, assumed to reflect pyramidal-to-pyramidal interactions— “In these earlier studies, such short-term effects, often described as ‘functional’ connectivity 34 , were assumed to reflect pyramidal-pyramidal interactions and to correspond to hypothetical physiological mechanisms underlying associative mechanisms, learning, memory or reward expectancy. In contrast, taking into account physiological… | claim_relations[3] |
| extends | in vitro evidence that pyramidal-to-interneuron synapses are plastic over tens to hundreds of milliseconds— “However, in contrast to the large body of experiments that focus on neuronal firing patterns, relatively little empirical research 14 – 16 bears on short-term synaptic plasticity in the intact brain during behavior, and therefore its significance with respect to behavioral and cognitive processes remains largely theoretical.” | claim_relations[4] |
| builds-on | jitter and surrogate methods for separating fine-timescale from broad-timescale synchrony— “To disambiguate multiple-timescale effects, we used jitter techniques 26 to infer monosynaptic connections. Each spike in… | claim_relations[5] |
| critiques | the independence assumption underlying shift-predictor identification of monosynaptic connections | claim_relations[6] |
| sense | MONOSYNAPTIC here is an inference to the simpler explanation, not an observation - the named rival is shared input producing co-firing without any synapse, and the criterion that separates them is TIMESCALE Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[0] |
| sense | the surrogate is built so that its null contains everything EXCEPT the timescale of interest: jittering by ±5 ms preserves firing rates at broader timescales, so what survives cannot be explained by rate variation at tens of milliseconds Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[1] |
| sense | functional synaptic efficacy is defined operationally as the magnitude of excess coincident spikes at short latency - it is a spike-count statistic, not a measured synaptic quantity Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[2] |
| sense | the independence assumption used by the standard shift-predictor approach is rejected here BY NAME, because broad-timescale effects alone can push short-latency co-occurrence above chance Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[3] |
| sense | the confound being controlled is DETECTABILITY rather than the effect: more spikes make a connection easier to detect, so a position-dependent rate would produce position-dependent detection with no change in efficacy Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[4] |
| control | spike trains were jittered at a chosen timescale and the co-firing recomputed, so that only excess co-firing at the FINE timescale survives — held — rules out that a co-firing pair is explained by shared slow input rather than by a monosynaptic connection - co-firing at broad timescales is common without any direct connection Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[0] |
| control | the timing of the interaction was compared against what a passive membrane could produce — held — rules out that the temporal structure is a passive electrical artefact - the membrane time constant or a changing input conductance in the postsynaptic cell Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[1] |
| differs in | the independence assumption underlying shift-predictor identification of monosynaptic connections — THE AXIS IS THE INDEPENDENCE ASSUMPTION, STATED PRECISELY IN THE SPAN. 'Seeking more formal criteria for large scale analysis, a standard approach is to assume that spike trains are independent of one another (that is, precisely, that the response of one neuron is conditionally exchangeable across trials, or shifts...).' The shift predictor is not wrong as arithmetic; it rests on an assumption the paper names in its formal form. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[6] |
| note | monosynaptic —operationalised-as→ cross-correlogram — it can ONLY be inferred indirectly from an extracellular signal - the paper opens the section by saying so Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[0] |
| note | facilitation —contrasted-with→ depression — both found, and elsewhere BOTH ON ONE POSTSYNAPTIC CELL from different presynaptic partners, which is what rules out passive membrane properties Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[8] |
| note | cell assemblies —part-of→ mPFC — distributed across a large volume with no spatial clustering of similar tuning Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[11] |
| weight | cell assemblies —part-of→ mPFC — 0.8 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[11] |
| outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation) | control — held | controls[0] |
| outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation) | control — held | controls[1] |
| for which use | limitation — any population-level or connectivity claim: ONLY A SMALL PERCENTAGE OF NEURONS AND THEIR CONNECTIONS COULD BE MONITORED IN OUR STUDY Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[0] |
| for which use | limitation — every reported synaptic connection: MONOSYNAPTIC INTERACTIONS CAN ONLY BE INDIRECTLY INFERRED FROM AN EXTRACELLULAR SIGNAL - inferred, not measured Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[1] |
| for which use | limitation — the absence of weak pyramidal-to-pyramidal effects specifically: THE CROSS-CORRELATION METHOD MAY NOT RELIABLY DETECT AND ANALYZE WEAK EXCITATORY INTERACTIONS AMONG PRINCIPAL CELLS - a null here is not evidence of absence Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[2] |
| for which use | limitation — the significance values themselves: CHOOSING THE SIZE OF THE JITTER WINDOW WAS A MATTER OF JUDGMENT, AND THIS SHOULD BE KEPT IN MIND IN THE LITERAL INTERPRETATION OF SIGNIFICANCE Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[3] |
| for which use | limitation — the position-dependence analysis: OUR APPROACH HERE IS EXAMPLE-BASED, AND WE DID NOT EXPLICITLY COMPUTE MULTIPLE-COMPARISONS CONTROLS ACROSS CELLS Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[4] |
| for which use | limitation — the population firing-rate estimates only: THE PRESENT ESTIMATES SHOULD BE CONFIRMED BY FUTURE STUDIES USING MORE DIRECT METHODS Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[5] |
| for which use | limitation — the same scope as limitations[0], with the added reason that most neurons are silent or sparsely active and so never enter the sample Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[6] |
| for which use | limitation — the same scope as limitations[2] Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[7] |
| for which use | limitation — any use of the cell-type composition as an anatomical estimate: the observed ratio IS LOWER THAN would be expected from anatomy, and the authors attribute the difference to the recording method Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[8] |
| for which use | limitation — the layer difference in trajectory selectivity: the authors report it with the caveat that firing-rate differences between layers could contribute to the effect Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[9] |
| evidential status | mechanism — the paper's own words: We hypothesize that Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | mechanisms[0] |
| replication | untested | |
| no type for this | variation in firing rates → detectability — RULED OUT BY THE AUTHORS AS AN EXPLANATION: because spikes are uniformly distributed across maze positions, the observed differences in monosynaptic activity are LESS LIKELY TO BE DUE TO firing-rate variation acting on detectability. A control argument, not a relation that holds - and no edge type can say a relation FAILS. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | unhoused_relations[0] |
| limitation | Only a small, possibly unrepresentative fraction of neurons and connections could be observed. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[0] |
| limitation | Synaptic connections are inferred indirectly from extracellular cross-correlograms, not measured. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[1] |
| limitation | The cross-correlation method is insensitive to weak pyramidal-to-pyramidal interactions. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[2] |
| limitation | The jitter window size was a judgement call, which qualifies literal reading of the significance values. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[3] |
| limitation | The position-dependence analysis is example-based, without corrections for multiple comparisons across cells. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[4] |
| limitation | The population firing-rate estimates need confirmation by more direct methods. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[5] |
| limitation | only a small percentage of neurons could be monitored, most are silent or sparsely active, and the population estimates are stated to need more direct methods Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[6] |
| limitation | the cross-correlation method may not reliably detect weak excitatory interactions between principal cells, though it works for principal-to-interneuron connections Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[7] |
| limitation | the observed principal-to-interneuron ratio is lower than anatomy predicts, attributed to the recording method or to silent principal cells Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[8] |
| limitation | the layer difference in trajectory selectivity is reported with the caveat that firing rate differences could influence it Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[9] |
finding · quantity · variable · definition · key-term — grounded in the full text| finding | On the seconds timescale, transiently active mPFC neurons formed sequences that reliably distinguished the rat's left and right maze trajectories. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[0] |
| finding | On the millisecond timescale, the efficacy of putative monosynaptic connections was modulated by task phase even after firing-rate co-variation was statistically accounted for. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[1] |
| finding | Roughly equal fractions of connected pairs showed firing-pattern-dependent synaptic depression and facilitation in the behaving animal. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[2] |
| finding | Presynaptic spikes coinciding within 5 ms drove the postsynaptic interneuron supralinearly, more than the sum of their separate effects. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[3] |
| finding | 16-18% of neurons also fired differentially in the central arm, where movement trajectories and head directions were apparently indistinguishable. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[4] |
| finding | Putative connection probability fell rapidly with the distance between somata. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[5] |
| finding | Information in mPFC appears sparsely encoded by cell assemblies spread over a large volume. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[6] |
| finding | monosynaptic efficacy varied with position in the maze and with left versus right trajectory rather than staying constant Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[7] |
| finding | 67 of 343 pairs with significant excitatory connections showed identifiable position dependence Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[8] |
| finding | 495 of 62,408 directed cell pairs, 0.79 percent, had significant short-latency narrow peaks or troughs Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[9] |
| finding | connection probability fell rapidly with distance but connections were found up to 1,200 micrometres apart Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[10] |
| finding | THE INFERENCE IS TO THE SIMPLER EXPLANATION: the named rival is co-firing from shared input with no synapse, and the discriminator is timescale Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[11] |
| finding | THE STANDARD ASSUMPTION IS REJECTED BY NAME: under independence, broad-timescale effects alone can raise short-latency co-occurrence above chance Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[12] |
| finding | and an informal observation is given as further reason: the independence approach reliably yields ambiguous putative connections Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[13] |
| finding | each spike in each neuron was randomly and independently perturbed on a uniform interval of [-5,+5] ms, repeated independently 1,000 times to form the surrogate data sets Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[14] |
| finding | THE NULL IS BUILT TO CONTAIN EVERYTHING BUT THE TIMESCALE OF INTEREST: jittering preserves broader-timescale rates, so what survives cannot be rate variation at tens of milliseconds Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[15] |
| finding | THE CONFOUND IS DETECTABILITY: more spikes make a connection easier to detect, so a position-dependent rate could fake a position-dependent efficacy Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[16] |
| finding | SO DATA WERE DISCARDED TO REMOVE IT: spikes were deleted at random until rates were flat to within ten percent across maze segments, and the analysis rerun Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[17] |
| finding | the argument being that with spikes uniform across positions, a remaining position dependence is unlikely to be a power effect Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[18] |
| finding | and the conclusion survived thinning in several cases Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[19] |
| finding | in some pairs thinning was unnecessary because rates were already flat while coincidences were confined to part of the maze Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[20] |
| finding | A PRIOR LITERATURE REATTRIBUTED: earlier work read such peaks as pyramidal-to-pyramidal, and physiological classification makes them mostly pyramidal-to-interneuron Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[21] |
| finding | neurons fired differentially by trajectory already in the central arm, where movement and head direction were indistinguishable Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[22] |
| finding | the neuron already showed goal-specific elevated firing in the central arm, suggestive of goal representation Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[23] |
| finding | a lingering-odour confound was ruled out: stem-area differential firing showed no reliable relationship with nose-poke firing Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[24] |
| finding | and previous-trial reward position left only sparse traces in firing Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[25] |
| finding | environmental and motor differences alone cannot fully account for mPFC activity Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[26] |
| finding | individual cells fired at specific locations while the population as a whole fired uniformly over the apparatus Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[27] |
| finding | one presynaptic partner's activity reduced its control of an interneuron while another's increased it, on the same cell Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[28] |
| finding | which argues for synaptic mechanisms rather than passive membrane properties Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[29] |
| finding | coincident presynaptic discharge within 5 ms raised target firing probability supralinearly Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[30] |
| finding | THE SILENT MAJORITY ACKNOWLEDGED: only about 10 to 25 percent of neurons in the sampled volume were active enough to cluster, and the estimates are said to need more direct methods Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[31] |
| finding | the principal-to-interneuron ratio of 2.82 is lower than anatomy predicts, attributed to the method or to silent principal cells Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[32] |
| finding | 633 units were recorded from anterior cingulate and dorsal prelimbic cortex in four rats Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[33] |
| finding | rats performed at 92 percent correct at the time of recording Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[34] |
| quantity | 633 — Total well-isolated single units recorded from medial prefrontal cortex across four rats Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[0] |
| quantity | 495 (0.79%) of 62,408 — Cell pairs showing significant short-latency cross-correlogram peaks or troughs, i.e. putative monosynaptic connections Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[1] |
| quantity | 2.82 ± 0.51 — Physiologically identified ratio of putative principal cells to inhibitory interneurons Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[2] |
| quantity | 67 of 343 — Excitatory monosynaptic pairs showing statistically identifiable position dependence of their interaction Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[3] |
| quantity | 12.7% and 10.7% — Proportions of neuron pairs showing firing-pattern-dependent depression and facilitation respectively Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[4] |
| quantity | 92% correct — Mean behavioural accuracy of the rats on the odour-place matching task at the time of recording Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[5] |
| quantity | 40% versus 22% — Fraction of trajectory-selective neurons in the side arms in layer 5 versus layer 2/3 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[6] |
| quantity | 0.27 (62 cm) ± 0.17 (39 cm) — Mean standardized maze distance over which an individual neuron remained active (its firing 'lifetime') Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[7] |
| quantity | 0.79% — share of directed cell pairs with a significant short-latency peak or trough Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[8] |
| quantity | 67 of 343 — excitatory pairs showing position-dependent monosynaptic interaction Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[9] |
| quantity | 1,200 μm — the greatest separation at which a connection was detected Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[10] |
| quantity | 2.82 ± 0.51 — observed principal-to-interneuron ratio, against about 4 from anatomy Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[11] |
| quantity | 92% correct — behavioural performance during recording Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[12] |
| variable | position in the maze (independent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[1] |
| variable | jittered data sets (control) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[5] |
| variable | firing rates Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[7] |
| variable | trajectory Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[8] |
| definition | functional synaptic efficacy Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[0] |
| definition | spike train Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[1] |
| definition | coincident-time offset spike Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[2] |
| definition | surrogate data set Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[3] |
| definition | monosynaptic Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[4] |
| definition | jitter Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[5] |
| definition | thinning Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[6] |
| key-terms | monosynaptic, cross-correlogram, jitter, thinning, power, firing rates, mPFC, pyramidal, interneuron, short-term plasticity, facilitation, depression, supralinear, cell assemblies, trajectory, central arm |
| concept | supralinear — not defined in this paper's own words; the coincidence effect on postsynaptic firing Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[12] |
| concept | dendritic spikes — not defined in this paper's own words; the proposed basis of supralinearity Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[19] |
| resampling / surrogate data methods | as written: Resampling methods Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[0] |
| permutation test P | as written: permutation test (shuffling the first spike, second~ spike labels Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[1] |
| spike-jitter resampling for cross-correlogram significance | as written: randomly and independently perturbed (or ‘jittered’) on a uniform interval of [−5,+5] ms Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[2] |
| kernel density estimation σ | as written: gaussian kernels of bandwidth σ = 0.05 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[3] |
| multiple-comparison correction (family-wise error rate) FWER | as written: (global or family-wise) error rate (FWER) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[4] |
| confidence interval | as written: (Exact) Clopper-Pearson confidence intervals Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[5] |
| t-test P | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[6] |
| standard deviation s.d. | as written: (mean ± s.d.) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[7] |
| randomization by thinning (statistical power control) | as written: heuristic randomization argument based on thinning Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[8] |
| cross-correlation | as written: cross-correlograms Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[9] |
| jitter | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[10] |
| Clopper-Pearson confidence intervals | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[11] |
| claim type | existence — a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value; recorded: mechanism Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | alternatives.claim_type |
| method | eight-shank silicon probe recording with jitter-surrogate cross-correlogram analysis and a spike-thinning control for detection power — a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value; recorded: electrophysiology Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | alternatives.method |
| phenomenon | excess short-latency coincident spiking between a pyramidal cell and an interneuron, changing systematically across the maze — a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value; recorded: behaviour-dependent short-term synaptic plasticity in prefrontal cortex Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | alternatives.phenomenon |
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