phenomenon · claim-type · cross-domain-transfer · mechanism · claim-relation · replication-status · limitation — grounded in the full text| phenomenon | word recognition and repetition effects in the anteroventral temporal lobe— “The anteroventral temporal lobe integrates visual, lexical, semantic and mnestic aspects of word-processing, through its reciprocal connections with the ventral visual stream, language areas, and the hippocampal formation.” | |
| claim-type | mechanism— “These results identify a sequence of physiological activation, beginning with a sharp activation from lower level visual areas carrying specific information to middle layers.” | |
| method — evidence | — “We used linear microelectrode arrays to probe population synaptic currents and neuronal firing in different cortical layers of the anteroventral temporal lobe, during semantic judgments with implicit priming, and overt word recognition.” | |
| object of study — evidence | — “We used linear microelectrode arrays to probe population synaptic currents and neuronal firing in different cortical layers of the anteroventral temporal lobe, during semantic judgments with implicit priming, and overt word recognition. Since different extrinsic and associative inputs preferentially target different cortical layers, this… | |
| research question — evidence | — “However, the spatial resolution of ERP/MEG, or even intracranial macro-electrode recordings, is insufficient to determine if widespread extended areas are truly active during this entire period, or if different areas are active at different latencies but they are too close to be resolved. Similarly, these techniques lack the physiological… | |
| contribution — evidence | — “The initial response in inferotemporal and perirhinal cortices is a brief current sink beginning at ~120ms, and peaking at ~170ms. Localization of this initial sink to middle layers suggests that it represents feedforward input from lower visual areas, and simultaneously increased firing implies that it represents excitatory synaptic… | |
| transfer | from animal laminar electrophysiology: the finding that feedforward and feedback information flow tends to involve different cortical layers, which is what lets the laminar data lead to hypotheses about the sequence of network interactions— “The current study used a novel technique in humans that is capable of localizing transmembrane currents and multiunit activity not only to particular cortical areas, but also to different layers in those areas. Since feedforward and feedback information flow tends to involve different cortical layers ( Barbas and Rempel-Clower, 1997… | transfers[0] |
| transfer | from volume conduction physics: the forward model that turns a laminar current pattern into a predicted surface potential— “The local and distant ERPs and MEG produced by a cortical column can be directly estimated from its laminar CSD pattern. Specifically, in IT and PR, the initial sharp sink in layer IV combined with a source in layers II/III would be expected to produce a surface positive local field potential peaking shortly before 200ms, whereas the late… | transfers[1] |
| transfer | from clinical epilepsy monitoring: the electrodes themselves, placed for a purpose unrelated to the question— “Three patients with long-standing pharmaco-resistant complex partial seizures participated after fully informed consent according to NIH guidelines as monitored by the local Institutional Review Board. Participants were implanted with depth electrodes ( fig. 1 ) in order to localize their seizure focus and thus direct surgical treatment… | transfers[2] |
| transfer | from macaque single-unit physiology: the sequential-then-simultaneous account of ventral stream activation, and the dispute about it— “These issues have been partially addressed in macaques, where the latencies and durations of unit responses in ventral visual stream areas imply their sequential then simultaneous activation, and the delayed onset of distinctive unit responses to certain visual stimulus distinctions suggests that some processing may require feedback… | transfers[3] |
| mechanism | successive laminar sinks track a shift in which afferents dominate: first feedforward input from lower visual areas into middle layers, then local and top-down associative input onto superficial layers— “These studies suggest that the initial middle layer sink noted in the current study represents excitatory input from lower cortical areas; the following middle layer sink represents a period when the predominant excitatory input is feedforward; and the final superficial layer sink a period when top-down and local association afferents… | mechanisms[0] |
| mechanism | the first feedforward volley is too brief to unblock NMDA receptors, so it cannot support plasticity and therefore cannot show repetition effects— “This initial sink probably mainly reflects glutaminergic activation of kainate receptors; the sink is too brief to dislodge the Mg++ ions blocking N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors.” | mechanisms[1] |
| mechanism | repetition effects emerge from sustained polysynaptic interaction across an extended cortical network rather than from local plasticity at one synapse— “The repetition effect seems to arise out of a sustained poly-synaptic interaction of an extended trans-cortical network, rather than focal plasticity in a small specific antecedent cell-group.” | mechanisms[2] |
| mechanism | the late component of repetition suppression is produced by withdrawal of excitatory drive onto deep cortical layers, seen as a simultaneous collapse of the deep sink and the deep-layer firing— “This sink greatly decreases (and may even invert to a source) for old words at ~500ms, at the same time that the MUA also becomes markedly smaller to old words, suggesting that the later part of the repetition effect is associated with a decreased excitatory drive to the lower cortical layers.” | mechanisms[3] |
| mechanism | the lateral-to-medial reversal of the repetition sign marks a division of labor, with lateral avTL supporting facilitated (primed) processing and entorhinal cortex supporting active recollective retrieval— “Repetition-suppression in IT and PR, with repetition-enhancement in ER, suggests that the former may be more involved in incidental priming embedded in semantic processing, whereas the later is more involved in active retrieval.” | mechanisms[4] |
| mechanism | an initial sink in the middle layers is read as feedforward input from lower visual areas, because those layers are where such input terminates— “The current study used a novel technique in humans that is capable of localizing transmembrane currents and multiunit activity not only to particular cortical areas, but also to different layers in those areas. Since feedforward and feedback information flow tends to involve different cortical layers ( Barbas and Rempel-Clower, 1997… | mechanisms[5] |
| mechanism | and the concurrent increase in firing is what makes it excitatory rather than inhibitory, since a sink alone does not decide that— “The initial response in inferotemporal and perirhinal cortices is a brief current sink beginning at ~120ms, and peaking at ~170ms. Localization of this initial sink to middle layers suggests that it represents feedforward input from lower visual areas, and simultaneously increased firing implies that it represents excitatory synaptic… | mechanisms[6] |
| mechanism | the later superficial focus is read as local and feedback associative input, which is where those afferents terminate— “Specific studies of the avTL in animals tend to confirm the general plan of cortical connectivity noted above ( Lavenex et al., 2004 ). Laminar recordings in PR (BA36) to neocortical stimulation in the isolated guinea pig brain show an initial middle layer current sink, followed by a superficial layer sink (together with middle layer source).… | mechanisms[7] |
| mechanism | and the medial structure shows two or three sinks at once, which may follow from its superficial and deep layers being anatomically distinct and physiologically somewhat isolated— “Compared to IT and PR, where a single sink appeared to dominate cortical activity at any given post-stimulus time, two or even three sinks were often simultaneously present in ER. This may reflect the fact that the superficial and deep layers of ER have quite distinct anatomical connectivity, are separated by a cell-free ‘lamina dissecans,’… | mechanisms[8] |
| replicates | Miller and Desimone, 1994; Xiang and Brown, 1998 (macaque repetition suppression)— “Decreased firing confirms similar results in macaques ( Miller and Desimone, 1994 ; Xiang and Brown, 1998 ), and is consistent with the decreased hemodynamic activity evoked by repeated words in this area in humans ( Buckner et al., 2000 ).” | claim_relations[0] |
| builds-on | Halgren et al., 1994; Smith et al., 1986 (intracranial macro-electrode avTL recordings)— “Consistent with the CSD pattern described above, intracranial depth electrode macro-recordings from the human avTL during the Word Recognition task typically record potentials peaking at ~200, ~400 and ~600ms ( Halgren et al., 1994 ; Smith et al., 1986 ).” | claim_relations[1] |
| distinguishes-from | scalp and macroelectrode recordings, which cannot resolve whether sustained activity is one process or several— “However, the spatial resolution of ERP/MEG, or even intracranial macro-electrode recordings, is insufficient to determine if widespread extended areas are truly active during this entire period, or if different areas are active at different latencies but they are too close to be resolved. Similarly, these techniques lack the physiological… | claim_relations[2] |
| supports | the canonical cortical circuit, in which a middle-layer sink is followed by a superficial one across modalities and species— “This basic pattern of an initial layer IV sink followed by a sink in more superficial cortical layers has been repeatedly observed in response to visual… | claim_relations[3] |
| confirms | the repetition suppression of firing reported in macaque temporal cortex and of haemodynamic activity in humans Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[4] |
| reconciles | the opposite polarities recorded above and below the ventral temporal surface, by deriving both from one laminar pattern Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[5] |
| qualifies | the assumption that a fixed relationship holds between synaptic currents, spikes and haemodynamics Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[6] |
| extends | the guinea pig laminar result that the initial sink is monosynaptic and the later one polysynaptic, to human word processing Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[7] |
| sense | THE SAMPLE WAS CHOSEN BY SOMEONE ELSE'S PURPOSE: the decision to implant, the electrode targets and the duration of implantation were made ENTIRELY ON CLINICAL GROUNDS WITHOUT REFERENCE TO THIS EXPERIMENT Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[0] |
| sense | THREE AMBIGUITIES IN THE STANDARD MEASURE, ENUMERATED: it cannot tell sustained widespread activity from separate areas too close to resolve, it cannot tell inhibition from excitation so simultaneous activity could be either, and the presynaptic cell of origin is difficult to infer Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[1] |
| sense | THE CORTICAL LAYER IS THE INFERENCE: since feedforward and feedback information flow tends to involve different layers, the laminar data lead to hypotheses about which is active Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[2] |
| sense | and two measures are combined to remove an ambiguity neither removes alone - the sink says where, the simultaneous firing says that it is excitatory Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[3] |
| sense | A FORWARD MODEL THAT JOINS THREE INSTRUMENTS AT THREE SCALES: the laminar pattern is used to PREDICT the surface potential, giving a positive peak near 200 ms, a variable one near 400 and a negative one near 600 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[4] |
| sense | and the prediction matches what macroelectrodes actually record, so non-invasive magnetic recording, intracranial macroelectrodes and laminar arrays give a CONSISTENT MULTI-RESOLUTION VIEW of the same component Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[5] |
| sense | THE SIGN OF A PUBLISHED COMPONENT DEPENDS ON WHICH SIDE OF THE TISSUE THE ELECTRODE IS: the same potential is negative above the ventral surface and positive when recorded by subdural strips immediately below it, and the geometry explains both Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[6] |
| sense | THE RELATION BETWEEN TWO MEASURES IS NOT FIXED: here the sustained response carries the effects seen with haemodynamics, while in another area it is the phasic response that matches - so the relationship MAY VARY BETWEEN TASKS AND LOCATION Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[7] |
| sense | THREE REASONS THE CROSS-SPECIES COMPARISON CANNOT SETTLE THE DISPUTE: the physiological measures differ, macaques lack language, and the areas expanded substantially in evolution Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[8] |
| sense | AND THE EARLIER RESULTS SURVIVE A RIVAL READING: because fields from different sources superimpose in magnetic and macroelectrode recordings, the same data are consistent with the temporal components arising in different regions Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[9] |
| sense | THE SAME-COLUMN CLAIM IS LICENSED BY A SIMULATED DECAY CONSTANT: amplitude falls tenfold in about 250 micrometers, which is what lets multiple stages be called properties of one microdomain Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[10] |
| sense | AND THE SAME TRANSITION TAKES 500 MS HERE AND 20 MS IN INTERICTAL SPIKES - the same tissue and the same measure, twenty-five times apart depending on what drives it Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[11] |
| sense | OPPOSITE-SIGNED EFFECTS IN ADJACENT STRUCTURES: repetition suppresses the lateral areas and enhances the medial one, which is read as incidental priming against active retrieval Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[12] |
| sense | and the effect is absent from the first 100 ms, which is taken to mean it arises from sustained interaction across a network rather than focal plasticity in one antecedent cell group Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[13] |
| sense | with the model systems declared possibly unable to show it - the human interactions may be selective and information-specific in a way that electrical stimulation in anesthetized animals or in vitro cannot replicate Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[14] |
| control | the learning-versus-retrieval comparison re-run on NEW words only - new words during learning against new words during recognition testing — held — rules out repetition as the explanation of the larger retrieval response - if only new words are compared, nothing in either condition has been seen before Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[0] |
| control | a test with the formal properties of the memory tasks - visual presentation, key-press response - but with no words and no word repetition — held — rules out the stimulus-response furniture of the testing situation: that entorhinal activity reflects looking at something and pressing a key rather than remembering Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[1] |
| differs in | scalp and macroelectrode recordings, which cannot resolve whether sustained activity is one process or several — THE AXIS IS WHAT THE MEASUREMENT CAN RESOLVE, NOT WHAT HAPPENED. 'the spatial resolution of ERP/MEG, or even intracranial macro-electrode recordings, is insufficient to determine if widespread extended areas are truly active during this entire period, or if different areas are active at different latencies but they are too close to be resolved.' Two accounts that predict the same recording, separated by an instrument nobody has - the missing-experiment shape, stated as a resolution limit. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[2] |
| differs in | the assumption that a fixed relationship holds between synaptic currents, spikes and haemodynamics — THE AXIS IS THE TIME WINDOW. 'The repetition-induced decrease in IT and PR reported here was not present in the initial ~100ms of the response.' The fixed relationship between synaptic currents and spiking is qualified for one epoch and left standing for the rest. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[6] |
| audit | sink —part-of→ layer — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its span and kept, but the span localizes the initial sink to middle layers; part-of 'layer' is loose. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[2] |
| note | sink —part-of→ layer — AND TWO MEASURES REMOVE AN AMBIGUITY NEITHER REMOVES ALONE: the sink says where, the SIMULTANEOUS FIRING says it is excitatory Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[2] |
| audit | entorhinal —causes→ retrieval — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its span and kept, but the span is cut before entorhinal activity is linked to retrieval. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[6] |
| audit | EPSC —operationalised-as→ sink — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its span and kept, but the span interprets the sink as reflecting EPSCs; operationalised-as is loose. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[21] |
| note | EPSC —operationalised-as→ sink — a phasic middle-layer current first, then long-lasting ones first in the middle and later in the superficial layers Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[21] |
| note | CSD —causes→ MEG — A FORWARD MODEL THAT JOINS THREE INSTRUMENTS: the laminar pattern is used to PREDICT the surface potential, positive near 200 ms, variable near 400, negative near 600 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[28] |
| audit | column —operationalised-as→ CSD — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its span and kept, but the span says column ERPs can be estimated from laminar CSD; operationalised-as is loose. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[30] |
| audit | distance —causes→ CSD — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its span and kept, but the span says CSD declines steeply with distance; the edge carries no direction. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[38] |
| note | distance —causes→ CSD — THE SAME-COLUMN CLAIM IS LICENSED BY A SIMULATED DECAY CONSTANT: tenfold in about 250 micrometers Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[38] |
| effect direction | repetition —causes→ firing — reduces Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[41] |
| holds when | repetition —causes→ firing — regardless of whether repetition was task-relevant; the effect was largest when repetition was implicit Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[41] |
| note | repetition —causes→ firing — and the effect is LARGEST when the repetition is implicit, presumably because encoding was deeper then Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[41] |
| outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation) | control — held | controls[0] |
| outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation) | control — held | controls[1] |
| replication | untested | |
| limitation | Only one laminar probe per subject was used, so the entorhinal repetition enhancement might be idiosyncratic to that patient. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[0] |
| limitation | The entorhinal repetition-enhancement finding requires further replication. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[1] |
| limitation | The CSD analysis is probably blind to synaptic activity on layer IV stellate cells. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[2] |
| limitation | behavioral data for the Size Judgment task, the main implicit priming task, were lost. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[3] |
| limitation | the electrode targets and the duration of implantation were decided on clinical grounds with no reference to this experiment Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[4] |
| limitation | the earlier non-invasive results remain consistent with a different account, because fields from separate sources superimpose in those recordings Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[5] |
| limitation | the relation of unit responses in macaques to field potentials in humans is unknown, for three separate reasons Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[6] |
| limitation | and the relationship between synaptic currents, action potentials and haemodynamics may vary between tasks and locations Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[7] |
finding · quantity · variable · definition · key-term — grounded in the full text| finding | In all tasks, word-evoked activity began with a sharp current sink in putative layer IV arising abruptly from baseline. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[0] |
| finding | Evoked activity was identical to new and old words for the first ~100 ms. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[1] |
| finding | Repetition effects appeared only from ~220 ms onward, as a prolongation of the layer IV sink to new words. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[2] |
| finding | Repetition suppressed the layer IV synaptic sink in IT and the deep-layer firing in PR. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[3] |
| finding | Entorhinal cortex showed the opposite sign of effect: synaptic currents and firing were larger to repeated words. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[4] |
| finding | Entorhinal current sinks were much smaller during learning than during retrieval. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[5] |
| finding | Multiple processing stages over hundreds of ms are generated within the same IT, PR and EC microdomains, roughly the size of a cortical column. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[6] |
| finding | Simultaneously increasing multi-unit firing showed that the recorded current sinks are excitatory synaptic currents rather than passive returns of an inhibitory current elsewhere. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[7] |
| finding | The MUA response in the visuomotor task was a brief decrease from baseline, while during word recognition it was a prolonged increase. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[8] |
| finding | Repetition effects in PR were similar whether repeated words were recognition targets or incidental to a size-judgment task. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[9] |
| finding | different extrinsic and associative inputs target different cortical layers, which is what makes layer resolution into stage resolution Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[10] |
| finding | the initial sink begins about 120 ms and peaks about 170, and the focus alternates between middle and superficial layers until about 800 ms Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[11] |
| finding | AND TWO MEASURES REMOVE AN AMBIGUITY NEITHER REMOVES ALONE: the sink says where, the simultaneous firing says it is excitatory Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[12] |
| finding | repetition does NOT affect the initial middle-layer sink and DOES decrease the later activity Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[13] |
| finding | THREE AMBIGUITIES IN THE STANDARD MEASURE, ENUMERATED: one process or several too close to resolve, inhibition or excitation, and which presynaptic cell Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[14] |
| finding | THREE REASONS THE CROSS-SPECIES COMPARISON CANNOT SETTLE THE DISPUTE: different measures, no language in macaques, and evolutionary expansion of the areas Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[15] |
| finding | THE CORTICAL LAYER IS THE INFERENCE: since the two modes involve different layers, the laminar data lead to hypotheses about which is active Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[16] |
| finding | with repetition studied both overtly and implicitly, embedded inside a semantic task Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[17] |
| finding | THE SAMPLE WAS CHOSEN BY SOMEONE ELSE'S PURPOSE: targets and duration decided entirely on clinical grounds without reference to this experiment Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[18] |
| finding | OPPOSITE-SIGNED EFFECTS IN ADJACENT STRUCTURES: repetition suppresses the lateral areas and enhances the medial one Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[19] |
| finding | a phasic middle-layer current first, then long-lasting ones first in the middle and later in the superficial layers Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[20] |
| finding | the same pattern is seen for visual, somatosensory and auditory input in animals, which is what makes the circuit canonical Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[21] |
| finding | with the animal work supplying the reading - initial sink monosynaptic, later sink polysynaptic Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[22] |
| finding | AND THE DELAY FOR THE SINK TO RISE FROM MIDDLE TO UPPER CORTICAL LAYERS WAS AS LONG AS ~500 ms in the current study, whereas in human interictal spikes it is ~20ms Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[23] |
| finding | two or three sinks are present at once in the medial structure, whose superficial and deep layers are separated by a cell-free lamina Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[24] |
| finding | with the model systems declared possibly unable to reproduce it Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[25] |
| finding | A FORWARD MODEL THAT JOINS THREE INSTRUMENTS: the laminar pattern predicts a positive surface peak near 200 ms, a variable one near 400 and a negative one near 600 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[26] |
| finding | THE SIGN OF A PUBLISHED COMPONENT DEPENDS ON WHICH SIDE OF THE TISSUE THE ELECTRODE IS, and one laminar pattern explains both Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[27] |
| finding | AND THE PREDICTION HOLDS: three methods at three scales give a consistent multi-resolution view of the same component Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[28] |
| finding | AND THE EARLIER RESULTS SURVIVE A RIVAL READING, because fields from different sources superimpose Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[29] |
| finding | THE SAME-COLUMN CLAIM IS LICENSED BY A SIMULATED DECAY CONSTANT: tenfold in about 250 micrometers Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[30] |
| finding | and other structures are active throughout, so the column is one participant in an extended network Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[31] |
| finding | the repetition effect was largest when repetition was implicit, presumably because encoding was deeper Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[32] |
| finding | THE RELATION BETWEEN TWO MEASURES IS NOT FIXED: the sustained response carries the effects here, the phasic one in another area, so the relationship may vary between tasks and location Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[33] |
| quantity | 111 of 120 — repeating words correctly detected by patient 2 in the Word Recognition task, at a mean reaction time of 762 ms Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[0] |
| quantity | ~120ms — latency at which the laminar response first differed significantly from baseline Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[1] |
| quantity | ten fold in ~250μm — simulated fall-off of CSD amplitude with distance, the basis for claiming column-level localization Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[2] |
| quantity | ~250μm — the distance over which the signal falls tenfold - the simulated constant that licenses calling multiple stages properties of one column Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[3] |
| quantity | ~500 ms — the delay for the sink to rise from middle to upper cortical layers in the current study, whereas in human interictal spikes it is ~20ms Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[4] |
| quantity | ~120ms — the onset of the initial middle-layer sink, peaking near 170 ms Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[5] |
| variable | cortical layer (independent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[2] |
| variable | CSD (dependent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[3] |
| variable | population neuronal firing (dependent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[4] |
| variable | sink Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[6] |
| variable | latency Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[7] |
| variable | polarity Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[8] |
| variable | repetition Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[9] |
| definition | anteroventral temporal lobe (avTL) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[0] |
| definition | CSD analysis Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[1] |
| definition | population neuronal firing Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[2] |
| definition | current sink Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[3] |
| definition | N400 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[4] |
| definition | ‘countercurrent’ pattern Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[5] |
| definition | CSD Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[6] |
| definition | sink Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[7] |
| definition | N400 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[8] |
| definition | column Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[9] |
| key-terms | inferotemporal, perirhinal, entorhinal, avTL, layer, column, cortical, pyramidal, granule, sink, CSD, MUA, EPSC, firing, excitation, inhibition, resolution, MEG, fMRI, hemodynamic, microelectrode, potential, polarity, peak, N400, latency, feedforward, feedback, association, network, superimpose, distance, simulation, repetition, retrieval, memory, hippocampal, semantic, word, stimulus, task, macaque, patient, clinical, implant |
| concept | inferotemporal — not defined in this paper's own words; the most lateral of the three recorded areas Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[0] |
| concept | firing — not defined in this paper's own words; the disambiguating measure Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[13] |
| concept | repetition — not defined in this paper's own words; the manipulation Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[33] |
| concept | word — the stimulus Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[38] |
| t-test | as written: a t-test of values from individual trials Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[0] |
| one-sample t-test | as written: 1-sample t-tests Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[1] |
| statistical-significance | as written: Threshold was set at p<0.01 (2-tailed) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[2] |
| standard deviation | as written: mean±std dev Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[3] |
| CSD | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[4] |
| simulations | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[5] |
| claim type | mechanism — a second reading reaching the same value; recorded: mechanism Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | alternatives.claim_type |
| method | current source density and multiunit activity resolved across cortical layers, with the laminar pattern used to predict what the surface potential should look like — a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value; recorded: electrophysiology Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | alternatives.method |
| phenomenon | the multi-stage cortical response to a word, and its repetition effects — a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value; recorded: word recognition and repetition effects in the anteroventral temporal lobe Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | alternatives.phenomenon |
When we have changed our mind. Some entries in the table begin with a word in capitals and the reason for it. EVIDENCE CORRECTED — the finding still stands, but we had quoted the wrong sentence from the paper, and the quotation has been replaced with the right one. RETRACTED — the entry itself was wrong; it stays on the page, marked, with the reason, rather than being deleted. WITHDRAWN AND REPLACED — the entry was wrong, and a corrected version of it appears in the entries below. Each mark carries its own reason, in brackets, because the reasons differ from one entry to the next. An entry we have WITHDRAWN is removed from this page and kept in the record, with its reason. A line reading Audit and a date is a later re-reading of the entry against its whole sentence: DOUBTFUL means it was kept, and the reason says what is loose about it. Quotation marks inside the tagger's sentence. Where a tag is the tagger's own sentence, a phrase in quotation marks inside it is borrowed from the paper — the tagger's wording around it is not. The paper's own sentence is the evidence quote for that row; on this page it is withheld with the article, and the article is at its publisher. Nothing inside quotation marks anywhere on this page is ours: if it is quoted, it is the paper's. Whose words a concept carries. A concept entry records a term the paper itself uses, so the term, the sense given for it, and its evidence are the paper's own words, quoted where the paper fixes them. This is the opposite of a sense entry in the tag table, which is the tagger's sentence about how the paper uses a term. Where a concept entry could not be grounded in the paper's words, the entry says so on its own row.
Tag layer © the Meta-Tagging Project, CC BY 4.0. The paper text is © its authors/publisher
and is linked, not reproduced. Excerpts shown are short quotations for identification and verification.
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