phenomenon · claim-type · cross-domain-transfer · mechanism · claim-relation · replication-status · limitation — grounded in the full text| phenomenon | evidence accumulation in perceptual decision-making— “Gradual accumulation of evidence is thought to be fundamental for decision-making, and its neural correlates have been found in multiple brain regions 1 – 8 .” | |
| claim-type | mechanism— “However, tuning curve assays revealed that while the PPC encodes a graded value of the accumulating evidence, the FOF has a more categorical encoding that indicates, throughout the trial, the decision provisionally favored by the evidence accumulated so far.” | |
| method — evidence | — “We recorded the firing rates of neurons in PPC and FOF from rats performing a perceptual decision-making task.” | |
| object of study — evidence | — “Here we develop a generalizable method to measure tuning curves that specify the relationship between neural responses and mentally-accumulated evidence, and apply it to distinguish the encoding of decision variables in posterior parietal cortex (PPC) and prefrontal cortex (frontal orienting fields, FOF).” | |
| research question — evidence | — “Contrary to current views 3 , 5 , 7 – 9 , this suggests that premotor activity in frontal cortex does not play a role in the accumulation process, but instead has a more categorical function, such as transforming accumulated evidence into a discrete choice.” | |
| contribution — evidence | — “Classical analyses uncovered correlates of accumulating evidence, similar to previous observations in primates and also similar across the two regions. However, tuning curve assays revealed that while the PPC encodes a graded value of the accumulating evidence, the FOF has a more categorical encoding that indicates, throughout the trial, the… | |
| transfer | from psychophysical modelling: a fitted trial-by-trial accumulator, used as the independent variable that neural responses are plotted against— “We used the behavioral model previously developed for this task 10 to obtain trial-by-trial, moment-by-moment estimates of the accumulating evidence, denoted by a(t) ( Extended Data Fig. 2 , Extended Data Table 1 ). Together with the simultaneously recorded firing rates r(t), this enabled the estimation of “tuning curves” that specify, for… | transfers[0] |
| transfer | from reverse correlation: the click-triggered average, isolating one stimulus quantum's effect by subtracting the expected response for that Poisson rate— “Due to the Poisson nature of the stimulus, given an underlying click-generating Poisson rate, the presence of a click at one moment in time has no bearing on the probability of a click at other times. Therefore, if one aligns the residual response to a click, it describes the change in response associated with that click relative to the… | transfers[1] |
| transfer | from optogenetics: halorhodopsin silencing on a random quarter of trials, used to convert an encoding claim into a timing prediction— “Laser illumination occurred on a random 25% of trials. Behavioral bias was measured as the mean difference between the observed “go ipsi” rate for inactivation and control trials for each of 10 binned stimulus strengths. Thus, a positive value represents an increase in ipsilateral responses on laser illumination trials.” | transfers[2] |
| transfer | from model selection: single-parameter variants of one behavioural model compared by bootstrapped likelihood ratio— “We performed statistical comparisons of the quality of the fits using a nonparametric resampling bootstrap procedure. We first generated 200 sets of trials with the same trial count as the original data by resampling the original data with replacement. We then fit each of these sets with the models described above and measured the difference… | transfers[3] |
| mechanism | the FOF does not integrate evidence; it reads out the sign of an accumulator computed upstream and converts it into a discrete motor plan at the moment the go signal could arrive, which is why perturbing it matters only at the end of the stimulus— “Contrary to current views 3 , 5 , 7 – 9 , this suggests that premotor activity in frontal cortex does not play a role in the accumulation process, but instead has a more categorical function, such as transforming accumulated evidence into a discrete choice.” | mechanisms[0] |
| mechanism | unilateral FOF silencing biases behavior by flipping already-categorized contralateral choices into ipsilateral ones, rather than by corrupting the accumulation itself— “We defined “post-categorization bias” as a process that takes a fraction of the trials categorized as choices contralateral to the inactivated side of the brain, and converts them into ipsilateral choices.” | mechanisms[1] |
| mechanism | parietal firing answers what the value of the accumulated evidence is, through a graded map that is stable across time— “This analysis revealed that PPC encoded the accumulator’s evolving value a(t) using a graded map that is stable across time ( Fig. 3a ). A similar encoding was observed in monkey PPC, albeit using a task that did not require a temporal accumulation strategy 17 . Thus, during decision formation, firing rates in PPC change over time as the… | mechanisms[2] |
| mechanism | frontal firing answers which choice the evidence so far favours, clustering into a positive and a negative group— “Despite the similarities between FOF and PPC based on trial-averaged responses ( Fig. 1c,d ), the tuning curve analysis revealed a very different encoding of the accumulator’s value a(t) in the FOF. Neurons in the FOF exhibited a more categorical mapping between firing rate and the sign of the accumulator value that tended to cluster into an… | mechanisms[3] |
| mechanism | the shorter click latency in frontal cortex suggests sensory information reaches it through circuits that bypass parietal cortex— “The longer mean latency of the click-triggered average in PPC (~200 ms) compared to FOF (~100 ms) suggests that sensory information in this task may reach the FOF through circuits that bypass the PPC.” | mechanisms[4] |
| mechanism | the inactivation effect is modelled as converting a fraction of already-categorised contralateral choices into ipsilateral ones, which is a step after accumulation rather than during it— “We defined “post-categorization bias” as a process that takes a fraction of the trials categorized as choices contralateral to the inactivated side of the brain, and converts them into ipsilateral choices.” | mechanisms[5] |
| contradicts | the prevailing view that prefrontal cortex is part of the neural circuit for evidence accumulation (refs 3, 5, 7, 8)— “These results suggest that accumulation occurs upstream to FOF and call into question the prevailing view that prefrontal cortex is part of the neural circuit for accumulation of evidence” | claim_relations[0] |
| builds-on | the previously developed "Poisson Clicks" accumulation task (ref. 10)— “We trained rats on a previously developed decision task in which subjects accumulate sensory evidence over many hundreds of milliseconds to inform a binary left-right choice (“Poisson Clicks” task, Fig. 1a , Extended Data Fig. 1a–c ) 10 .” | claim_relations[1] |
| replicates | previous findings of pre-movement side selectivity in rat PPC (refs 14, 15) and FOF (ref. 13)— “This pre-movement side selectivity is consistent with previous findings in both rat PPC 14 , 15 and FOF 13 .” | claim_relations[2] |
| contradicts | the prevailing view that prefrontal cortex is part of the circuit that accumulates evidence— “Unilateral FOF perturbations affect choice behavior only at the end of the evidence accumulation period, when the provisional choice must be converted into a motor act. These results suggest that accumulation occurs upstream to FOF and call into question the prevailing view that prefrontal cortex is part of the neural circuit for accumulation… | claim_relations[3] |
| supports | primate work reporting ramping correlates of accumulation in parietal and frontal eye field neurons | claim_relations[4] |
| extends | the graded parietal encoding seen in monkeys, which was measured in a task that did not require temporal accumulation Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[5] |
| qualifies | the idea of a single distributed decision process shared across parietal and frontal areas Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[6] |
| builds-on | the authors' own trial-by-trial behavioural model of the clicks task, which supplies the accumulator estimate Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[7] |
| sense | THE STANDARD ANALYSIS SAYS THE TWO AREAS ARE THE SAME AND A DIFFERENT ANALYSIS ON THE SAME DATA SAYS THEY ARE NOT: trial-averaged ramping looks alike in both, and the tuning curve assay separates a graded code from a categorical one Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[0] |
| sense | and the same firing rate is read as the answer to two different questions - what is the value of the accumulated evidence, against which choice should I make if the signal came now Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[1] |
| sense | THE RIVAL ACCOUNTS ARE SORTED BY WHEN THEY ACT: two of the four modelled biases must operate throughout accumulation and two only at its end, which is exactly what the timed silencing can separate Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[2] |
| sense | so the model comparison and the causal experiment are testing the same distinction in two ways rather than checking each other Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[3] |
| sense | THE STIMULUS IS DESIGNED SO THAT THE ANALYSIS IS VALID: because clicks come from a Poisson process, one click's timing says nothing about another's, which is what licenses the click-triggered average at all Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[4] |
| sense | THE LATENT VARIABLE IS INFERRED PARTLY FROM THE OUTCOME: the better estimate of accumulated evidence uses the choice the animal went on to make, and the frontal claim is about encoding that same choice Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[5] |
| sense | ENCODING IS NOT NECESSITY: parietal cortex carries a veridical graded code for the accumulator, and the same laboratory reports that its activity is not needed for the behaviour Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[6] |
| sense | the sample is declared unselected and then selected: every isolatable neuron was recorded regardless of response properties, and the analysis keeps the side-selective ones for a stated reason Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[7] |
| sense | and both disclosures are made - the recording area was assigned randomly, the timing groups were not Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[8] |
| control | MODEL-FREE analyses run alongside the model-based ones — held — rules out the accumulation model itself as the source of the conclusion - if only the fitted model showed gradual accumulation, the finding could be a property of the model rather than of the rats Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[0] |
| differs in | the prevailing view that prefrontal cortex is part of the circuit that accumulates evidence — THE AXIS IS WHEN IN THE TRIAL THE PERTURBATION MATTERS. 'Unilateral FOF perturbations affect choice behavior only at the end of the evidence accumulation period, when the provisional choice must be converted into a motor act.' The prevailing view is not denied a role for prefrontal cortex - it is denied the ACCUMULATION role, on the evidence of WHEN the effect appears. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[3] |
| differs in | the graded parietal encoding seen in monkeys, which was measured in a task that did not require temporal accumulation — THE AXIS IS WHETHER THE TASK REQUIRED TEMPORAL ACCUMULATION AT ALL. 'A similar encoding was observed in monkey PPC, albeit using a task that did not require a temporal accumulation strategy.' The earlier finding is granted in full and its task is named as lacking the thing this paper is about - so a 'similar encoding' across species is a similarity of signal, not of computation, and only the task says which. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[5] |
| note | tuning curve —operationalised-as→ firing rate — THE NEW ASSAY: a fitted behavioural model supplies a moment-by-moment estimate of the accumulator, and firing rate is plotted against it at each timepoint Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[0] |
| note | graded —distinct-from→ categorical — THE STANDARD ANALYSIS SAYS THE AREAS ARE ALIKE AND THE NEW ONE SAYS THEY ARE NOT - same neurons, same trials, opposite conclusions Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[1] |
| audit | graded —operationalised-as→ firing rate — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its span and kept, but graded encoding was read from firing rates; operationalised-as is loose. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[2] |
| note | graded —operationalised-as→ firing rate — the parietal rate answers what the value of the mentally accumulated evidence is, through a map that is stable across time Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[2] |
| audit | categorical —operationalised-as→ firing rate — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its span and kept, but categorical encoding was read from firing rates; operationalised-as is loose. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[3] |
| note | categorical —operationalised-as→ firing rate — and the frontal rate answers a different question about the same quantity - which choice to make if the go signal came now Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[3] |
| audit | steepness —operationalised-as→ tuning curve — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its span and kept, but steepness was computed per tuning curve; operationalised-as is loose. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[5] |
| note | steepness —operationalised-as→ tuning curve — and it holds per neuron as a distribution shift, with the two populations overlapping Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[5] |
| note | click-triggered average —operationalised-as→ firing rate — one click has a sustained effect in both areas, decaying only in frontal cortex, and no primate frontal comparison exists Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[8] |
| audit | latency —operationalised-as→ click-triggered average — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its span and kept, but latency was measured on the click-triggered average; operationalised-as is loose. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[9] |
| note | latency —operationalised-as→ click-triggered average — and the 200 against 100 ms difference is read as a bypassing route rather than as a processing delay Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[9] |
| note | side-selective —operationalised-as→ pre-movement period — 23 percent of parietal and 32 percent of frontal neurons qualify, kept because they are the ones most likely to matter for the decision Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[10] |
| audit | side-selective —operationalised-as→ firing rate — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but side-selective neurons showed ramping FIRING RATES; the side-selectivity itself is defined by a firing-rate difference, so operationalised-as is loose. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[11] |
| note | side-selective —operationalised-as→ firing rate — and in both areas those neurons ramp with a slope proportional to stimulus strength, which is the correlate the classical analysis finds Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[11] |
| note | inactivation —causes→ bias — full-trial silencing gives a 10.3 percent ipsilateral bias Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[16] |
| audit | post-categorization —operationalised-as→ bias — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its span and kept, but the span defines the post-categorization bias; operationalised-as 'bias' is circular. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[20] |
| note | post-categorization —operationalised-as→ bias — defined as flipping a fraction of already-categorised contralateral choices, with that fraction the only free parameter Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[20] |
| edge | input gain —distinct-from→ input noise Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[21] |
| audit | graded —distinct-from→ choice — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its span and kept, but the span says PPC is not necessary for choice; distinct-from is loose. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[25] |
| note | graded —distinct-from→ choice — ENCODING IS NOT NECESSITY: parietal cortex carries a veridical graded code and is reported elsewhere not to be needed for the behaviour Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[25] |
| differs in | accumulator shift —contrasted-with→ input gain — THE AXIS IS WHEN IN THE ACCUMULATION THE MECHANISM ACTS. 'unbalanced input gain and and unbalanced input noise, both imply mechanisms that act throughout the entirety of the accumulation process. In contrast, (1) and (2), the post-categorization bias and the accumulator shift, can be implemented via a mechanism that acts only at the end of the accumulation process.' Four candidate mechanisms fall into two groups by timing, and the grouping is what an experiment could test. Replaces the retracted within-group edge. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[28] |
| weight | accumulator shift —contrasted-with→ input gain — 0.8 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[28] |
| outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation) | control — held | controls[0] |
| for which use | limitation — the click-triggered-average result: NO EQUIVALENT EXPERIMENT FROM PRIMATE FEF EXISTS AS YET FOR COMPARISON Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[0] |
| for which use | limitation — every group comparison in the paper: INVESTIGATORS WERE NOT BLINDED TO EXPERIMENTAL GROUPS DURING DATA COLLECTION OR ANALYSIS Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[1] |
| for which use | limitation — the comparison between the two optogenetic durations: THE ASSIGNMENT OF GROUP WAS NOT RANDOMIZED - the groups were run sequentially Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[2] |
| for which use | limitation — the fine-timing optogenetic results: TWO RATS WERE NOT INCLUDED ... BECAUSE THEY DID NOT EXHIBIT SIGNIFICANT FULL-TRIAL EFFECTS - the exclusion criterion is the effect being measured Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[3] |
| for which use | limitation — the same scope as limitations[1] - unblinded collection and analysis Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[4] |
| for which use | limitation — the same scope as limitations[3] - selection on the outcome Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[5] |
| for which use | limitation — every accumulator tuning curve: A BETTER ESTIMATE OF THE ACCUMULATED EVIDENCE CAN BE OBTAINED BY ALSO TAKING INTO ACCOUNT THE CHOICE MADE AT THE END OF THE TRIAL - the regressor is informed by the outcome it is used to explain Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[6] |
| for which use | limitation — the scope of the PPC/FOF encoding difference in time: THE DIFFERENCE IN ENCODING BETWEEN PPC AND FOF WAS NOT MAINTAINED AFTER THE END OF THE DECISION PROCESS Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[7] |
| for which use | limitation — the cross-species comparison: no comparable click-triggered measurement exists in the primate frontal eye fields, so the analogy is not tested against one Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[8] |
| for which use | limitation — any contralateral-preference claim: THE PREFERRED SIDE WAS CONTRALATERAL FOR 59.1% OF THE PPC NEURONS AND 59.4% OF THE FOF NEURONS - mixed selectivity, not a uniform map Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[9] |
| duplicate of | mechanism — mechanisms[1] Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | mechanisms[5] |
| replication | untested | |
| limitation | There is no primate frontal eye field dataset against which the click-triggered-average result can be compared. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[0] |
| limitation | Data collection and analysis were not blinded to experimental group. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[1] |
| limitation | The 500 ms and 250 ms optogenetic groups were run sequentially, so group assignment was not randomised. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[2] |
| limitation | Two rats were dropped from the fine-timing optogenetic analyses on the basis of their full-trial effects. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[3] |
| limitation | investigators were not blinded to experimental groups during data collection or analysis Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[4] |
| limitation | two rats were dropped from the finer-timing experiments because they had not shown a significant full-trial effect, and the two timing groups were run sequentially so group assignment was not randomized Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[5] |
| limitation | the accumulator value used to build the tuning curves is estimated partly from the choice the animal went on to make Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[6] |
| limitation | the encoding difference does not survive the end of the decision, since the parietal map becomes categorical during motor preparation Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[7] |
| limitation | no comparable click-triggered measurement exists in the primate frontal eye fields for comparison Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[8] |
| limitation | preferred sides are mixed rather than uniformly contralateral, at about 59 percent in both areas Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[9] |
finding · quantity · variable · definition · key-term — grounded in the full text| finding | Posterior parietal cortex encodes the running value of the accumulated evidence as a graded quantity, through a map that does not change over the course of the trial. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[0] |
| finding | The frontal orienting fields instead encode mainly the sign of the accumulator, splitting activity into two clusters corresponding to the two available choices. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[1] |
| finding | The FOF tuning curve was significantly steeper at the zero-crossing than the PPC tuning curve, quantifying the graded-versus-categorical distinction. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[2] |
| finding | Clicks influenced FOF firing about 100 ms earlier than PPC firing, suggesting sensory input reaches FOF by a route that does not pass through PPC. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[3] |
| finding | Silencing FOF across the whole trial produced a significant bias toward choices on the same side as the inactivation. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[4] |
| finding | Of the four inactivation windows, only peri-choice inactivation produced a significant ipsilateral bias (10.6%). Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[5] |
| finding | With 250-ms windows only the peri-choice perturbation affected behaviour; perturbation 250 ms earlier had a smaller, non-significant effect. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[6] |
| finding | Model comparison favored a bias applied after categorization over biases acting on the accumulation process itself. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[7] |
| finding | The inactivation-induced bias was uncorrelated with how many clicks were played or how long the stimulus lasted, as expected if FOF is not part of the accumulator. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[8] |
| finding | The authors conclude that evidence accumulation happens upstream of the FOF, challenging the view that prefrontal cortex implements accumulation. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[9] |
| finding | THE CLASSICAL ANALYSIS MAKES THE TWO AREAS LOOK ALIKE and the tuning curve assay separates them Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[10] |
| finding | side-selective neurons in both PPC and FOF ramped upwards for preferred-direction stimuli with a slope proportional to the stimulus strength, and downwards for anti-preferred ones Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[11] |
| finding | parietal cortex encodes the accumulator as a graded value through a map stable across time Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[12] |
| finding | frontal cortex clusters by the sign of the accumulator, which is the choice currently favoured Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[13] |
| finding | the whole distinction reduces to the slope at the zero crossing, 0.058 against 0.158 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[14] |
| finding | and it holds per neuron as a distribution shift, with the populations overlapping Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[15] |
| finding | the difference survived scaling the integration time constant and the sticky bound, varying response latencies, and fitting the behavioural model per rat or in aggregate Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[16] |
| finding | but it does not survive the end of the decision - during motor preparation the parietal code becomes categorical too Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[17] |
| finding | single clicks have a sustained effect on firing in both areas, slowly decaying only in frontal cortex Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[18] |
| finding | and the click latency is about 200 ms in parietal against 100 ms in frontal, read as a route that bypasses parietal cortex Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[19] |
| finding | THE STIMULUS IS DESIGNED SO THE ANALYSIS IS VALID: Poisson clicks are independent in time, which is what lets the residual isolate one click's effect Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[20] |
| finding | THE ENCODING CLAIM IS TURNED INTO A TIMING PREDICTION: if frontal cortex only converts evidence into a choice, silencing it should matter only at the end Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[21] |
| finding | full-trial silencing produced a 10.3 percent ipsilateral choice bias Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[22] |
| finding | of four 500 ms windows only the peri-choice one biased behaviour, and the early accumulation window was not different from zero Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[23] |
| finding | at 250 ms resolution the same held, with a window ending 250 ms earlier having no significant effect Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[24] |
| finding | and the peri-choice bias fully accounted for the full-trial bias, at ratios of 1.17 and 0.93 in the two groups Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[25] |
| finding | a post-categorization bias fitted the silencing data better than biases acting on the accumulation itself Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[26] |
| finding | THE FOUR RIVAL BIASES ARE SORTED BY WHEN THEY ACT - two throughout accumulation, two only at its end Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[27] |
| finding | each rival is a single added parameter on a model whose original bias term was one decision borderline Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[28] |
| evidence status note | finding — THE QUOTE ENDS ON A COLON: the paper goes on with the four sources of side bias it compared, each described in its own paragraph, too long to quote here; what this row states is in that list, not in the quoted words. | content_tags.findings[28] |
| finding | with control trials fitted first and each variant then fitted to the inactivation trials from that starting point Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[29] |
| finding | and the comparison made over 200 bootstrap resamples rather than once Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[30] |
| finding | no correlation was found between the induced bias and click counts or stimulus duration Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[31] |
| finding | ENCODING IS NOT NECESSITY: parietal cortex carries the graded code and is reported elsewhere not to be needed for the behaviour Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[32] |
| finding | the conclusion is that accumulation happens upstream of frontal cortex, against the prevailing view Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[33] |
| finding | 394 neurons were recorded in PPC of 4 rats and 397 in FOF of 6 rats, and all isolatable neurons encountered were recorded regardless of response properties Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[34] |
| finding | and 93 neurons in PPC (23%) and 128 in FOF (32%) differed significantly in pre-movement firing rate by the choice that followed Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[35] |
| finding | with an explicit rate floor and significance test as the criteria Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[36] |
| finding | preferred sides were mixed rather than uniformly contralateral, near 59 percent in both areas Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[37] |
| finding | THE ACCUMULATOR ESTIMATE USES THE CHOICE THE ANIMAL WENT ON TO MAKE, by backward propagation from the end of the trial Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[38] |
| finding | neurons were combined by weighting each by the inverse variance of its conditional distribution, so less noisy representations count for more Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[39] |
| finding | the model was fitted separately to each rat, and the analysis repeated with one aggregate fit Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[40] |
| finding | the two parameters probed are the ones measuring how far accumulation departs from optimality Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[41] |
| finding | and response lag was varied for both areas jointly, as a matrix rather than a single choice Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[42] |
| finding | graded and categorical encoding schemes were simulated with matched lags to predict what each would look like Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[43] |
| finding | model-based and model-free analyses were both used to confirm the rats were accumulating throughout the stimulus Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[44] |
| finding | INVESTIGATORS WERE NOT BLINDED to experimental groups during collection or analysis, stated outright Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[45] |
| finding | recording area was assigned randomly per rat and confirmed by histology Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[46] |
| finding | AND THE OTHER HALF OF THE DISCLOSURE: two rats were dropped for showing no full-trial effect, and the timing groups were not randomized Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[47] |
| finding | laser illumination occurred on a random quarter of trials interleaved with controls Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[48] |
| quantity | 394 ... 397 — neurons recorded in PPC (from 4 rats) and in FOF (from 6 rats) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[0] |
| quantity | 23% ... 32% — proportion of recorded neurons in PPC and in FOF that were side-selective before movement onset Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[1] |
| quantity | PPC: 0.058 ± 0.003, FOF: 0.158 ± 0.015 — slope of the tuning curve at the zero-crossing in each region; the roughly threefold steeper FOF slope is the paper's core quantitative contrast Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[2] |
| quantity | 10.3 ± 3.0% — ipsilateral choice bias caused by full-trial unilateral FOF silencing Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[3] |
| quantity | 5.4 ± 0.8% — ipsilateral bias from silencing only the final 250 ms of the click train Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[4] |
| quantity | 59.1% ... 59.4% — share of side-selective neurons preferring the contralateral choice in PPC and FOF, i.e. only a mild contralateral bias in both regions Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[5] |
| quantity | 0.058 ± 0.003, FOF: 0.158 ± 0.015 — slope at the zero crossing of the tuning curve - the single number the graded against categorical claim rests on Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[6] |
| quantity | 10.3 ± 3.0% — ipsilateral choice bias from silencing the whole trial Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[7] |
| quantity | 1.17 ± 0.45 and 0.93 ± 0.33 — peri-choice bias divided by full-trial bias in the two groups - the last window accounts for all of the effect Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[8] |
| quantity | 394 neurons in PPC of 4 rats and 397 neurons in FOF of 6 rats — the recorded sample, taken without regard to response properties Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[9] |
| quantity | ~200 ms — click latency in parietal cortex against about 100 ms in frontal cortex Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[10] |
| quantity | 59.1% — share of parietal neurons preferring the contralateral side, against 59.4 percent in frontal cortex - selectivity is mixed Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[11] |
| variable | trial difficulty (independent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[0] |
| variable | brain region (independent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[2] |
| variable | ipsilateral choice bias (dependent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[4] |
| variable | non-inactivation trials (control) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[5] |
| variable | total mean click rate held fixed at 40 Hz (control) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[6] |
| variable | firing rate Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[7] |
| variable | accumulator Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[8] |
| variable | bias Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[9] |
| variable | latency Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[10] |
| variable | steepness Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[11] |
| definition | Poisson Clicks task Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[0] |
| definition | tuning curves Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[1] |
| definition | click-triggered average Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[2] |
| definition | post-categorization bias Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[3] |
| definition | accumulator shift Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[4] |
| definition | pre-movement period Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[5] |
| definition | tuning curve Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[7] |
| definition | click-triggered average Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[8] |
| definition | post-categorization Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[9] |
| definition | pre-movement period Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[10] |
| definition | Easy trials Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[11] |
| definition | difficult trials Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[12] |
| key-terms | accumulation, accumulator, tuning curve, graded, categorical, firing rate, side-selective, pre-movement period, click-triggered average, Poisson, latency, zero-crossing, steepness, motor preparation, optogenetic, inactivation, ipsilateral, bias, post-categorization, accumulator shift, input gain, input noise, decision borderline, behavioral model, lapse rate, sticky, bootstrap, histology, blinded, random, choice, residual response |
| ROC analysis | as written: Receiver operating characteristic Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[0] |
| bootstrap | as written: nonparametric bootstrap procedures resampling ... with replacement Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[1] |
| Mann-Whitney U test | as written: nonparametric Mann-Whitney U (rank sum) test Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[2] |
| nonlinear curve fitting | as written: four-parameter sigmoid Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[3] |
| log-likelihood model comparison | as written: overall log-likelihood of the fit Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[4] |
| likelihood ratio | as written: distribution of likelihood ratios Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[5] |
| Fano factor | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[6] |
| confidence interval 95% CI | as written: mean ± 95% CI Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[7] |
| standard error of the mean SEM | as written: mean ± SEM across rats Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[8] |
| smoothing / kernel estimation | as written: half-gaussian filter with 0.1 s standard deviation Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[9] |
| Receiver operating characteristic | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[10] |
| nonparametric resampling bootstrap | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[11] |
| 95% CI | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[12] |
| SEM | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[13] |
| claim type | mechanism — a second reading reaching the same value; recorded: mechanism Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | alternatives.claim_type |
| method | tuning curves relating firing rate to a trial-by-trial estimate of the accumulator from a fitted behavioural model, compared between areas, and unilateral optogenetic silencing in four separate time windows — a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value; recorded: electrophysiology Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | alternatives.method |
| phenomenon | gradual accumulation of sensory evidence toward a binary choice, and its neural correlates in more than one cortical area — a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value; recorded: evidence accumulation in perceptual decision-making Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | alternatives.phenomenon |
When we have changed our mind. Some entries in the table begin with a word in capitals and the reason for it. EVIDENCE CORRECTED — the finding still stands, but we had quoted the wrong sentence from the paper, and the quotation has been replaced with the right one. RETRACTED — the entry itself was wrong; it stays on the page, marked, with the reason, rather than being deleted. WITHDRAWN AND REPLACED — the entry was wrong, and a corrected version of it appears in the entries below. Each mark carries its own reason, in brackets, because the reasons differ from one entry to the next. An entry we have WITHDRAWN is removed from this page and kept in the record, with its reason. A line reading Audit and a date is a later re-reading of the entry against its whole sentence: DOUBTFUL means it was kept, and the reason says what is loose about it. Quotation marks inside the tagger's sentence. Where a tag is the tagger's own sentence, a phrase in quotation marks inside it is borrowed from the paper — the tagger's wording around it is not. The paper's own sentence is the evidence quote for that row; on this page it is withheld with the article, and the article is at its publisher. Nothing inside quotation marks anywhere on this page is ours: if it is quoted, it is the paper's. Whose words a concept carries. A concept entry records a term the paper itself uses, so the term, the sense given for it, and its evidence are the paper's own words, quoted where the paper fixes them. This is the opposite of a sense entry in the tag table, which is the tagger's sentence about how the paper uses a term. Where a concept entry could not be grounded in the paper's words, the entry says so on its own row.
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