phenomenon · claim-type · cross-domain-transfer · mechanism · claim-relation · replication-status · limitation — grounded in the full text| phenomenon | cognitive control triggered by unconscious events— “Instead, we believe that the important and empirically testable question is whether changes of behavior through cognitive control occur when the control-invoking event remains unnoticed.” | |
| claim-type | mechanism— “While the former type of control seems to work outside of awareness, the latter type of control seems to be restricted to consciously registered events that call for control.” | |
| method — evidence | — “Here we give a brief review of this research, discuss possible reasons for inconsistencies in the empirical evidence, and suggest some lines of future research.” | |
| object of study — evidence | — “Recent research suggests, however, that several behavioral phenomena that have been construed as instances of cognitive control can be prompted by events of which actors are not aware.” | |
| mechanism | implicit control cues must leave a memory trace that survives across trials, and only consciously represented events are strong enough to bridge that interval, so unconscious implicit cues never reach the control system— “Only conscious event representations might be strong enough to bridge longer time intervals.” | mechanisms[0] |
| mechanism | adapting to a statistical property such as conflict frequency requires accumulating information across many separate episodes over a long period, an accumulation that unconscious representations cannot support— “In these cases information of several such events has to be accumulated over a long period of time, and over a certain number of such events to extract, for example, the proportion of incongruent trials.” | mechanisms[1] |
| mechanism | control is executed by if-then plans; explicit cues let participants specify both sides of the plan in advance, whereas implicit events leave the if-side and then-side vague, so the plan itself has to be revised and it is this revision that demands awareness— “It seems that, for example, adaptation to response conflict requires a specification or correction of if-then plans, and perhaps it is exactly this alteration of plans that requires awareness.” | mechanisms[2] |
| mechanism | The proposed resolution: control cued by a single explicit signal can be triggered without awareness, while control that has to be inferred from a pattern of events cannot— “While the former type of control seems to work outside of awareness, the latter type of control seems to be restricted to consciously registered events that call for control.” | mechanisms[3] |
| mechanism | An implicit cue is one where the environment never signals the need for control - it merely suggests it, so the actor must infer it— “Cognitive control invoked by implicit events Conflict frequency The need for control is sometimes not explicitly signaled, but is merely implicitly suggested, by the environment.” | mechanisms[4] |
| mechanism | Unconscious stimuli are processed only where the system was prepared in advance to process them, so preparation rather than awareness does the work— “Thus, the effectiveness of subliminal stimuli depends on preparatory processes that occur in advance of, and set the stage for, such subliminal stimuli.” | mechanisms[5] |
| mechanism | Conflict adaptation works by reallocating attention toward the relevant stimulus aspects after conflict is frequent or recent— “The crucial observation is that when response-conflict is generally frequent (e.g., in a block of trials), or has just been expe-rienced (e.g., in the preceding trial), the information processing is altered in subsequent trials, such that, for example, more attention is devoted to task-relevant rather than to task-irrelevant stimulus… | mechanisms[6] |
| mechanism | An indirect route could fake unconscious control: the prime stays unconscious while its behavioural consequences do not, and the actor adjusts to those— “For example, the proportion of incongruent masked primes may remain undetected, but the resulting increase of error rates may be noticed and may prompt a corresponding adjustment indirectly (cf. Jaśkowski et al., 2003 ).” | mechanisms[7] |
| extends | Crump et al. (2006) and Crump, Vaquero, & Milliken (2008) on context-specific proportion congruency effects— “This finding qualifies observations by Crump and colleagues ( Crump et al., 2006 ; Crump, Vaquero, & Milliken, 2008 ).” | claim_relations[0] |
| critiques | Dehaene and Naccache's workspace model, which reserves cognitive control for consciousness— “Similarly, Dehaene and Naccache ( 2001 ) suggest in their workspace model that routine actions are possible without consciousness, while consciousness is required for cognitive control.” | claim_relations[1] |
| critiques | Jack and Shallice's separation of conscious from automatic action— “For example, Jack and Shallice ( 2001 ) emphasize that the underlying processes engaged by conscious action are different from those engaged by automatic action.” | claim_relations[2] |
| extends | preparation accounts of subliminal processing, on which unconscious stimuli work only where the system is set up for them— “Explanations of vision without awareness typically assume that even unconscious stimuli are processed, provided the cognitive system was prepared in advance to do so (e.g., Ansorge & Neumann, 2005 ; Kiesel, 2009 ; Kiesel, Kunde, & Hoffmann, 2007 ; Kunde, Kiesel, & Hoffmann, 2003 , 2005 ; Martens & Kiefer, 2009 ; Neumann &… | claim_relations[3] |
| sense | control cue - EXPLICIT: a single stimulus that directly signals what to do, such as a task cue or stop signal - and this kind works without awareness— “Specifically, we suggest to differentiate cognitive control evoked either because of explicit or because of implicit control cues.” | senses[0] |
| sense | control cue - IMPLICIT: no signal at all, only a pattern in the environment from which the need for control must be inferred - and this kind appears to need awareness— “Cognitive control invoked by implicit events Conflict frequency The need for control is sometimes not explicitly signaled, but is merely implicitly suggested, by the environment.” | senses[1] |
| sense | the claim - as a positive necessity: awareness is essential for implicitly cued control— “However, if an event such as recent or frequent response conflict merely implicitly suggests the need of cognitive control, awareness of this event seems… | senses[2] |
| sense | the claim - as an absence of evidence: the effect has simply not been found consistently, which is a weaker statement the authors deliberately keep in reserve | senses[3] |
| sense | unconscious effect - genuinely unconscious: the masked event itself drives the adjustment | senses[4] |
| sense | unconscious effect - indirectly conscious: the event stays unconscious but its behavioural consequences are noticed, and the actor adjusts to those Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[5] |
| differs in | Dehaene and Naccache's workspace model, which reserves cognitive control for consciousness — THE AXIS IS WHICH PROCESSES NEED CONSCIOUSNESS. 'DEHAENE AND NACCACHE (2001) suggest in their workspace model that routine actions are possible without consciousness, while consciousness is required for cognitive control.' The model is stated precisely enough to be tested and the critique targets exactly the line it draws - so the disagreement is about WHERE the boundary falls, not whether there is one. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[1] |
| differs in | preparation accounts of subliminal processing, on which unconscious stimuli work only where the system is set up for them — THE AXIS IS AN ASSUMED PRECONDITION. 'Explanations of vision without awareness typically assume that even unconscious stimuli are processed, provided the cognitive system was prepared in advance to do so.' Unconscious processing is granted only where the system was set up for it, so a null in an unprepared condition is not evidence against unconscious processing - it is outside the claim. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[3] |
| audit | conflict frequency —causes→ cognitive control — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but the span writes 'response-conflict is generally frequent' and 'more attention is devoted', not 'conflict frequency' / 'cognitive control'. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[0] |
| weight | conflict frequency —causes→ cognitive control — 0.9 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[0] |
| audit | RETRACTED (THE DIRECTION IS INVERTED AND THE CLAIM IS ATTRIBUTED) · task switching —part-of→ cognitive control — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but cognitive control is 'believed to be heavily INVOLVED IN' task switching; part-of is loose. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[1] |
| retracted | RETRACTED (THE DIRECTION IS INVERTED AND THE CLAIM IS ATTRIBUTED) · task switching —part-of→ cognitive control — THE DIRECTION IS INVERTED AND THE CLAIM IS ATTRIBUTED. The edge is 'task switching --part-of--> cognitive control'. The span: '…thus cognitive control is believed to be heavily involved…'. The sentence says CONTROL IS INVOLVED IN SWITCHING - the paradigm engages the faculty. The edge says the paradigm is a component of the faculty, which is the other way round; and 'is believed' marks it as the field's view rather than this paper's finding. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[1] |
| weight | post-error slowing —part-of→ cognitive control — 0.9 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[9] |
| audit | subliminal priming —distinct-from→ consciousness — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its span and kept, but the span says stimulus awareness is not necessary for processing; distinct-from is loose. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[10] |
| replication | contested | |
| limitation | The review's own headline result is that the literature it surveys does not settle the question. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[0] |
| limitation | The evidence base the review rests on may be distorted by selective publication of positive findings. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[1] |
| limitation | The authors name publication bias in their own literature: positive evidence for control without awareness is publishable and negative evidence is not Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[2] |
| limitation | The effects at issue are small, so studies claiming them need power that is not always present Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[3] |
| limitation | The central claim is stated with an epistemic hedge: awareness seems essential, or else the evidence is merely not consistent Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[4] |
| limitation | The failures of implicit control might be failures of the manipulation rather than of the capacity Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[5] |
| limitation | The key term is admitted to be poorly defined Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[6] |
finding · quantity · variable · definition · key-term — grounded in the full text| finding | When the need for control is signalled by a single explicit cue, that cue does not have to be consciously perceived for control to be recruited. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[0] |
| finding | When the need for control is only implied by recent or frequent response conflict, awareness of that event appears to be necessary, and unconscious induction of control is not reliably obtained. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[1] |
| finding | Exactly three control functions have so far been shown to be triggerable by subliminal explicit cues: task preparation, response inhibition, and orienting of attention. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[2] |
| finding | There is little doubt that masked stimuli can induce task sets. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[3] |
| finding | Strategic adaptation to how often conflict occurs is obtained only when the conflicting irrelevant information is consciously seen. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[4] |
| finding | Conflict adaptation requires that the prime in the preceding trial was visible, yet the control settings so established still act on masked primes in the current trial - so awareness is needed to invoke control, not to execute it. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[5] |
| finding | In contrast to Experiment 1, the congruency effect here was not affected by context information. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[6] |
| finding | Taken as a whole the literature is inconsistent: some experiments show control prompted by unnoticed events and others show it fails. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[7] |
| finding | The authors conjecture that cognitive control does not require meta-knowledge of when and how to apply it. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[8] |
| finding | control cued by a single explicit signal appears to work without awareness; control that must be inferred from a pattern does not Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[9] |
| finding | masked primes speed and improve responses when mapped to the same response or category as the target Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[10] |
| finding | the literature on unconscious control is inconsistent, and the authors treat that inconsistency as the thing to be explained Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[11] |
| finding | the field may be shaped by publication bias favouring positive evidence for unconscious control Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[12] |
| quantity | 54 ms ... 32 ms — size of the congruency effect with visible primes in the low-interference versus high-interference context, showing context-specific adaptation Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[0] |
| quantity | 80% — proportion of congruent trials in the low-interference colour context and of incongruent trials in the high-interference colour context Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[1] |
| quantity | 80% ... 20% — proportions of congruent trials in the two conditions across which masked priming effects declined Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[2] |
| definition | cognitive control Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[0] |
| definition | explicit events Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[1] |
| definition | implicit events Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[2] |
| definition | prime stimulus Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[3] |
| definition | Gratton effect Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[4] |
| definition | interference tasks Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[5] |
| definition | cognitive control Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[6] |
| definition | subliminal priming Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[7] |
| key-terms | cognitive control, consciousness, subliminal priming, task switching, stop-signal, interference tasks, conflict frequency, blindsight, workspace model, post-error slowing, publication bias, speed-accuracy function, automatic action |
| claim type | mechanism — a second reading reaching the same value; recorded: mechanism Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | alternatives.claim_type |
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