phenomenon · claim-type · cross-domain-transfer · mechanism · claim-relation · replication-status · limitation — grounded in the full text| phenomenon | tonal receptive fields of cortical inhibitory interneuron subtypes— “Here in the mouse primary auditory cortex (A1), we performed in vivo two-photon imaging-guided targeted cell-attached and whole-cell recordings from PV and somatostatin (SOM) expressing neurons, 2 major types of cortical inhibitory neuron, and compared their frequency–intensity tonal receptive fields (TRFs) of spike output and synaptic… | |
| claim-type | existence— “We found that PV cells exhibited broader tonal receptive fields with lower intensity thresholds and stronger tone-evoked spike responses compared with SOM neurons.” | |
| method — evidence | — “By two-photon imaging-guided recordings, we specifically targeted 2 major types of cortical inhibitory neuron, parvalbumin (PV) and somatostatin (SOM) expressing neurons, in superficial layers of mouse auditory cortex.” | |
| object of study — evidence | — “In auditory cortex, however, functional properties of genetically identified inhibitory neurons are poorly characterized. By two-photon imaging-guided recordings, we specifically targeted 2 major types of cortical inhibitory neuron, parvalbumin (PV) and somatostatin (SOM) expressing neurons, in superficial layers of mouse auditory… | |
| research question — evidence | — “The recent development of inhibitory-cell-type-specific transgenic mouse lines ( Taniguchi et al. 2011 ) opens a new window for in vivo identification of inhibitory neurons.” | |
| contribution — evidence | — “We found that PV cells exhibited broader tonal receptive fields with lower intensity thresholds and stronger tone-evoked spike responses compared with SOM neurons. The latter exhibited similar frequency selectivity as excitatory neurons.” | |
| transfer | from mouse genetics: Cre driver lines crossed to a reporter, so that a cell's type is known before it is recorded rather than inferred after— “The recent development of inhibitory-cell-type-specific transgenic mouse lines ( Taniguchi et al. 2011 ) opens a new window for in vivo identification of inhibitory neurons.” | transfers[0] |
| transfer | from visual cortex physiology: imaging-guided targeted recording of identified interneuron types, and the expectation that PV cells are less selective— “In auditory cortex, however, functional properties of genetically identified inhibitory neurons are poorly characterized. By two-photon imaging-guided recordings, we specifically targeted 2 major types of cortical inhibitory neuron, parvalbumin (PV) and somatostatin (SOM) expressing neurons, in superficial layers of mouse auditory… | transfers[1] |
| mechanism | PV neurons pool a wider range of excitatory inputs and receive stronger subthreshold drive, so more of that input crosses spike threshold, producing broad, weakly selective spike tuning— “The broader/weaker frequency tuning of PV neurons was attributed to a broader range of synaptic inputs and stronger subthreshold responses elicited, which resulted in a higher efficiency in the conversion of input to output.” | mechanisms[0] |
| mechanism | SOM spiking is late mainly because the excitatory synaptic input itself arrives late, with longer synaptic integration adding to the delay— “Therefore, the delayed spiking of SOM neurons could be mainly attributed to their delayed synaptic input, while a longer integration time may also contribute to their late spiking.” | mechanisms[1] |
| mechanism | Non-selective local connectivity from excitatory cells onto inhibitory (especially PV) cells pools inputs with many different preferred frequencies onto one interneuron— “which would result in a pooling of excitatory inputs with a wide range of preferred frequencies in layer 2/3 inhibitory cells” | mechanisms[2] |
| mechanism | SOM neurons bypass the direct ascending (feedforward) pathway and are instead driven through slower horizontal circuits, which is why their input is delayed— “On the other hand, SOM neurons receive delayed excitatory input, suggesting that unlike PV and excitatory neurons, SOM neurons do not receive direct ascending inputs.” | mechanisms[3] |
| mechanism | PV cells pool excitatory input from neurons with a wide range of preferred frequencies because excitatory-to-PV connectivity is unselective— “On the other hand, connectivity between excitatory and inhibitory (in particular PV) neurons is much less selective ( Yoshimura and Callaway 2005 ; Hofer et al. 2011 ; Wilson et al. 2012 ), which would result in a pooling of excitatory inputs with a wide range of preferred frequencies in layer 2/3 inhibitory cells.” | mechanisms[4] |
| mechanism | PV cells also convert input to output more efficiently, so a broad input becomes an even broader spike tuning— “The broader/weaker frequency tuning of PV neurons was attributed to a broader range of synaptic inputs and stronger subthreshold responses elicited, which resulted in a higher efficiency in the conversion of input to output.” | mechanisms[5] |
| mechanism | PV cells are driven at the same time as excitatory cells, consistent with shared feedforward input from layer 4— “PV neurons receive their excitatory drive at the same time as excitatory neurons, and their spiking activity occurs before excitatory neurons. These results suggest that PV neurons, similar as excitatory cells, receive feedforward ascending inputs, likely from layer 4” | mechanisms[6] |
| mechanism | SOM cells receive delayed input, suggesting horizontal rather than ascending drive— “On the other hand, SOM neurons receive delayed excitatory input, suggesting that unlike PV and excitatory neurons, SOM neurons do not receive direct ascending inputs. Instead, they are more likely driven by excitation through horizontal circuits” | mechanisms[7] |
| mechanism | the two types target different parts of the pyramidal cell - perisomatic for PV, distal dendrite for SOM - which is why they can act on different input streams— “PV neurons preferentially target perisomatic regions where ascending inputs are most likely located, while SOM neurons preferentially target distal dendritic domains where feedback excitatory inputs are most likely located” | mechanisms[8] |
| contradicts | Moore and Wehr (2013) on PV frequency tuning breadth— “The discrepancy between Moore and Wehr study and our current result may be due to different targeting methods (optogenetics aided indirect targeting vs. visually guided direct targeting).” | claim_relations[0] |
| replicates | Moore and Wehr (2013) on PV intensity tuning— “Nevertheless, PV neurons showed significantly lower ISIs than excitatory cells ( P < 0.01, K–S test), indicating that PV neurons were less intensity-tuned, which is consistent with the observation in a recent study ( Moore and Wehr 2013 ).” | claim_relations[1] |
| builds-on | Wu et al. (2008) intracellular study of rat auditory cortex layer 4 | claim_relations[2] |
| contradicts | Moore and Wehr 2013, which reported PV neurons as sharply tuned as excitatory cells in the same species and area Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[3] |
| critiques | spike-waveform identification of inhibitory neurons in extracellular recording Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[4] |
| confirms | fast-spiking-cell reports of broad frequency tuning, some with morphological confirmation Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[5] |
| extends | visual cortex findings that PV neurons are less stimulus-selective than excitatory cells Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[6] |
| builds-on | their own layer 4 intracellular work, where input range was similar but spike range still broader in fast-spiking cells Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[7] |
| sense | PV and SOM here are GENETIC identities - Cre driver lines crossed to a fluorescent reporter and confirmed by dye co-localisation - not waveform classes Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[0] |
| sense | fast-spiking is NOT interchangeable with PV: 13% of SOM cells here had trough-to-peak intervals under 0.5 ms, and the cited work reports the PV and pyramidal waveform distributions overlap much more than assumed Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[1] |
| sense | spike-width classification is valid HERE and the paper says for what: 'for cell-attached recording in layer 2/3' - a scope, not a general licence Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[2] |
| sense | bandwidth is measured three ways in this paper - BW10, BW50% of an envelope fit, and the sigma of a Gaussian fit - and the third is adopted only to match the study being disputed Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[3] |
| sense | intensity threshold here is relative to an unremovable noise floor, so the numbers are comparable within this study and not against absolute-threshold work Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[4] |
| control | cells whose Gaussian fit gave R-squared below 0.2 excluded from the bandwidth measure, AND the whole analysis re-run including every cell — held — rules out that the bandwidth difference between cell types is an artefact of fitting a Gaussian to the plateau-shaped tuning of PV cells - and the re-run shows the exclusion is not doing the work Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[0] |
| audit | fast-spiking —distinct-from→ PV — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its span and kept, but the span reports a study questioning PV-FS correspondence; distinct-from overstates it. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[0] |
| note | fast-spiking —distinct-from→ PV — CRITERION: the two are commonly equated, and the cited work shows PV and pyramidal waveform distributions overlap much more than assumed. elsewhere in the paper, 13% of SOM cells here also spike narrowly Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[0] |
| weight | fast-spiking —distinct-from→ PV — 0.9 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[0] |
| note | PV —contrasted-with→ SOM — CRITERION: broader tuning, lower threshold, stronger and earlier responses - four separable measures, all differing Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[2] |
| audit | layer 4 —causes→ PV — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but PV neurons receive feedforward inputs 'LIKELY from layer 4'; causes is hedged. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[6] |
| weight | layer 4 —causes→ PV — 0.8 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[6] |
| audit | urethane —causes→ SOM — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its span and kept, but the span says SOM firing is reduced under anesthesia; the endpoint 'SOM' drops 'firing'. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[7] |
| effect direction | urethane —causes→ SOM — reduces Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[7] |
| evidential status | urethane —causes→ SOM — BORROWED: reported of the VISUAL cortex and cited, not measured in this paper's auditory recordings Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[7] |
| note | urethane —causes→ SOM — SIGN: suppressive, and selectively so - about tenfold in visual cortex while PV rates are unchanged. The main scope limit on this record Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[7] |
| weight | urethane —causes→ SOM — 0.8 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[7] |
| audit | Gaussian —operationalised-as→ tonal receptive field — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but frequency tuning was FITTED with a Gaussian, which fits PV cells poorly; operationalised-as is loose. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[8] |
| note | Gaussian —operationalised-as→ tonal receptive field — a measure adopted for comparability that fits the object badly - 67% of PV cells below R squared 0.3 because their tuning is plateau-shaped Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[8] |
| weight | Gaussian —operationalised-as→ tonal receptive field — 0.5 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[8] |
| audit | PV —operationalised-as→ feedforward inhibition — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but PV neurons 'CAN PROVIDE' feedforward inhibition; operationalised-as is loose. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[12] |
| note | PV —operationalised-as→ feedforward inhibition — RE-GROUNDS another row of this record: the old span named ONE endpoint. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[12] |
| weight | PV —operationalised-as→ feedforward inhibition — 0.9 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[12] |
| outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation) | control — held | controls[0] |
| for which use | limitation — the excitatory arm of every comparison: THE UNLABELED NEURONS WERE MOST LIKELY EXCITATORY, ALTHOUGH AT A LOW CHANCE (<10%), THEY COULD ALSO BE ONE OF A VARIETY OF UNLABELED INHIBITORY CELL TYPES Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[0] |
| for which use | limitation — every threshold figure: THE INTENSITY THRESHOLDS BEING COMPARED ARE RELATIVE RATHER THAN ABSOLUTE THRESHOLDS, SINCE ... WE COULD NOT COMPLETELY ELIMINATE BACKGROUND NOISE Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[1] |
| for which use | limitation — the SOM results in the awake animal: FUTURE EXPERIMENTS ARE REQUIRED TO INVESTIGATE WHETHER SOM NEURONS ... EXHIBIT HIGHER EVOKED FIRING RATES IN AWAKE STATES THAN IN ANESTHESIA Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[2] |
| for which use | limitation — the SOM-versus-PV comparison specifically, because the anaesthetic is not neutral between them: SENSORY-EVOKED FIRING RATES OF SOM NEURONS ARE REDUCED ABOUT 10-FOLD IN URETHANE ANESTHESIA ... WHILE THE FIRING RATES OF PV NEURONS ARE NOT DIFFERENT Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[3] |
| duplicate of | limitation — limitations[1] Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[4] |
| for which use | limitation — the same scope as limitations[1] - thresholds are relative to the noise floor of this rig Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[4] |
| duplicate of | limitation — limitations[0] Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[5] |
| for which use | limitation — the same scope as limitations[0] - the comparison group is defined by absence of a label Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[5] |
| for which use | limitation — the bandwidth statistic for PV cells: THE PLATEAU SHAPE OF FREQUENCY TUNING OF MANY PV CELLS MAKES IT FIT POORLY INTO A GAUSSIAN CURVE (67% OF PV CELLS DISPLAYING R2 < 0.3), though INCLUDING ALL CELLS DID NOT AFFECT OUR CONCLUSION Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[6] |
| duplicate of | limitation — limitations[2] Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[7] |
| for which use | limitation — the same scope as limitations[2] - the receptive-field claims for SOM cells are anaesthetised ones Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[7] |
| replication | contested | |
| limitation | Cells taken as excitatory were unlabelled rather than positively identified, so a minority may be other inhibitory types. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[0] |
| limitation | Intensity thresholds are relative, not absolute, because background noise could not be fully removed. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[1] |
| limitation | All recordings were made under urethane anaesthesia, and SOM responses in particular may differ in the awake state. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[2] |
| limitation | urethane anaesthesia may suppress SOM cells specifically; in visual cortex their evoked rates fall about tenfold relative to the awake running state while PV rates do not Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[3] |
| limitation | intensity thresholds are relative, not absolute, because background noise could not be fully eliminated Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[4] |
| limitation | the unlabelled comparison cells are only most likely excitatory, with under a 10% chance of being an unlabelled interneuron type Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[5] |
| limitation | the Gaussian bandwidth measure fits many PV cells poorly because their tuning is plateau-shaped, and 67% fall below R squared 0.3 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[6] |
| limitation | whether SOM receptive fields look different in awake animals is left for future work Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[7] |
finding · quantity · variable · definition · key-term — grounded in the full text| finding | Parvalbumin (PV) inhibitory neurons in layer 2/3 auditory cortex have broader tonal receptive fields, lower intensity thresholds and stronger tone-evoked spiking than somatostatin (SOM) neurons. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[0] |
| finding | SOM neurons are as sharply frequency-tuned as excitatory neurons even though they too receive a broad range of excitatory input. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[1] |
| finding | Both the synaptic input onset and the spike onset of SOM neurons occur significantly later than those of PV and excitatory neurons. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[2] |
| finding | Measured 10 dB above threshold, PV receptive fields were twice as broad as those of SOM and excitatory neurons, which did not differ from each other. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[3] |
| finding | SOM neurons had significantly higher intensity thresholds than PV and excitatory neurons. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[4] |
| finding | SOM neurons fired with significantly less precise timing, showing larger first-spike jitter than PV and excitatory neurons. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[5] |
| finding | PV neurons converted almost their whole synaptic input range into spike output (highest spike-range/input-range ratio), whereas SOM neurons converted the least. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[6] |
| finding | Tone-evoked subthreshold depolarizations (EPSPs) were significantly larger in PV neurons than in SOM or excitatory neurons. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[7] |
| finding | Every recorded PV cell had a spike trough-to-peak interval below 0.5 ms while every recorded excitatory cell was above 0.5 ms, so waveform width separates the two classes in layer 2/3. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[8] |
| finding | PV neurons fired spontaneously at a significantly higher rate than excitatory cells. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[9] |
| finding | The three cell groups were recorded at statistically indistinguishable cortical depths, so the broad PV tuning is not a depth-sampling artefact. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[10] |
| finding | PV receptive fields were about twice as broad as SOM and excitatory ones, which did not differ from each other Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[11] |
| finding | the same result held for a second bandwidth measure taken from an envelope fit Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[12] |
| finding | PV cells fired much faster to tones than SOM or excitatory cells, and had higher spontaneous rates Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[13] |
| finding | SOM cells had higher intensity thresholds, so they may not inhibit at low sound levels Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[14] |
| finding | SOM cells had larger first-spike jitter than PV or excitatory cells Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[15] |
| finding | spikes occur in the order PV, excitatory, SOM, with SOM markedly delayed Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[16] |
| finding | all PV cells had trough-to-peak intervals under 0.5 ms and all excitatory cells above, but 13% of SOM cells also fell under Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[17] |
| finding | PV cells were less intensity-tuned than excitatory cells Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[18] |
| finding | ADOPTED THE RIVAL'S METHOD: fitting bandwidth by Gaussian as the disputing study did, the disagreement survived - PV tuning was still broader Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[19] |
| finding | three candidate causes remain for the disagreement: indirect optogenetic versus direct visual targeting, contamination in tungsten electrode recording, and general versus premapped A1 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[20] |
| finding | CONTROL NULL: the three cell groups did not differ in characteristic frequency distribution Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[21] |
| finding | CONTROL NULL: the three groups did not differ in cortical depth, so the tuning difference is not a sampling bias Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[22] |
| finding | CONTROL: the imaging laser and chiller were isolated and no scanning occurred during recording, so scanner noise could not contaminate auditory responses Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[23] |
| quantity | 27 PV, 16 SOM, 22 excitatory — number of neurons recorded in the cell-attached spike dataset Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[0] |
| quantity | PV, 75 ± 6 Hz; SOM, 28 ± 4 Hz; Exc, 39 ± 6 Hz — average tone-evoked firing rates of the three cell types Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[1] |
| quantity | PV, 1.43 ± 0.12 octave; SOM, 0.67 ± 0.06 octave; Exc, 0.64 ± 0.03 octave — receptive-field bandwidth 10 dB above threshold (BW10) per cell type Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[2] |
| quantity | PV, 36 ± 1.93 dB SPL; SOM, 47.86 ± 2.22 dB SPL; Exc, 40 ± 0.97 dB SPL — average intensity threshold of the tonal receptive field per cell type Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[3] |
| quantity | PV (0.89 ± 0.06), SOM (0.43 ± 0.05), excitatory (0.61 ± 0.04) — ratio of spike response frequency range to synaptic input frequency range at 60 dB SPL Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[4] |
| quantity | PV, 16.59 ± 0.58 ms; SOM, 26.44 ± 0.91 ms; Exc, 18.64 ± 0.88 ms — average spike onset latency to CF tones at 60 dB SPL Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[5] |
| quantity | PV, 1.54 ± 0.12 ms; SOM, 3.21 ± 0.36 ms; Exc, 1.75 ± 0.19 ms — average jitter (SD) of first-spike timing for CF tones at 60 dB SPL Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[6] |
| quantity | 13% — share of SOM neurons whose spike trough-to-peak interval was shorter than 0.5 ms (the PV-like range) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[7] |
| quantity | 67% of PV cells displaying R 2 < 0.3 — proportion of PV cells whose plateau-shaped tuning fitted a Gaussian curve poorly Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[8] |
| quantity | 0.5 ms — trough-to-peak cut separating PV from excitatory cells here, crossed by 13% of SOM cells Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[9] |
| quantity | 27, 16, 22 — PV, SOM and excitatory neurons recorded Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[10] |
| quantity | 1.17 vs 0.52 vs 0.55 octave — Gaussian-fit tuning bandwidth for PV, SOM and excitatory cells using the disputed study's own method Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[11] |
| quantity | 67% — PV cells whose plateau-shaped tuning fits a Gaussian below R squared 0.3 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[12] |
| quantity | under 10% — chance that an unlabelled comparison cell was actually an interneuron Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[13] |
| quantity | 287 — frequency-intensity combinations presented per cell Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[14] |
| variable | bandwidth of spike TRF (dependent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[2] |
| variable | response onset latency (dependent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[3] |
| variable | body temperature (control) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[4] |
| variable | distribution of characteristic frequencies (control) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[5] |
| variable | cortical depth (control) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[6] |
| variable | BW10 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[8] |
| variable | intensity threshold Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[9] |
| variable | jitter Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[10] |
| variable | trough-to-peak interval Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[11] |
| definition | characteristic frequency (CF) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[0] |
| definition | intensity threshold Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[1] |
| definition | Bandwidth of TRF Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[2] |
| definition | intensity selectivity index (ISI) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[3] |
| definition | onset latency of spike response Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[4] |
| definition | characteristic frequency Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[5] |
| definition | tonal receptive field Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[6] |
| definition | intensity selectivity index Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[7] |
| definition | trough-to-peak interval Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[8] |
| key-terms | PV, SOM, fast-spiking, trough-to-peak interval, tonal receptive field, characteristic frequency, intensity threshold, BW10, jitter, two-photon, cell-attached, A1 |
| concept | SOM — not defined in this paper's own words; somatostatin-expressing interneurons, genetically labelled Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[1] |
| concept | urethane — not defined in this paper's own words; the anaesthetic, and the main scope limit on the SOM results Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[14] |
| ANOVA | as written: One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and post hoc test Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[0] |
| post hoc test | as written: post hoc Fisher's least significant difference test / Tamhane's T 2 test Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[1] |
| Kolmogorov-Smirnov test | as written: Kolmogorov–Smirnov test (K–S test) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[2] |
| bootstrap | as written: Bootstrap sampling (bootstrap, MATLAB, 1000 times) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[3] |
| standard error of the mean SE | as written: mean ± SE Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[4] |
| standard deviation SD | as written: standard deviation of first-spike timing Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[5] |
| curve fitting (Gaussian fit, coefficient of determination) σ | as written: σ of a Gaussian fit to the tuning curve Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[6] |
| p-value P | as written: P > 0.9, K–S test between each pair of cell groups Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[7] |
| one-way analysis of variance | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[8] |
| K–S test | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[9] |
| Tamhane | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[10] |
| Bootstrap sampling | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[11] |
| claim type | existence — a second reading reaching the same value; recorded: existence Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | alternatives.claim_type |
| method | in vivo two-photon imaging-guided cell-attached and whole-cell recording from fluorescently labelled PV and SOM neurons in layer 2/3 of premapped A1 — a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value; recorded: electrophysiology Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | alternatives.method |
| phenomenon | the tonal receptive field: which frequency and intensity combinations drive a cortical neuron — a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value; recorded: tonal receptive fields of cortical inhibitory interneuron subtypes Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | alternatives.phenomenon |
When we have changed our mind. Some entries in the table begin with a word in capitals and the reason for it. EVIDENCE CORRECTED — the finding still stands, but we had quoted the wrong sentence from the paper, and the quotation has been replaced with the right one. RETRACTED — the entry itself was wrong; it stays on the page, marked, with the reason, rather than being deleted. WITHDRAWN AND REPLACED — the entry was wrong, and a corrected version of it appears in the entries below. Each mark carries its own reason, in brackets, because the reasons differ from one entry to the next. An entry we have WITHDRAWN is removed from this page and kept in the record, with its reason. A line reading Audit and a date is a later re-reading of the entry against its whole sentence: DOUBTFUL means it was kept, and the reason says what is loose about it. Quotation marks inside the tagger's sentence. Where a tag is the tagger's own sentence, a phrase in quotation marks inside it is borrowed from the paper — the tagger's wording around it is not. The paper's own sentence is the evidence quote for that row; on this page it is withheld with the article, and the article is at its publisher. Nothing inside quotation marks anywhere on this page is ours: if it is quoted, it is the paper's. Whose words a concept carries. A concept entry records a term the paper itself uses, so the term, the sense given for it, and its evidence are the paper's own words, quoted where the paper fixes them. This is the opposite of a sense entry in the tag table, which is the tagger's sentence about how the paper uses a term. Where a concept entry could not be grounded in the paper's words, the entry says so on its own row.
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