Irrelevant Stimuli and Action Control: Analyzing the Influence of Ignored Stimuli via the Distractor-Response Binding Paradigm — TEI-tagged view

Moeller, Schächinger, Frings · 2014 · cognitive-psychology · doi:10.3791/51571 · full text at the source · TEI xml · tagged edition · index · concepts · authors
Where this record's text came from. faceted 2026-08 by reading the locally held text (html); every evidence string verified as an exact substring of that text before merging. This is a JoVE protocol article, so 'method' is recorded as system-or-tool-building: it packages a reusable experimental paradigm rather than reporting a single new experiment. It does describe the data-collection technique behaviourally ('Computer-based experiments are used to collect the data (reaction times and error rates).'), and its Representative Results summarise 33 previously run experiments across visual, auditory and tactile modalities, which is the basis for replication status = replicated. Prior work is cited by superscript number rather than by author name throughout; the two claim relations recorded are the two places where the paper states its own relation to a named paradigm in words. 2026-08-12, 2026-08-15 and 2026-08-25 schema-0.3 passes: every quote verified as an exact substring of the staged text and anchored at merge time; concept terms verified present; every edge endpoint an existing node.
Other fields define these differently the same word, defined another way in another discipline
episodic memory 3 fields · confidence interval 2 fields · instance 2 fields · selective attention 2 fields
Tags on this paper every tag the record carries, whether or not the words occur in the text below — a number is how many papers in the corpus carry that tag; a tag with no number is unique to this paper
distractor-response binding distractor inhibition2 response retrieval event file instance3 episodic memory15 selective attention7 cognitive control6 negative priming4 Stimulus Response Retrieval theory Theory of Event Coding prime11 probe2 response relation distractor relation selection task onset asynchrony do-not-respond tag Gestalt principles system-or-tool-building173

Our tag layer for this paper

Cross-disciplinary analysis
content-tags & facets: phenomenon · claim-type · cross-domain-transfer · mechanism · claim-relation · replication-status · limitation — grounded in the full text
phenomenondistractor-response binding— “The paradigm of distractor-response binding is useful to investigate influences of distractors that compete with the target stimulus for a response execution.”
claim-typemethod— “The distractor-response binding paradigm can be used to investigate this influence.”
method — evidence— “The present article gives a detailed description of the paradigm used to analyze the distractor-based retrieval and distractor inhibition.”
object of study — evidence— “The paradigm of distractor-response binding was developed to specifically investigate the influence distractors that compete with a target stimulus for the response, have on action control.”
research question — evidence— “In particular, this technique allows to disentangle the two mechanisms that have been discussed in the context of distractor processing, namely distractor inhibition and distractor based retrieval of responses.”
transferfrom : The paradigm is modality-independent: the same binding effect and the same response-time modulation appear in visual, auditory and tactile versions, which the paper reads as evidence that the mechanism is central rather than perceptual— “Although mean response times modulate the effect, this modulation seems to be the same in previous visual, tactile, and auditory experiments (see Figure 4 ). These results also suggest that the effect evidences a rather central mechanism of action control.”transfers[0]
mechanismRe-encountering a stimulus that was bound into an event file retrieves the whole stored episode, including the response executed with it, so an ignored distractor can drive the current response.— “Re-encountering the stimulus of such an event file leads to a retrieval of the entire episode from memory, including the associated response 4-8 .”mechanisms[0]
mechanismRetrieval runs in parallel with the algorithm computing the required response, so the longer the response takes, the more often retrieval finishes in time to influence it - which is why slower tasks show larger binding effects.— “With longer lags between triggering response retrieval and execution of the response, the retrieval process is more likely to be completed before response execution 22 .”mechanisms[1]
mechanismInhibiting the same distractor twice in a row carries after-effects that facilitate the second inhibition, producing a benefit that is independent of whether the response repeats.— “That is, an inhibition account 1,25 would predict, that inhibiting the same stimulus two times in a row should always lead to benefits because after effects from distractor inhibition on the prime should facilitate distractor inhibition on the probe.”mechanisms[2]
mechanismA stimulus and a response executed close together in time are stored as one episodic trace, so re-encountering the stimulus retrieves the whole episode including the response— “Re-encountering the stimulus of such an event file leads to a retrieval of the entire episode from memory, including the associated response 4-8 .”mechanisms[3]
mechanismBecause the distractor is bound into the same trace as the target and response, the distractor alone can trigger retrieval of the target's response— “On the next encounter, any of these stimuli ( i.e. also the distractor stimulus) can trigger the retrieval of the entire event file including the target response.”mechanisms[4]
mechanismRetrieval therefore helps when the response repeats and hurts when it changes, which is why the signature is an interaction rather than a main effect— “In contrast, if a change of response is required, repeating the distractor hampers responding as the distractor retrieves an incompatible response.”mechanisms[5]
mechanismInhibition predicts a benefit from distractor repetition that does not depend on response repetition, which is what makes the two mechanisms separable in one design— “This benefit effect of repeated distractors is, however, according to the inhibition theory independent of response repetition.”mechanisms[6]
mechanismRetrieval runs in parallel with computing the required response, so slower tasks give retrieval more time to finish and produce larger effects— “This can be understood as a consequence of the retrieval process working in parallel to the…mechanisms[7]
builds-on the negative priming paradigm (review by Fox)claim_relations[0]
extends the negative priming paradigmclaim_relations[1]
extends the negative priming paradigm, from which this paradigm originates
Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher.
claim_relations[2]
extends the Stimulus Response Retrieval theory and the Theory of Event Coding
Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher.
claim_relations[3]
critiques the pure inhibition account of negative priming, which cannot be separated from retrieval in that paradigm
Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher.
claim_relations[4]
sensedistractor repetition effect - as an INTERACTION with response relation: the signature of retrieval, i.e. of distractor-response binding
Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher.
senses[0]
sensedistractor repetition effect - as a MAIN EFFECT: the signature of inhibition, read off the same design and the same data
Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher.
senses[1]
senseresponse repetition - with the same target identity (RRi): excluded from analysis because target repetition would confound it
Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher.
senses[2]
senseresponse repetition - with a different target from the same response category (RR): the condition actually analysed
Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher.
senses[3]
sensenegative priming - under the inhibition account: residual inhibition of the former distractor makes responding to it harder
Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher.
senses[4]
sensenegative priming - under the retrieval account: a do-not-respond tag encoded with the distractor is retrieved and conflicts with responding
Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher.
senses[5]
controlvarying response relation (repetition vs change) and distractor relation (repetition vs change) orthogonally in a 2x2 design — held
Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher.
— rules out that a distractor-repetition effect is confounded with response repetition, and that distractor inhibition cannot be told apart from response retrieval
Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher.
controls[0]
controlrandom assignment of stimuli from the stimulus set to the roles of prime target, prime distractor, probe target and probe distractor within each trial type — held
Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher.
— rules out that the effect is driven by particular stimuli rather than by the repetition relations between them
Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher.
controls[1]
differs inthe pure inhibition account of negative priming, which cannot be separated from retrieval in that paradigm — THE AXIS IS WHETHER THE PARADIGM CAN SEPARATE TWO MECHANISMS. 'One difficulty with this paradigm has been that at least two different mechanisms can account for the negative priming effect.' The effect is not disputed; what is disputed is that observing it tells you which mechanism produced it - so every result in that paradigm is evidence for a disjunction.
Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher.
Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher.
claim_relations[4]
edgeinstance —same-as→ event file
Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher.
concept_edges[0]
edgeevent file —part-of→ episodic memory
Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher.
concept_edges[1]
edgedistractor inhibition —part-of→ cognitive control
Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher.
concept_edges[2]
edgedistractor-response binding —contrasted-with→ negative priming
Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher.
concept_edges[4]
auditdistractor inhibition —contrasted-with→ response retrieval — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but the span writes 'distractor based retrieval of responses', not 'response retrieval'.
Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher.
concept_edges[6]
auditdistractor-response binding —operationalised-as→ response relation — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but a significant interaction of response relation and distractor relation INDICATES distractor-response binding; operationalised-as is loose.
Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher.
concept_edges[7]
auditdistractor inhibition —operationalised-as→ distractor relation — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but the span writes 'the main effect of distractor repetition', not 'distractor relation'.
Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher.
concept_edges[8]
auditdo-not-respond tag —causes→ negative priming — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but endpoint by anaphora: the example follows 'negative priming can be the result of retrieval mechanisms' (previous sentence).
Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher.
concept_edges[13]
weightdo-not-respond tag —causes→ negative priming — 0.7
Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher.
concept_edges[13]
auditGestalt principles —causes→ distractor-response binding — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but 'another prerequisite SEEMS to be' grouped presentation; 'Gestalt principles' is not in the span and causes is hedged.
Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher.
concept_edges[14]
weightGestalt principles —causes→ distractor-response binding — 0.8
Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher.
concept_edges[14]
outcomecontrol — held
Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher.
Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher.
controls[0]
outcomecontrol — held
Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher.
Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher.
controls[1]
duplicate oflimitation — limitations[4]
Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher.
limitations[1]
replicationreplicated
limitationThe factors that modulate the distractor-response binding effect are not yet fully specified.
Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher.
limitations[0]
limitationThe paradigm has been validated in only one clinical sample (unpublished), so the trial numbers needed for individual-difference work are unknown.
Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher.
limitations[1]
limitationThe effect fails if the gap between prime response and probe onset is too long
Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher.
limitations[2]
limitationGrouping of target and distractor appears to be required, and the full set of modulating conditions is not yet known
Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher.
limitations[3]
limitationOnly one clinical sample has been looked at, and that data is unpublished, so trial numbers for individual-difference work are unknown
Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher.
limitations[4]
limitationError rates usually yield nothing, so the paradigm effectively rests on response times alone
Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher.
limitations[5]
limitationTrials repeating the target identity must be dropped from analysis to keep target-based bindings out, yet kept in the procedure to stop participants responding strategically
Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher.
limitations[6]
Content tags
content-observations: finding · quantity · variable · definition · key-term — grounded in the full text
findingRepeating a distractor speeds responding when the same response must be repeated, because the distractor retrieves a compatible response.
Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher.
content_tags.findings[0]
findingRepeating a distractor slows responding when the response must change, because the distractor retrieves the now-incompatible response.
Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher.
content_tags.findings[1]
findingThe paradigm's central advantage is that response retrieval shows up as the response-by-distractor interaction while distractor inhibition shows up as the distractor main effect, so the two mechanisms can be read off separately from the same design.
Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher.
content_tags.findings[2]
findingDistractor-response binding effects become larger with more difficult tasks and thus with longer response times.
Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher.
content_tags.findings[3]
findingThe modulation of the binding effect by response time can be represented by one function for all modalities.
Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher.
content_tags.findings[4]
findingNo distractor-response binding effect was found at an onset asynchrony of 1,500 msec.
Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher.
content_tags.findings[5]
findingPresenting target and distractor grouped together appears to be a precondition for the effect.
Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher.
content_tags.findings[6]
findingError rates usually carry no significant effects because participants commit too few errors.
Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher.
content_tags.findings[7]
findingImposing an 800 msec response window, or varying the prime-probe gap between 150 and 350 msec, leaves the result pattern intact.
Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher.
content_tags.findings[8]
findingUnpublished data from participants with autism spectrum disorder suggest the effect is obtainable in a clinical sample with the same number of trials.
Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher.
content_tags.findings[9]
quantity180 trials — Total number of experimental trials produced by repeating each of the six trial types 30 times
Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher.
content_tags.quantities[0]
quantity60 trials — Size of the practice block drawn at random before the main experiment
Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher.
content_tags.quantities[1]
quantity33 experiments (27 visual, five auditory, one tactile) — Number and modality breakdown of the published experiments whose binding effects are summarised against mean response time
Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher.
content_tags.quantities[2]
quantity50% — Share of the between-experiment variance in binding effects explained by the fitted function of mean response time
Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher.
content_tags.quantities[3]
quantity1,500 msec — Prime-probe onset asynchrony at which no distractor-response binding effect was obtained
Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher.
content_tags.quantities[4]
quantity300 msec — Fixed stimulus presentation duration that still reproduced the binding pattern
Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher.
content_tags.quantities[5]
variableresponse relation (independent)
Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher.
content_tags.variables[0]
variabledistractor relation (distractor repetition vs. distractor change) (independent)
Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher.
content_tags.variables[1]
variableprobe response time (dependent)
Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher.
content_tags.variables[2]
variableprobe error rate (dependent)
Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher.
content_tags.variables[3]
variablestimulus arrangement (control)
Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher.
content_tags.variables[4]
variabletarget identity repetition (control)
Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher.
content_tags.variables[6]
definitiondistractor-response binding
Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher.
content_tags.definitions[0]
definitionnegative priming effect
Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher.
content_tags.definitions[1]
definitionevent file
Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher.
content_tags.definitions[2]
definitioninstance
Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher.
content_tags.definitions[3]
definitionselective attention
Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher.
content_tags.definitions[4]
definitionStimulus Response Retrieval theory
Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher.
content_tags.definitions[5]
definitiondistractor inhibition
Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher.
content_tags.definitions[6]
definitionevent file
Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher.
content_tags.definitions[7]
definitiondistractor repetition effect
Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher.
content_tags.definitions[8]
key-termsdistractor-response binding, distractor inhibition, response retrieval, event file, instance, episodic memory, selective attention, cognitive control, negative priming, Stimulus Response Retrieval theory, Theory of Event Coding, prime, probe, response relation, distractor relation, selection task, onset asynchrony
Statistics — cross-field join keys
field-invariant statistical terms, used in their statistical sense (gated on a number / symbol / test). A p-value or a standard deviation means the SAME thing in physics, biology, psychology and sociology — so these are the strongest cross-field join keys. Grounded verbatim.
ANOVA as written: 2 (Response Relation: repetition vs. change) × 2 (Distractor Relation: repetition vs. change) ANOVA
Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher.
content_tags.statistics[0]
interaction effect × as written: interaction effect of response repetition × distractor repetition
Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher.
content_tags.statistics[1]
main effect as written: significant main effect of distractor repetition
Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher.
content_tags.statistics[2]
standard error as written: standard error of the means
Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher.
content_tags.statistics[3]
outlier removal as written: exclude anticipatory (below 200 msec) and outlier response times ( e.g. Tukey )
Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher.
content_tags.statistics[4]
confidence interval as written: The confidence interval is indicated by broken lines
Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher.
content_tags.statistics[5]
explained variance as written: the function explaining 50% of the variance
Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher.
content_tags.statistics[6]
mean as written: mean response time in distractor change trials minus the mean response time in distractor repetition trials
Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher.
content_tags.statistics[7]
Second readings
a facet read a second time, independently, from its own sentence — and whether the two readings agree
claim typemethod — a second reading reaching the same value; recorded: method
Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher.
alternatives.claim_type
phenomenondistractor-response binding — a second reading reaching the same value; recorded: distractor-response binding
Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher.
alternatives.phenomenon

When we have changed our mind. Some entries in the table begin with a word in capitals and the reason for it. EVIDENCE CORRECTED — the finding still stands, but we had quoted the wrong sentence from the paper, and the quotation has been replaced with the right one. RETRACTED — the entry itself was wrong; it stays on the page, marked, with the reason, rather than being deleted. WITHDRAWN AND REPLACED — the entry was wrong, and a corrected version of it appears in the entries below. Each mark carries its own reason, in brackets, because the reasons differ from one entry to the next. An entry we have WITHDRAWN is removed from this page and kept in the record, with its reason. A line reading Audit and a date is a later re-reading of the entry against its whole sentence: DOUBTFUL means it was kept, and the reason says what is loose about it. Quotation marks inside the tagger's sentence. Where a tag is the tagger's own sentence, a phrase in quotation marks inside it is borrowed from the paper — the tagger's wording around it is not. The paper's own sentence is the evidence quote for that row; on this page it is withheld with the article, and the article is at its publisher. Nothing inside quotation marks anywhere on this page is ours: if it is quoted, it is the paper's. Whose words a concept carries. A concept entry records a term the paper itself uses, so the term, the sense given for it, and its evidence are the paper's own words, quoted where the paper fixes them. This is the opposite of a sense entry in the tag table, which is the tagger's sentence about how the paper uses a term. Where a concept entry could not be grounded in the paper's words, the entry says so on its own row.

Tag layer © the Meta-Tagging Project, CC BY 4.0. The paper text is © its authors/publisher and is linked, not reproduced. Excerpts shown are short quotations for identification and verification. · back to index · concepts · authors · עברית
© 2026 Shir Sivroni · ORCID 0009-0000-2597-2824