phenomenon · claim-type · cross-domain-transfer · mechanism · claim-relation · replication-status · limitation — grounded in the full text| phenomenon | frequency tuning of parvalbumin-positive interneurons in auditory cortex— “Here we characterized the tuning and response properties of parvalbumin-positive (PV+) interneurons, the largest inhibitory subclass.” | |
| claim-type | existence— “In contrast to PV+ neurons in mouse visual cortex, which are broadly tuned for orientation, we found that auditory cortical PV+ neurons were well tuned for frequency, although very tightly tuned PV+ cells were uncommon.” | |
| method — evidence | — “We obtained single-unit extracellular recordings from optogenetically identified PV+ neurons in mice that expressed ChR2 specifically in PV+ cells.” | |
| object of study — evidence | — “Pharmacological and whole-cell voltage-clamp studies have indicated important computational functions for cortical inhibition, such as shaping receptive fields, enhancing temporal precision, and providing gain control ( Wang et al., 2002b ; Wehr and Zador, 2003 ; Tan et al., 2004 ; Wu et al., 2006 ). However, these methods lump together all… | |
| research question — evidence | — “The morphological and physiological diversity of interneurons suggests that these different subclasses have unique roles in sound processing; however, these roles are yet unknown. Understanding the receptive field properties of distinct inhibitory cell types will be critical to elucidating their computational function in cortical… | |
| contribution — evidence | — “In contrast to PV+ neurons in mouse visual cortex, which are broadly tuned for orientation, we found that auditory cortical PV+ neurons were well tuned for frequency, although very tightly tuned PV+ cells were uncommon. This suggests that PV+ neurons play a minor role in shaping frequency tuning, and is consistent with the idea that PV+… | |
| transfer | from visual cortex research: the unbiased local pooling principle, carried across modalities as a prediction that reverses because auditory cortex is columnar where mouse V1 is not— “If this principle generalizes across sensory modalities, PV+ neurons in mouse auditory cortex should be well tuned for frequency, because it has tonotopically organized frequency columns.” | transfers[0] |
| transfer | from psychophysics of loudness coding: the monotonicity index and rate-level function decomposition, used to give intensity tuning a single number— “Monotonicity index (MI) characterizes the strength of a cell's intensity tuning. We defined MI as the neuron's response at maximum intensity (90 dB) divided by its maximum response ( Sutter and Schreiner, 1995 ; de la Rocha et al., 2008 ; Watkins and Barbour, 2011 ). An MI of 1 indicates no intensity tuning; an MI near zero… | transfers[1] |
| mechanism | PV+ interneurons pool densely and without bias from excitatory neurons in a small local radius, so their tuning inherits the feature organization of that local patch - homogeneous in a columnar or tonotopic area, heterogeneous in a salt-and-pepper one— “Because PV+ neurons densely sample a small radius, their tuning is expected to reflect feature organization in local networks: in orientation columns in cat V1 and vibrissa barrels in rodent S1, PV+ cells will sample inputs with homogeneous tuning, and thus themselves will be well tuned” | mechanisms[0] |
| mechanism | Greater monotonicity keeps PV+ firing rates rising over a wider span of sound levels, which stretches the level dynamic range and thereby flattens the slope of the rate-level function— “Moreover, Δ dB was correlated with MI ( r = 0.377, p < 0.01), suggesting that the greater monotonicity of PV+ neurons is responsible for their increased dynamic range in sound level, and thus their comparatively shallow response gain.” | mechanisms[1] |
| mechanism | Faster membrane time constants combined with strong thalamocortical synaptic drive make PV+ cells fire early, placing them in a feedforward inhibitory loop that sharpens the timing of pyramidal responses— “The rapid activation of PV+ neurons may arise from faster membrane time constants ( Cardin et al., 2007 ) in combination with potent thalamocortical synaptic drive ( Swadlow, 2003 ), as has been shown for FS cells in V1 and S1, respectively.” | mechanisms[2] |
| mechanism | PV+ cells densely sample a small radius, so their tuning should mirror how the local network is organised - broad where tuning is salt-and-pepper, narrow where it is columnar— “Because PV+ neurons densely sample a small radius, their tuning is expected to reflect feature organization in local networks: in orientation columns in cat V1 and vibrissa barrels in rodent S1, PV+ cells will sample inputs with homogeneous tuning, and thus themselves will be well tuned ( Simons, 1978 ; Hirsch et al., 2003 ; Cardin et al.… | mechanisms[3] |
| mechanism | cotuned inhibition sharpens spike tuning through a thresholding or iceberg mechanism rather than by suppressing non-preferred stimuli— “More recently, voltage-clamp studies have shown that excitation and inhibition are instead cotuned for frequency and approximately fixed in their relative proportions ( Wehr and Zador, 2003 ; Zhang et al., 2003 ; Tan et al., 2004 ; for review see Oswald et al., 2006 ). In the cotuning model, inhibition moderately sharpens spike tuning through… | mechanisms[4] |
| mechanism | very short PV+ latencies suggest a feedforward inhibitory network driven rapidly by thalamocortical excitation— “We found that PV+ neurons had markedly faster response latencies than PV− neurons. These very short latencies suggest that PV+ neurons participate in a feedforward inhibitory network that is rapidly activated by thalamocortical excitation, and likely underlies the sequence of early synaptic excitation and inhibition seen in whole-cell… | mechanisms[5] |
| mechanism | monotonic PV+ rate-level functions support local inhibition shaping intensity tuning in auditory cortex— “We found that PV+ neurons were highly monotonic for pure tones at their characteristic frequency compared with PV− neurons. This supports the idea that local inhibition shapes intensity tuning in auditory cortex, and that it is provided at least in part by PV+ neurons.” | mechanisms[6] |
| mechanism | the pooling and feedforward roles could be performed in sequence, or simultaneously for continuous sounds— “Is a role in providing rapid feedforward inhibition compatible with the local pooling hypothesis? PV+ neurons could play both roles, perhaps sequentially. After providing an initial volley of feedforward inhibition, PV+ neurons could then pool activity from the local cortical network and provide ongoing feedback inhibition. Both roles could… | mechanisms[7] |
| contradicts | Wu et al. (2008), FS cells in rat A1— “This was also true when we separated cells according to spike width, which is inconsistent with a previous study of FS cells in rat A1 ( Wu et al., 2008 ).” | claim_relations[0] |
| builds-on | local-pooling account of PV+ tuning (Kerlin et al., 2010; Hofer et al., 2011)— “Our finding that the tuning widths of PV+ and PV− neurons were not significantly different is consistent with the idea that PV+ cells nonselectively “pool” input from local excitatory neurons ( Kerlin et al., 2010 ; Hofer et al., 2011 ).” | claim_relations[1] |
| replicates | Atencio and Schreiner (2008), FS cells in auditory cortex— “This is consistent with a previous study of FS cells in auditory cortex ( Atencio and Schreiner, 2008 ).” | claim_relations[2] |
| contradicts | lateral inhibition models in which sharpening comes from inhibitory neurons more broadly tuned than excitatory ones— “Lateral inhibition models propose that inhibition sharpens spike tuning by specifically inhibiting responses to nonpreferred stimuli ( Calford and Semple, 1995 ; Chen and Jen, 2000 ; Sutter and… | claim_relations[3] |
| supports | the cotuning model in which excitation and inhibition share frequency tuning and inhibition sharpens by thresholding | claim_relations[4] |
| extends | the local unbiased pooling account of PV+ tuning developed in mouse visual cortex Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[5] |
| critiques | the use of extracellular spike waveform as a marker for PV+ interneurons in vivo Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[6] |
| qualifies | pharmacological and voltage-clamp studies that lump all sources of synaptic inhibition together Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[7] |
| sense | PV+ here means a cell that responded to blue light with a reliable short-latency burst, in a mouse where over 97 percent of PV-immunopositive cells carry the opsin - identity by manipulation, validated against a stain in two separate reporter lines Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[0] |
| sense | the FS/RS spike-width cutoff of 0.8 ms was set from THIS dataset, halfway between the two group means, and the paper states there is no consensus value in the literature because it may depend on the recording technology Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[1] |
| sense | UNTUNED is a category created because the measure does not apply: a sound-responsive cell with disordered frequency-intensity structure has no meaningful tuning width, so it is labelled rather than fitted Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[2] |
| sense | monotonicity index is a ratio of the response at the loudest tested level to the maximum response, so 1 means no intensity tuning and near zero means strong tuning - the measure carries its own null Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[3] |
| sense | the 80 ms response window was chosen to exclude non-evoked spikes BECAUSE PV+ cells have high spontaneous rates - an analysis choice driven by one of the very differences under study Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[4] |
| control | rate-level functions NORMALISED before comparison — held — rules out the higher baseline firing rate of PV+ neurons as the source of the difference - without it, a cell type that simply fires more would appear to have a different rate-level relationship Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[0] |
| audit | PV+ —contrasted-with→ visual cortex — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but auditory PV+ neurons are contrasted WITH PV+ neurons IN visual cortex; 'visual cortex' as the endpoint drops the cell type. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[1] |
| note | PV+ —contrasted-with→ visual cortex — the same cell class gives OPPOSITE tuning answers in two modalities, and that is the result rather than a discrepancy Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[1] |
| audit | local pooling —causes→ tuning width — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but the local pooling HYPOTHESIS PREDICTS similar tuning, and the data were consistent; causes is hedged. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[2] |
| note | local pooling —causes→ tuning width — MECHANISM: dense sampling of a small radius means the cell inherits whatever tuning organisation that radius has - so a tonotopic area predicts well-tuned inhibitory cells Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[2] |
| note | waveform —distinct-from→ PV+ — THE PROXY MEASURED AGAINST A GENETIC GROUND TRUTH AND FOUND WANTING: up to 40 percent misclassification from any single waveform measure Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[5] |
| note | FS —distinct-from→ PV+ — the two are heterogeneous populations that OVERLAP BUT ARE NOT IDENTICAL - so results reported for one do not transfer to the other Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[6] |
| audit | PV+ —part-of→ basket cells — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but PV is expressed in only about half of basket cells; part-of is loose and runs the other way. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[8] |
| note | PV+ —part-of→ basket cells — and only approximately half of basket cells express PV, which is the second reason the waveform proxy cannot work Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[8] |
| weight | PV+ —part-of→ basket cells — 0.5 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[8] |
| note | untuned —distinct-from→ tuning width — THE MEASURE HAS A DOMAIN: a sound-responsive cell with disordered structure gets a label rather than a number Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[10] |
| outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation) | control — held | controls[0] |
| for which use | limitation — any comparison between the tuning-curve, rate-level and other sub-samples: DUE TO THE CONSTRAINTS OF RECORDING DURATION, WE WERE NOT ABLE TO PRESENT ALL STIMULUS ARRAYS FOR ALL CELLS Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[0] |
| for which use | limitation — the comparison group in every PV+ versus PV- result: PRESUMABLY, THESE PV- CELLS WERE ALMOST EXCLUSIVELY EXCITATORY PYRAMIDAL CELLS, ALTHOUGH A SMALL FRACTION (<12%) COULD HAVE BEEN PV- INHIBITORY INTERNEURONS Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[1] |
| for which use | limitation — the reported heterogeneity of PV+ responses: it is LIKELY DUE AT LEAST IN PART TO THE DEGREE OF SPECIFICITY OF THE PV PROMOTER, WHICH EXPRESSES IN MORE THAN ONE CELL TYPE Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[2] |
| for which use | limitation — the unbiased-pooling interpretation: WELL TUNED PV+ NEURONS ARE ALSO CONSISTENT WITH SELECTIVE CONNECTIVITY RATHER THAN UNBIASED POOLING, BECAUSE NARROW TUNING COULD FOLLOW FROM EITHER SCHEME Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[3] |
| for which use | limitation — the negative conclusion about lateral inhibition: LATERAL INHIBITION COULD STILL BE IMPLEMENTED IN AUDITORY CORTEX IN AT LEAST TWO WAYS Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[4] |
| duplicate of | limitation — limitations[1] Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[5] |
| for which use | limitation — the same scope as limitations[1] - the PV- sample is defined by absence of a label, with a bound of under 12% on the contamination Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[5] |
| for which use | limitation — the same scope as limitations[0] - stimuli PRESENTED TO OUR PV- SAMPLE WERE APPROXIMATELY MATCHED TO THE PV+ SAMPLE, not identically matched Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[6] |
| for which use | limitation — the laminar generality of the PV+ results: NEURONS IN DEEP LAYERS WERE SLIGHTLY UNDERREPRESENTED IN OUR SAMPLE, though the depth distributions DID NOT DIFFER SIGNIFICANTLY Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[7] |
| replication | contested | |
| limitation | Not every stimulus set could be run on every cell, so the sub-samples for tuning curves, rate-level functions and latency differ. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[0] |
| limitation | The PV− comparison group is only presumed to be excitatory; a small fraction could be non-PV inhibitory interneurons. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[1] |
| limitation | The observed heterogeneity of PV+ response properties may partly reflect limited specificity of the PV promoter rather than true biological diversity. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[2] |
| limitation | well tuned PV+ cells are also consistent with selective connectivity rather than unbiased pooling, though that would be a different rule from other cortical areas Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[3] |
| limitation | lateral inhibition could still operate here, either through a different network configuration or through other inhibitory cell types Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[4] |
| limitation | a small fraction of the PV- sample could have been non-PV inhibitory interneurons rather than pyramidal cells Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[5] |
| limitation | recording duration prevented presenting every stimulus array to every cell, so the two samples are only approximately matched Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[6] |
| limitation | deep-layer neurons were slightly underrepresented relative to the anatomical distribution Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[7] |
finding · quantity · variable · definition · key-term — grounded in the full text| finding | Frequency tuning width did not differ significantly between optogenetically identified PV+ interneurons and PV- neurons in mouse auditory cortex (0.84 vs 0.62 octaves). Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[0] |
| finding | Very tightly tuned cells (below 0.5 octaves) were about half as common among PV+ cells (29%) as among PV- cells (58%), even though the two distributions largely overlapped. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[1] |
| finding | The best frequency of every tuned PV+ neuron was within half an octave of its recording site's best frequency, so PV+ tuning matched the local population. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[2] |
| finding | PV+ cells responded to best-frequency tones roughly 11 ms earlier than PV- cells (17.9 vs 29.1 ms). Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[3] |
| finding | The latency advantage was stimulus-specific: for white noise, PV+ and PV- latencies did not differ significantly. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[4] |
| finding | PV+ cells had twofold higher spontaneous firing rates than PV- cells (5.5 vs 2.0 Hz), and higher evoked rates. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[5] |
| finding | After normalizing for their higher firing rates, PV+ cells had shallower response gain to characteristic-frequency tones than PV- cells (0.04 vs 0.15). Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[6] |
| finding | PV+ cells were markedly less intensity-tuned than PV- cells for tones at characteristic frequency: only 14% of PV+ cells were nonmonotonic compared with 55% of PV- cells. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[7] |
| finding | For white noise, PV+ and PV- neurons did not differ significantly in monotonicity. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[8] |
| finding | Classifying cells by extracellular spike waveform instead of by PV expression would misclassify as many as 40% of them, so waveform is an unreliable marker of PV+ identity. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[9] |
| finding | The classification method changes the scientific conclusion: sorting the same cells by spike width rather than PV expression made narrow-spike cells come out significantly more broadly tuned than broad-spike cells (0.87 vs 0.60 octaves). Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[10] |
| finding | The PV+/PV- differences reported across all layers held within each laminar group as well. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[11] |
| finding | frequency tuning widths of PV+ and PV- cells were not significantly different, as the local pooling account predicts for a tonotopic area Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[12] |
| finding | very tightly tuned PV+ cells were comparatively rare, which fits pooling over locally diverse tuning Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[13] |
| finding | THE PREDICTION WAS DERIVED BEFORE THE TEST: if unbiased pooling generalises across modalities, PV+ cells should be well tuned here because auditory cortex has frequency columns Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[14] |
| finding | and the same principle explains why PV+ cells are broadly tuned in mouse V1, which lacks orientation columns Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[15] |
| finding | the tag was quantified in both directions and in two reporter lines: over 97 percent of PV-stained cells carried the opsin, and over 97 percent of reporter cells stained for PV Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[16] |
| finding | A CONTAMINATION BOUND COMPUTED RATHER THAN ASSERTED: from under 1 percent pyramidal-morphology reporter cells and 24 of 68 recordings in layer V, the sample is estimated to contain fewer than 0.24 pyramidal neurons Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[17] |
| finding | PV+ cells did have narrower spikes, 0.75 against 0.93 ms Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[18] |
| finding | but the distributions overlapped on every waveform measure: 27 of 72 PV- cells had narrow spikes, 29 had negative endslopes, 17 had low peak/trough ratios Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[19] |
| finding | THE PROXY QUANTIFIED AND REJECTED: any single waveform measure could misclassify up to 40 percent, and PV+ and FS are overlapping but non-identical populations Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[20] |
| finding | and there is no consensus spike-width cutoff in the literature, because it may depend on the recording technology Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[21] |
| finding | two reasons the proxy cannot work: extracellular duration depends on cell size and electrode position, and even intracellularly the fast-spiking to PV relation is not one to one Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[22] |
| finding | SOME CELLS GOT A LABEL INSTEAD OF A NUMBER: a sound-responsive neuron whose Gaussian fit was poor was categorized as untuned rather than given a tuning width Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[23] |
| finding | the untuned criterion was declared arbitrary and varying it by plus or minus 0.2 did not change the result Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[24] |
| finding | further cells were dropped when best frequency exceeded the speaker range, leaving 31 PV+ and 34 PV- for tuning width Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[25] |
| finding | NO A PRIORI LATENCY CONSTRAINTS, and imposing several exclusion criteria afterwards did not change the results Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[26] |
| finding | and the latency result was confirmed with an alternative estimation method Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[27] |
| finding | PV+ neurons had markedly faster response latencies, read as feedforward inhibition driven by thalamocortical excitation Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[28] |
| finding | PV+ rate-level functions were more monotonic at characteristic frequency, supporting a role in shaping intensity tuning Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[29] |
| finding | STIMULUS-DEPENDENT: for white noise, gain, dynamic range and monotonicity did not separate the two classes at all Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[30] |
| finding | the broadly-tuned-inhibition version of lateral inhibition is inconsistent with equal tuning widths Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[31] |
| finding | and the far-projecting version is inconsistent with PV+ tuning matching the local field potential and with equal connectivity spread Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[32] |
| finding | so the results favour cotuning with only moderate impact on frequency tuning Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[33] |
| finding | though lateral inhibition remains possible through a different network configuration or through other inhibitory cell types Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[34] |
| finding | A DISSOCIATION BETWEEN THE GENETIC AND PHYSIOLOGICAL CLASSES: tuning was equal for PV+ and PV- but slightly broader for FS cells, hinting at two distinct inhibitory networks Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[35] |
| finding | well tuned PV+ cells would also follow from selective connectivity, which the data cannot exclude Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[36] |
| finding | the recorded depth distribution matched the anatomical one, with deep layers slightly underrepresented Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[37] |
| quantity | n = 68 — PV+ interneurons identified in vivo by their short-latency responses to blue light Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[0] |
| quantity | More than 97% — proportion of PV-immunostained cells that expressed the ChR2-eYFP optogenetic tag (expression specificity) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[1] |
| quantity | 31 PV+ and 34 PV− — cells surviving the tuning-curve exclusion criteria and entering the tuning-width analysis Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[2] |
| quantity | 0.75 ± 0.18 ms / 0.93 ± 0.29 ms — mean extracellular spike width of PV+ versus PV- cells Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[3] |
| quantity | up to 40% — misclassification rate incurred by identifying PV+ cells from any single extracellular waveform measure Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[4] |
| quantity | σ = 0.17 octaves to σ = 2.3 octaves — full range of measured frequency tuning widths across the 65 analysed cells Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[5] |
| quantity | 0.76 ± 0.22 / 0.55 ± 0.28 — mean monotonicity index at characteristic frequency for PV+ versus PV- cells Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[6] |
| quantity | 21.1 ± 18.3 Hz / 8.6 ± 6.5 Hz — firing-rate dynamic range of PV+ versus PV- rate-level functions Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[7] |
| quantity | 32 ± 18 dB / 19 ± 15 dB — sound-level dynamic range over which firing rate kept increasing, PV+ versus PV- Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[8] |
| quantity | up to 40% — misclassification rate from separating cells by any single waveform measure Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[9] |
| quantity | 0.8 ms — the fast-spiking cutoff, set from this dataset because the literature has no consensus value Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[10] |
| quantity | <0.24 pyramidal neurons — computed expected contamination of the 68-cell PV+ sample Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[11] |
| quantity | 0.75 ± 0.18 ms and 0.93 ± 0.29 ms — PV+ and PV- spike widths; PV+ cells indeed had narrower spikes Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[12] |
| quantity | 27/72 — PV- cells that would have been called fast-spiking on spike width alone Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[13] |
| quantity | 31 PV+ and 34 PV− — cells surviving both exclusions for the tuning width comparison, from 68 and 72 recorded Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[14] |
| variable | frequency tuning width (dependent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[3] |
| variable | response latency (dependent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[4] |
| variable | sound-evoked firing rate (dependent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[5] |
| variable | maximal evoked firing rate (control) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[7] |
| variable | depth distributions (control) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[8] |
| variable | tuning width Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[9] |
| variable | spike width Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[10] |
| variable | latency Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[11] |
| definition | monotonicity index (MI) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[0] |
| definition | characteristic frequency Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[1] |
| definition | response gain Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[2] |
| definition | endslope Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[3] |
| definition | monotonicity index Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[5] |
| definition | untuned Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[6] |
| definition | FS Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[7] |
| definition | cotuning Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[8] |
| key-terms | PV+, PV−, ChR2, tuning width, spike width, endslope, FS, untuned, local pooling, cotuning, lateral inhibition, tonotopically, monotonicity index, rate-level function, latency, white noise, waveform, intensity tuning |
| Wilcoxon rank-sum test p | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[0] |
| standard deviation SD | as written: mean ± SD Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[1] |
| Kolmogorov-Smirnov test p | as written: two-sample Kolmogorov–Smirnov test Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[2] |
| Fisher's exact test p | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[3] |
| ANOVA p | as written: one-way ANOVA Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[4] |
| curve fitting (Gaussian) σ | as written: σ of a Gaussian fit to the tuning curve Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[5] |
| goodness of fit / coefficient of determination R 2 | as written: an arbitrary criterion of R 2 = 0.2 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[6] |
| correlation r | as written: Δ dB was correlated with MI ( r = 0.377, p < 0.01) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[7] |
| resampling (random subsampling of trials) | as written: the mean of the distribution of estimates from 1000 such subsamples Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[8] |
| parametric model fitting | as written: six-parameter, two-tailed split Gaussian Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[9] |
| Wilcoxon rank sum test | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[10] |
| two-sample Kolmogorov–Smirnov test | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[11] |
| claim type | existence — a second reading reaching the same value; recorded: existence Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | alternatives.claim_type |
| method | extracellular single-unit recording with optogenetic identification by light response, Gaussian fits to iso-intensity tuning curves and split-Gaussian fits to rate-level functions — a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value; recorded: electrophysiology Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | alternatives.method |
| phenomenon | frequency tuning widths of PV+ and PV- neurons that do not differ, with very tightly tuned PV+ cells uncommon — a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value; recorded: frequency tuning of parvalbumin-positive interneurons in auditory cortex Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | alternatives.phenomenon |
When we have changed our mind. Some entries in the table begin with a word in capitals and the reason for it. EVIDENCE CORRECTED — the finding still stands, but we had quoted the wrong sentence from the paper, and the quotation has been replaced with the right one. RETRACTED — the entry itself was wrong; it stays on the page, marked, with the reason, rather than being deleted. WITHDRAWN AND REPLACED — the entry was wrong, and a corrected version of it appears in the entries below. Each mark carries its own reason, in brackets, because the reasons differ from one entry to the next. An entry we have WITHDRAWN is removed from this page and kept in the record, with its reason. A line reading Audit and a date is a later re-reading of the entry against its whole sentence: DOUBTFUL means it was kept, and the reason says what is loose about it. Quotation marks inside the tagger's sentence. Where a tag is the tagger's own sentence, a phrase in quotation marks inside it is borrowed from the paper — the tagger's wording around it is not. The paper's own sentence is the evidence quote for that row; on this page it is withheld with the article, and the article is at its publisher. Nothing inside quotation marks anywhere on this page is ours: if it is quoted, it is the paper's. Whose words a concept carries. A concept entry records a term the paper itself uses, so the term, the sense given for it, and its evidence are the paper's own words, quoted where the paper fixes them. This is the opposite of a sense entry in the tag table, which is the tagger's sentence about how the paper uses a term. Where a concept entry could not be grounded in the paper's words, the entry says so on its own row.
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