phenomenon · claim-type · cross-domain-transfer · mechanism · claim-relation · replication-status · limitation — grounded in the full text| phenomenon | hippocampal match and mismatch enhancement in working memory— “Emerging evidence has revealed that, within the hippocampus, neurons discriminate between novel and familiar stimuli through a firing rate increase to previously encountered stimuli (match enhancement), or through a firing rate increase to novel stimuli (mismatch enhancement) [ 17 – 19 ].” | |
| claim-type | existence— “We also found that this effect happened within 520 ms to 735 ms after the probe onset, ~150 ms later than the perceptual mismatch enhancement found bilaterally in both the anterior and posterior hippocampus.” | |
| method — evidence | — “Intracranial field potentials were recorded from 120 depth electrode contacts implanted in 8 human epilepsy patients who suffered from pharmaco-resistant epilepsy in Xuanwu Hospital (5 male, 3 female).” | |
| object of study — evidence | — “However, the timing information in this process is unknown.” | |
| research question — evidence | — “It is still unclear if and how the hippocampus is involved in working memory.” | |
| contribution — evidence | — “We also found that this effect happened within 520 ms to 735 ms after the probe onset, ~150 ms later than the perceptual mismatch enhancement found bilaterally in both the anterior and posterior hippocampus.” | |
| transfer | from monkey electrophysiology: the dissociation between repetition suppression and sample-matched enhancement, imported as the template for what to look for in human hippocampus— “This revealed that in the perirhinal cortex some neurons are suppressed by any picture repetition, regardless of relevance, whereas others are enhanced, but only when a picture matches the sample” | transfers[0] |
| transfer | from machine learning: linear discriminant analysis after principal component reduction, used to ask whether the task instruction is recoverable from a single trial— “We used a statistical learning approach [ 34 ] to quantify whether the information from IFPs available in single trials was sufficient to distinguish whether it is memory maintenance (match task) or simulation of a specific future event (switch task).” | transfers[1] |
| mechanism | whether an incoming event matches or mismatches expectation drives the hippocampus to switch between memory encoding and memory retrieval modes— “Whether the incoming events match or mismatch what we expect can influence the ability of the hippocampus to switch between memory encoding and retrieval modes.” | mechanisms[0] |
| mechanism | decoding of task demand was degraded because participants defaulted to maintaining the sample in both tasks instead of simulating a new scene on switch trials, so the two tasks engaged more similar mental operations than the design intended— “Rather than maintaining the sample when it was the match task and simulating a new scenario when it was the switch task, the participant tended to maintain the sample no matter what the task was, which may lead to a poor performance in decoding.” | mechanisms[1] |
| mechanism | the same probe display is a goal match or a perceptual match depending only on a verbal instruction, which dissociates the two within identical stimuli— “Thus, there were 4 possible object configurations in the Probe display: 1, the same objects at the same locations, called BOTH in the match task (correct response for this trial is ‘yes’) or PERCEPT in the switch task (correct response is ‘no’); 2, the same objects but switched locations, called NEITHER in the match task (correct response is… | mechanisms[2] |
| mechanism | this is exactly what the earlier imaging work could not do, and the paper says why— “An event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging study has revealed enhanced hippocampal activation for images that match a maintained goal. However, due to the task, mixing perceptual-mismatches with goal-matches is inevitable” | mechanisms[3] |
| mechanism | a two-step contrast is used: first find where the two instruction conditions differ, then ask within that window which of the two enhancement patterns holds— “If at least 10 ms consecutive time points of the t -test trace crossed the significance threshold of 0.05, and GOAL > PERCEPT, that time window was defined as a potential significant interval.” | mechanisms[4] |
| mechanism | latencies are validated against 1000 label permutations rather than taken from the contrast alone— “We checked the statistical significance of these effects through Monte Carlo permutations.” | mechanisms[5] |
| mechanism | the identical electrode configuration across patients is what makes grand averaging across individuals defensible— “This electrode configuration was used for every patient and allowed us to collect neuronal response data from the same (or at least similar) brain region, with the same electrode order across patients, making grand average of event-related potentials (ERPs) possible” | mechanisms[6] |
| mechanism | patients with hippocampal sclerosis are excluded so that the recorded tissue is morphologically intact— “We included only patients with a depth electrode in a morphologically intact hippocampus (as defined by MRI).” | mechanisms[7] |
| mechanism | display timings were shortened because the constraint that set them belonged to a method this study does not use— “The durations of the displays and intervals used in the current version were also much shorter than those… | mechanisms[8] |
| mechanism | the task was modified to fit the patients rather than the patients excluded to fit the task, which is disclosed | mechanisms[9] |
| mechanism | the single-participant threshold is loosened relative to the group analysis, and the loosening is stated Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | mechanisms[10] |
| mechanism | single-trial decoding is used to ask whether task demand is recoverable at all, independently of the averaged contrasts Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | mechanisms[11] |
| mechanism | the decoding result is then argued to be an underestimate, because subjects probably maintained the sample regardless of instruction Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | mechanisms[12] |
| replicates | Duncan et al.'s fMRI dissociation of goal match and perceptual mismatch enhancement (reference [29]) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[0] |
| builds-on | Duncan (reference [29]) - stimuli and task design reused Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[1] |
| extends | previous electrophysiological research on match and mismatch enhancement (references [18], [19]) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[2] |
| extends | the fMRI study proposing parallel goal-match and perceptual-mismatch traces, by adding the timing it could not resolve Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[3] |
| critiques | earlier imaging designs in which perceptual mismatches and goal matches are unavoidably mixed Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[4] |
| contradicts | the traditional view that the hippocampus subserves long-term declarative memory only Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[5] |
| builds-on | Miller and Desimone, who dissociated repetition suppression from sample-specific match enhancement in perirhinal cortex Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[6] |
| supports | evidence that the hippocampus is engaged when features must be bound to location but not for single features Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[7] |
| extends | fMRI work that found only a subtle perceptual mismatch effect, by resolving it with intracranial timing Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[8] |
| sense | working memory - as measured by a digit span, where these patients are intact, versus as measured by feature integration, where they are impaired; the same patients on two tests Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[0] |
| sense | match enhancement - as a response to a goal state versus as a response to a previously perceived stimulus; the paradigm separates them within identical displays Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[1] |
| sense | the same probe display - counting as GOAL or PERCEPT depending only on the verbal instruction that preceded it Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[2] |
| sense | enhancement - a match effect where BOTH exceeds NEITHER, against a mismatch effect where NEITHER exceeds BOTH; two opposite orderings of the same four conditions Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[3] |
| sense | a late perceptual match effect that fits neither pattern cleanly, with BOTH above NEITHER but GOAL below PERCEPT Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[4] |
| sense | hippocampal role - as long-term declarative memory only, versus as also serving working memory encoding and retrieval Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[5] |
| control | trials with potential artifacts rejected on the amplitude of the data from 1 to 700 ms, per participant, after baseline correction — held — rules out movement and electrical artifacts entering an averaged evoked response, with the threshold applied per participant rather than globally Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[0] |
| audit | goal match enhancement —contrasted-with→ perceptual mismatch enhancement — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but endpoint by anaphora: 'this effect' = the goal match enhancement effect (previous sentence). Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[0] |
| edge | match enhancement —contrasted-with→ mismatch enhancement Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[1] |
| outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation) | control — held | controls[0] |
| for which use | limitation — the single-trial decoding result: THE RESULT OF THE DECODING MIGHT BE COMPROMISED, BECAUSE THE DISSOCIATION BETWEEN THE SWITCH AND MATCH TASK RELIES ON A DIFFERENT MENTAL MANIPULATION Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[0] |
| for which use | limitation — any comparison with the original task or with unimpaired participants: THIS MODIFICATION WAS IMPLEMENTED TO AID PATIENT PERFORMANCE BECAUSE ... THEIR MEMORY PERFORMANCE WAS IMPAIRED COMPARED TO NORMAL PARTICIPANTS Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[1] |
| for which use | limitation — the same scope as limitations[0], with the direction given: THE PARTICIPANT TENDED TO MAINTAIN THE SAMPLE NO MATTER WHAT THE TASK WAS, WHICH MAY LEAD TO A POOR PERFORMANCE IN DECODING Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[2] |
| for which use | limitation — the same scope as limitations[1] - the paradigm is a modified one, with THE REPEATED PRESENTATION OF THE SAMPLE AFTER THE AUDITORY INSTRUCTION added Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[3] |
| for which use | limitation — which structures could be observed at all: THE ELECTRODE LOCATIONS WERE BASED EXCLUSIVELY ON CLINICAL CRITERIA Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[4] |
| for which use | limitation — any attribution of the hippocampal signal to one factor: A COMBINATION OF TWO STREAMS OF INFORMATION, OBJECT IDENTITY AND POSITION, ARE INVOLVED IN THE TASK Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[5] |
| for which use | limitation — the convergent-evidence argument: the spatial-memory role is well understood, THOUGH ANIMAL MODELS WERE USED IN MOST OF THE STUDIES Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[6] |
| for which use | limitation — the causal question the recordings cannot reach: IT WILL BE OF INTEREST TO TEST THE RESULTS FROM THE ANIMAL MODELS ON EPILEPSY PATIENTS BEFORE AND AFTER RESECTION Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[7] |
| replication | replicated | |
| limitation | The single-trial decoding result may be weakened because participants tended to maintain the sample regardless of which task was instructed. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[0] |
| limitation | The task had to be modified from the original because the epilepsy patients' memory performance was impaired relative to healthy participants. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[1] |
| limitation | the decoding may understate the effect because participants likely maintained the sample whatever the task Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[2] |
| limitation | the paradigm was altered from the original to make it performable by patients Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[3] |
| limitation | electrode placement was dictated entirely by clinical need Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[4] |
| limitation | the task inseparably combines object identity with location, so the hippocampal involvement cannot be attributed to either alone Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[5] |
| limitation | the supporting spatial-memory literature comes mostly from animal models Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[6] |
| limitation | testing patients before and after resection is proposed as the missing comparison Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[7] |
finding · quantity · variable · definition · key-term — grounded in the full text| finding | Goal match enhancement appeared only at contacts in the left posterior hippocampus, whereas perceptual mismatch enhancement appeared bilaterally across both anterior and posterior hippocampus. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[0] |
| finding | The perceptual mismatch signal began before the goal match signal in every one of the eight participants. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[1] |
| finding | The two hippocampal signals divide by content: match enhancement tracks the match to the maintained goal while mismatch enhancement tracks perceptual mismatch, dissociating components of working memory within the hippocampus. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[2] |
| finding | Participants whose right posterior hippocampus produced a later perceptual mismatch enhancement were more accurate, a positive correlation between latency and memory performance. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[3] |
| finding | That latency-accuracy link is read as evidence that the right posterior hippocampal mismatch latency indexes the quality of memory retrieval. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[4] |
| finding | In six of the eight patients, single-trial intracranial field potentials from the right hippocampus were sufficient to classify whether the trial was a match task or a switch task. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[5] |
| finding | Behaviourally, responses were faster in the match task than in the switch task. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[6] |
| finding | Hippocampal engagement here is attributed to the task requiring object identity and location to be bound together, in both the match and the switch task. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[7] |
| finding | goal match enhancement appeared in the left posterior hippocampus between about 520 and 735 ms after probe onset Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[8] |
| finding | perceptual mismatch enhancement appeared bilaterally in anterior and posterior hippocampus, averaging 376 to 555 ms Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[9] |
| finding | mismatch enhancement began earlier than match enhancement in every participant Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[10] |
| finding | region latencies were 524 ms for goal match and about 405 to 430 ms for perceptual mismatch across the four subdivisions Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[11] |
| finding | a late perceptual match effect appeared on two electrodes at 717 and 900 ms Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[12] |
| finding | for each electrode and effect, the probability of the observed latency was below 0.05 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[13] |
| finding | mismatch latency in the right posterior hippocampus correlated positively with memory accuracy Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[14] |
| finding | task demand was decodable from single trials in 6 of 8 patients, always from the right hippocampus Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[15] |
| finding | responses were faster in the match task than in the switch task Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[16] |
| finding | over 80% of trials survived artifact rejection Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[17] |
| quantity | 120 ... 8 — depth electrode contacts recorded, and epilepsy patients implanted Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[0] |
| quantity | 126 — trials per experimental run Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[1] |
| quantity | >80% — proportion of trials retained after artifact rejection Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[2] |
| quantity | 1000 — random permutations computed per electrode to test the observed enhancement latencies Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[3] |
| quantity | <0.05 — permutation probability of the observed latency, for every electrode and every significant effect Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[4] |
| quantity | 6 out of 8 — patients whose hippocampal field potentials reliably represented the task demand in single-trial decoding Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[5] |
| quantity | 120 depth electrode contacts in 8 patients — the sample Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[6] |
| quantity | 520 ms to 735 ms — window of goal match enhancement after probe onset Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[7] |
| quantity | 376 ms to 555 ms — window of perceptual mismatch enhancement Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[8] |
| quantity | ~150 ms — how much earlier mismatch precedes match Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[9] |
| quantity | ρ = 0.74 — correlation between right posterior mismatch latency and accuracy Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[10] |
| quantity | 126 trials per run, 3 to 5 runs — to obtain at least 80 correct trials per participant Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[11] |
| quantity | 6 out of 8 — patients whose task demand was decodable from hippocampal signal Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[12] |
| variable | object configuration (independent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[1] |
| variable | local field potential (dependent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[3] |
| variable | latency of the enhancement effect (dependent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[4] |
| variable | reaction time and accuracy (dependent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[5] |
| variable | electrode configuration (control) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[7] |
| variable | latency Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[9] |
| variable | task demand Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[10] |
| variable | correct percentage Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[11] |
| definition | mismatch enhancement Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[0] |
| definition | latency of the enhancement effect Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[3] |
| definition | match enhancement Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[4] |
| definition | delayed-match-to-sample Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[5] |
| definition | intracranial field potential Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[6] |
| key-terms | working memory, goal match enhancement, perceptual mismatch enhancement, match enhancement, mismatch enhancement, delayed-match-to-sample, hippocampus, intracranial field potential, event-related potentials, relational memory, pattern completion, novelty detection, prediction error, linear discriminant analysis, Monte Carlo permutations, hippocampal sclerosis, perirhinal cortex, ECoG, depth electrodes, medial temporal lobe |
| paired t-test t | as written: Paired sample t tests Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[0] |
| t-test (sample-by-sample, time-resolved) t | as written: The sample-by-sample t -test Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[1] |
| ANOVA (two-way) | as written: sample-by-sample two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[2] |
| permutation test | as written: Monte Carlo permutations Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[3] |
| ANOVA (three-way) with Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons | as written: multiple comparison of three-way ANOVA analysis with Bonferroni confidence interval adjustment Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[4] |
| correlation | as written: significantly correlated with the accuracy of memory performance Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[5] |
| linear discriminant analysis with principal component analysis | as written: A linear discriminant analysis ... with the principal component analysis approach for dimensionality reduction Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[6] |
| standard error of the mean | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[7] |
| p-value | as written: the probability of the observed latency was <0.05 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[8] |
| sample-by-sample t -test | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[9] |
| Monte Carlo permutations | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[10] |
| linear discriminant analysis | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[11] |
| Bonferroni confidence interval adjustment | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[12] |
| claim type | existence — a second reading reaching the same value; recorded: existence Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | alternatives.claim_type |
| method | intracranial field potentials from depth electrodes along the hippocampal axis during a modified delayed-match-to-sample task in which a verbal instruction determines whether a display counts as a goal match or a perceptual match — a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value; recorded: electrophysiology Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | alternatives.method |
| phenomenon | match and mismatch signals in the hippocampus during working memory maintenance — a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value; recorded: hippocampal match and mismatch enhancement in working memory Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | alternatives.phenomenon |
When we have changed our mind. Some entries in the table begin with a word in capitals and the reason for it. EVIDENCE CORRECTED — the finding still stands, but we had quoted the wrong sentence from the paper, and the quotation has been replaced with the right one. RETRACTED — the entry itself was wrong; it stays on the page, marked, with the reason, rather than being deleted. WITHDRAWN AND REPLACED — the entry was wrong, and a corrected version of it appears in the entries below. Each mark carries its own reason, in brackets, because the reasons differ from one entry to the next. An entry we have WITHDRAWN is removed from this page and kept in the record, with its reason. A line reading Audit and a date is a later re-reading of the entry against its whole sentence: DOUBTFUL means it was kept, and the reason says what is loose about it. Quotation marks inside the tagger's sentence. Where a tag is the tagger's own sentence, a phrase in quotation marks inside it is borrowed from the paper — the tagger's wording around it is not. The paper's own sentence is the evidence quote for that row; on this page it is withheld with the article, and the article is at its publisher. Nothing inside quotation marks anywhere on this page is ours: if it is quoted, it is the paper's. Whose words a concept carries. A concept entry records a term the paper itself uses, so the term, the sense given for it, and its evidence are the paper's own words, quoted where the paper fixes them. This is the opposite of a sense entry in the tag table, which is the tagger's sentence about how the paper uses a term. Where a concept entry could not be grounded in the paper's words, the entry says so on its own row.
Tag layer © the Meta-Tagging Project, CC BY 4.0. The paper text is © its authors/publisher
and is linked, not reproduced. Excerpts shown are short quotations for identification and verification.
· back to index
· concepts · authors
· עברית
© 2026 Shir Sivroni · ORCID 0009-0000-2597-2824