phenomenon · claim-type · cross-domain-transfer · mechanism · claim-relation · replication-status · limitation — grounded in the full text| phenomenon | envelope interaural time difference sensitivity in inferior colliculus neurons— “We examined the sensitivity of the neurons in the mouse inferior colliculus (IC) to the interaural time differences (ITD) conveyed in the sound envelope.” | |
| claim-type | existence— “The present results demonstrated that over half of the neurons in the mouse IC respond an ITD in the envelope of a high-frequency sound.” | |
| method — evidence | — “Briefly, single cell extracellular recordings were obtained using borosilicate glass pipettes filled with 0.01M phosphate buffered saline (pH 7.4) with 2 % Neurobiotin (4 – 7 MΩ).” | |
| object of study — evidence | — “We examined the sensitivity of the neurons in the mouse inferior colliculus (IC) to the interaural time differences (ITD) conveyed in the sound envelope. Utilizing optogenetic methods, we compared the responses to the ITD in the envelope of identified glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons. More than half of both cell types were sensitive to the… | |
| research question — evidence | — “However, the neuronal response to the ITD in the envelope of AM sounds more typical of natural sounds or communication sounds remains to be studied in small mammals.” | |
| contribution — evidence | — “These results show that the circuitry to process ITD persists in the mouse despite its lack of low-frequency hearing. The sensitivity of IC neurons to ITD is most likely to be shaped by the binaural interaction of excitation and inhibition in the lateral superior olive.” | |
| transfer | from human psychoacoustics: the raised-sine envelope, imported because a listener's threshold is lower for it than for a sinusoid— “The raised sine AM sound contains more spectral sidebands than SAM ( Bernstein et al., 2009 ) as does any sound with a rapid rise time.” | transfers[0] |
| transfer | from binaural physiology of larger mammals: CP as an index of alignment, where 0 means the ITD curves are aligned near their peaks and 0.5 near their troughs— “CP is the index of the alignment: A CP of 0 indicates that the ITD curves are aligned near their peaks, while a CP of 0.5 indicates that the ITD curves are aligned near their troughs” | transfers[1] |
| mechanism | ITD tuning is inherited from brainstem (chiefly LSO) inputs rather than computed within the inferior colliculus, because IC phase-locking to monaural sound degrades at the modulation rates where ITD sensitivity persists— “It is more likely that ITD-sensitivity in the IC is inherited from the response properties of the neurons in the brainstem.” | mechanisms[0] |
| mechanism | The enlarged LSO, not the small MSO, supplies the mouse IC with its ITD sensitivity— “Thus, the ITD sensitivity of neurons in the mouse IC is most likely to be due to inputs from the LSO.” | mechanisms[1] |
| mechanism | The contralateral-leading preference arises because LSO projections crossing to the opposite IC are purely excitatory while the ipsilateral ones mix excitation and inhibition— “The IC neurons might inherit this response property from contralateral LSO neurons because the contralateral projections from LSO neurons are exclusively excitatory” | mechanisms[2] |
| mechanism | Trough-type tuning is produced by coincidence of excitatory input from one ear with inhibitory input from the other— “The trough-type ITD sensitivity is suggested to be shaped by the coincidence of bilateral excitatory-inhibitory synaptic inputs” | mechanisms[3] |
| mechanism | the sensitivity is probably not built in the midbrain but inherited from the brainstem— “It is more likely that ITD-sensitivity in the IC is inherited from the response properties of the neurons in the brainstem.” | mechanisms[4] |
| mechanism | the lateral superior olive is much larger than the medial superior olive in the mouse, which is the argument for it being the source— “Anatomical observations show that the LSO is much larger than MSO in the mouse ( Fischl et al., 2016 ; Ito et al., 2011 ). Thus, the ITD sensitivity of neurons in the mouse IC is most likely to be due to inputs from the LSO.” | mechanisms[5] |
| mechanism | contralateral projections from the lateral superior olive are exclusively excitatory while ipsilateral ones are mixed, which would explain why firing rises when the contralateral sound leads— “The IC neurons might inherit this response property from contralateral LSO neurons because the contralateral projections from LSO neurons are exclusively excitatory ( Oliver et al., 1995 ). In contrast, the ipsilateral projections from LSO neurons are both excitatory and inhibitory ( Oliver et al., 1995 ). Thus, the inputs from the… | mechanisms[6] |
| mechanism | GABAergic cells may not carry the timing information themselves but could sharpen tuning downstream by raising conductance— “Even though the inhibition from the GABAergic IC neuron may not convey ITD information, it might increase the conductance in the postsynaptic neurons ( Funabiki et al., 1998 ) and sharpen the ITD tuning via ‘iceberg effect’” | mechanisms[7] |
| mechanism | lateral superior olive neurons in gerbil change firing probability over microseconds, so even a small mammal with an undeveloped medial superior olive could detect these differences— “The LSO neurons in gerbil varied their firing probability when the ITD changed in the order of microseconds ( Beiderbeck et al., 2018 ). This suggested that the LSO could detect ITD as well as ILD. So, even small mammals with an undeveloped MSO might be able to detect ITD via LSO neurons.” | mechanisms[8] |
| builds-on | Ono et al., 2016; Ono et al., 2017 (optogenetic cell-type identification in IC)— “As shown in our previous studies, the laser-light stimulation of the IC evoked firing in GABAergic and inhibited firing in glutamatergic neurons ( Ono et al., 2016 ; Ono et al., 2017 ).” | claim_relations[0] |
| extends | Ono et al., 2017 (pure-tone response properties of IC cell types)— “Our previous study showed that GABAergic and glutamatergic neurons shared similar response properties to pure tones ( Ono et al., 2017 ).” | claim_relations[1] |
| builds-on | Batra et al., 1997c; Joris et al., 1995 (LSO envelope-ITD sensitivity in cat and rabbit)— “Supporting this view, the previous studies in the cat and rabbit showed that the neurons in LSO could detect the envelope ITDs and had a trough-type ITD sensitivity ( Batra et al., 1997c ; Joris et al., 1995 ).” | claim_relations[2] |
| builds-on | Bernstein et al., 1985 (human psychophysics of envelope ITD)— “This is consistent with previous psychophysics observations that a large envelope ITD was necessary to produce a shift of the intracranial acoustic image away from the midline ( Bernstein et al., 1985 ).” | claim_relations[3] |
| extends | reports that envelope interaural time differences are detected in the lateral superior olive of cat and rabbit— “Anatomical observations show that the LSO is much larger than MSO in the mouse ( Fischl et al., 2016 ; Ito et al., 2011 ). Thus, the ITD sensitivity of neurons in the mouse IC is most likely to be due to inputs from the LSO.” | claim_relations[4] |
| qualifies | the behavioural finding that mice cannot use interaural time differences in low-frequency sound to localise— “In line with this, small mammals such as mice and rats only hear high frequency sounds which generate larger ILDs than low frequency sounds ( Grothe et al., 2014 ), and it has been reported that they could not utilize ITD in low-frequency sounds as a sound localization cue” | claim_relations[5] |
| supports | the proposal that a vestigial binaural circuit can persist in an animal that no longer uses it, as discussed for the Mexican free-tailed bat— “It is possible that ITD sensitivity to the neural envelope in IC is part of a… | claim_relations[6] |
| confirms | psychophysical observations that a large envelope ITD is needed to shift the intracranial image away from the midline | claim_relations[7] |
| builds-on | the peak-type and trough-type classification of ITD sensitivity established in the rabbit inferior colliculus | claim_relations[8] |
| sense | ITD here means the delay between the ENVELOPES, not between the fine structures - the stimulus is built so the carrier has no interaural phase difference at all, which is what makes the claim possible in a high-frequency animal Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[0] |
| sense | GABAergic here means a cell the light drove, and glutamatergic a cell the light suppressed by more than 50 percent - a class defined by a response threshold, validated separately against GAD67 staining Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[1] |
| sense | CP is an index whose two values ARE the two hypotheses: 0 means the curves align at peaks, 0.5 means they align at troughs, so the measurement returns the answer directly rather than a test statistic Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[2] |
| sense | the physiological ITD range of the mouse is a derived quantity, from head size, and it is what makes every result here a claim about a cue the animal may never encounter Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[3] |
| sense | an animal is included only if its auditory brainstem response threshold is under 40 dB - hearing is an inclusion criterion with a number, not an assumption Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[4] |
| control | neurons whose responses were not tested at all five modulation frequencies excluded when the PERCENTAGE of beat-sensitive neurons was measured, while still included in the other beat sensitivity analyses — held — rules out an inflated denominator - a neuron counts as not beat-sensitive when it was simply never tested at the frequency that would have shown it Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[0] |
| note | ITD —contrasted-with→ ILD — CRITERION: head size. A small head gives a small ITD range, so small animals are held to use level differences instead - which is the assumption this paper tests against Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[0] |
| note | LSO —contrasted-with→ MSO — CRITERION: relative size. The argument for the source is anatomical, not physiological - the LSO is much larger in this animal Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[2] |
| audit | LSO —causes→ IC — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but ITD sensitivity in the IC is 'MOST LIKELY due to' inputs from the LSO; causes is hedged and 'IC' as the target drops the ITD sensitivity. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[3] |
| note | LSO —causes→ IC — an inference from anatomy and from cat and rabbit recordings, not measured here Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[3] |
| weight | LSO —causes→ IC — 0.9 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[3] |
| audit | lateral lemniscus —causes→ IC — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but the lateral lemniscus 'MAY contribute' to binaural processing in the IC; causes is hedged. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[4] |
| note | lateral lemniscus —causes→ IC — a second candidate source, raised and left open Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[4] |
| weight | lateral lemniscus —causes→ IC — 0.6 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[4] |
| edge | ICC —part-of→ IC Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[6] |
| evidential status | GABAergic —contrasted-with→ glutamatergic — the paper's own words: is not known Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[7] |
| note | GABAergic —contrasted-with→ glutamatergic — 25 percent against 75 percent, and the paper's question is whether the two differ in this function Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[7] |
| note | trough-type —contrasted-with→ peak-type — the two established alternatives, imported from the rabbit Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[11] |
| edge | CD —operationalised-as→ ITD Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[12] |
| audit | vector strength —operationalised-as→ ITD — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but vector strength quantified PHASE LOCKING of ITD-sensitive neurons; operationalised-as ITD is loose. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[13] |
| note | vector strength —operationalised-as→ ITD — computed twice per cell - to the beat and to the contralateral modulation - and it is the COMPARISON between the two that kills the local account Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[13] |
| audit | ILD —causes→ IC — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but in the IC the ILD also evokes a higher firing rate for a louder contralateral sound; 'causes IC' is loose. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[16] |
| note | ILD —causes→ IC — SAME SIGN AS THE ITD EFFECT: both cues raise firing when the contralateral side leads or is louder, so they would add Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[16] |
| weight | ILD —causes→ IC — 0.8 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[16] |
| note | raised sine —contrasted-with→ SAM — steeper envelope, more spectral sidebands - which is why the spectral artefact had to be bounded Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[18] |
| audit | rMTF —operationalised-as→ modulation frequency — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but the rMTF was MEASURED to evaluate firing-rate change with modulation frequency; operationalised-as is loose. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[20] |
| outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation) | control — held | controls[0] |
| for which use | limitation — the reported proportion of ITD-sensitive neurons, with the direction named: EVEN MORE NEURONS ... MIGHT TURN OUT TO BE SENSITIVE ... IF THEY ARE TESTED WITH MORE DIVERSE SOUND STIMULI THAN THOSE USED IN THE PRESENT STUDY Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[0] |
| for which use | limitation — the frequency-tuning analysis: IN TWO GLUTAMATERGIC NEURONS, WE COULD NOT IDENTIFY EITHER BF OR CF BECAUSE THEIR RESPONSIVENESS TO TONES WAS TOO LOW Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[1] |
| for which use | limitation — every ITD sensitivity measured with the raised sine: THE BROADENING OF THE SPECTRUM IN THE RAISED SINE STIMULI MIGHT AFFECT THE ITD SENSITIVITY IN THE IC NEURONS Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[2] |
| for which use | limitation — any mechanistic reading of the envelope-shape effect: IT IS UNCLEAR WHAT NEURONAL MECHANISM UNDERLIES THIS SENSITIVITY TO THE ENVELOPE SHAPE Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[3] |
| duplicate of | limitation — limitations[0] Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[4] |
| for which use | limitation — the same scope as limitations[0] - the proportion is a lower bound set by the stimulus set Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[4] |
| for which use | limitation — the same scope as limitations[2], and the control that retires it is not printed: THE BROADENING ... WAS LESS THAN 10% ... (DATA NOT SHOWN). SO, THE EFFECT OF THE SPECTRUM CHANGE IS LIKELY TO BE LIMITED Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[5] |
| for which use | limitation — the anatomical assignment of the recordings: WE EXCLUDED THE DATA WHEN THE CORRESPONDENCE BETWEEN THE RECORDING DEPTH AND THE LABELED SITE WAS AMBIGUOUS Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[6] |
| for which use | limitation — the functional significance of the effect, as against its existence: THE CHANGE IN FIRING RATE WITHIN PHYSIOLOGICAL ITD RANGE WAS VERY SMALL IN MOST NEURONS. SO, THE ITD MAY HAVE MINIMAL EFFECTS ON THE FIRING RATE OF THE IC NEURONS Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[7] |
| replication | untested | |
| limitation | Only a limited stimulus set was tested, so the reported proportion of ITD-sensitive neurons may be an underestimate. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[0] |
| limitation | Best and characteristic frequency could not be determined for two glutamatergic cells. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[1] |
| limitation | The raised-sine stimulus broadens the carrier spectrum, which could itself affect measured ITD sensitivity. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[2] |
| limitation | the neuronal mechanism behind the dependence on envelope shape is stated to be unknown Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[3] |
| limitation | more neurons might prove sensitive if tested with a wider range of stimuli than were used here Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[4] |
| limitation | the spectral-broadening artefact of the raised sine stimulus is bounded at under 10 percent, but the supporting measurement is not shown Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[5] |
| limitation | recordings were dropped when the recording depth and the labelled site did not clearly correspond Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[6] |
| limitation | the change in firing rate within the mouse's own physiological range was very small, so the authors conclude the cue may have minimal effect Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[7] |
finding · quantity · variable · definition · key-term — grounded in the full text| finding | More than half of both inhibitory and excitatory inferior colliculus neurons in the mouse locked their firing to the binaural beat carried in the sound envelope, i.e. they were envelope-ITD sensitive. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[0] |
| finding | To the authors' knowledge, envelope-ITD sensitivity had not been shown in the mouse auditory pathway before. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[1] |
| finding | The proportion of ITD-sensitive neurons did not differ between glutamatergic and GABAergic cells. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[2] |
| finding | Characteristic delay coincided with the trough rather than the peak of the ITD curve in most cells, identifying them as trough-type. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[3] |
| finding | Within the mouse's physiological ITD range the ITD curve slopes positively toward the contralateral side for both cell types, so firing is higher when the contralateral envelope leads. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[4] |
| finding | Above 256 Hz modulation, phase-locking to the binaural beat exceeded phase-locking to the monaural contralateral stimulus in most responses. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[5] |
| finding | Rate modulation transfer functions of most IC neurons of both types fell into the low-rate, low-pass or band-reject classes for sinusoidal modulation. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[6] |
| finding | Glutamatergic neurons synchronized to the beat fired faster than unsynchronized neurons of either type at 64 Hz modulation. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[7] |
| finding | The slope of the ITD curve near zero did not differ between GABAergic and glutamatergic neurons. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[8] |
| finding | more than half of both GABAergic and glutamatergic neurons synchronised to the binaural beat frequency in the envelopes Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[9] |
| finding | 47 neurons were recorded, 18 GABAergic and 29 glutamatergic Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[10] |
| finding | characteristic phase was close to 0.5 in both cell types, which is the trough-type pattern Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[11] |
| finding | the squared deviation from the unity line was significantly smaller for mean trough time than mean peak time, 0.87 against 6.62 ms squared Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[12] |
| finding | within the physiological ITD range the slope was positive toward the contralateral side, whatever the cell type or stimulus Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[13] |
| finding | the firing pattern shaped by envelope ITD matches that of level differences, which also favour the contralateral side in these neurons Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[14] |
| finding | VS contra was larger than VS beat when the modulation frequency was lower than 128 Hz, and smaller than VS beat when it was higher than 256 Hz Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[15] |
| finding | THE LOCAL MECHANISM EXCLUDED BY THE PAPER'S OWN DATA: sensitivity at high modulation frequency is not likely to be shaped by coincidence detection in the IC Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[16] |
| finding | THE INGREDIENT IS WORSE THAN THE PRODUCT: a local mechanism needs highly phase-locked monaural inputs, and monaural phase-locking degrades where the sensitivity persists Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[17] |
| finding | so the sensitivity is more likely inherited from brainstem neurons than built in the midbrain Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[18] |
| finding | ARTEFACT BOUNDED RATHER THAN ASSUMED AWAY: the raised sine broadens the spectrum by less than 10 percent even at 512 Hz, so its effect is judged limited Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[19] |
| finding | NULL BETWEEN CELL TYPES: the percentages synchronised did not differ significantly between glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[20] |
| finding | NULL AGAIN: fewer GABAergic than glutamatergic neurons synchronised to the raised sine, and that difference was not significant either Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[21] |
| finding | the ITD slope was neither significantly different between envelope shapes nor between cell types Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[22] |
| finding | THE AUTHORS DEFLATE THEIR OWN RESULT: the firing-rate change within the physiological range was very small, so the cue may have minimal effect on these neurons Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[23] |
| finding | AND OFFER A VESTIGIAL READING: the sensitivity may belong to a circuit mice no longer use for binaural hearing Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[24] |
| finding | the trough of the ITD curve covers most of the mouse's whole physiological range Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[25] |
| finding | the escape route offered is echoes: real environments would deliver longer delays than the head alone allows Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[26] |
| finding | humans detect these envelope differences well despite limited high-frequency hearing, which is the opposite asymmetry Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[27] |
| finding | the finding is stated as new for the mouse auditory pathway Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[28] |
| quantity | 47 neurons, of which 18 were GABAergic and 29 were glutamatergic — sample of single units recorded with binaural beat AM sound Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[0] |
| quantity | 30 — number of VGAT-ChR2 transgenic mice used Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[1] |
| quantity | ± 50 μs — the physiological range of interaural time difference available to a mouse, set by head size Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[2] |
| quantity | 75 % / 25% — proportion of glutamatergic versus GABAergic neurons making up the inferior colliculus Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[3] |
| quantity | close to 0.5 — characteristic phase of both cell types, the value indicating trough-aligned ITD curves Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[4] |
| quantity | left, 30.7 ± 1.1 dB, right, 30.3 ± 1.0 dB, n = 30 — auditory brainstem response thresholds confirming normal hearing in the recorded mice Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[5] |
| quantity | p = 0.00545 — significance of the change in glutamatergic synchronization across modulation frequency (Fisher's exact test) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[6] |
| quantity | ±50 μs — the mouse's physiological ITD range, derived from head size Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[7] |
| quantity | <4 kHz — the ceiling on auditory-nerve phase locking that rules out fine-structure ITD at high frequencies Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[8] |
| quantity | 75 % and 25% — glutamatergic and GABAergic shares of inferior colliculus neurons Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[9] |
| quantity | 47 neurons — the sample: 18 GABAergic, 29 glutamatergic Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[10] |
| quantity | less than 40 dB — auditory brainstem response threshold required for an animal to be used Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[11] |
| quantity | p = 0.0625 — cell-type comparison of synchronisation percentages, reported as not significant Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[12] |
| quantity | p = 0.125 — the same comparison for the raised sine, also reported as not significant Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[13] |
| variable | modulation envelope (independent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[1] |
| variable | phase locking of spike responses (dependent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[2] |
| variable | slope of the ITD curve around zero ITD (dependent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[3] |
| variable | SPL level (control) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[6] |
| variable | modulation frequency Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[7] |
| variable | ITD Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[8] |
| variable | vector strength Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[9] |
| definition | sound envelope Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[0] |
| definition | beat-sensitive neurons Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[1] |
| definition | best frequency (BF) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[2] |
| definition | characteristic frequency (CF) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[3] |
| definition | characteristic phase (CP) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[5] |
| definition | characteristic delay (CD) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[6] |
| definition | envelope Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[7] |
| definition | CP Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[8] |
| definition | CD Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[9] |
| definition | trough-type Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[10] |
| definition | vector strength Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[11] |
| key-terms | ITD, ILD, envelope, IC, LSO, MSO, GABAergic, glutamatergic, binaural beat, SAM, raised sine, modulation frequency, vector strength, CP, trough-type, phase-locking, coincidence detection |
| Rayleigh test p | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[0] |
| Fisher's exact test p | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[1] |
| Wilcoxon signed-rank test p | as written: paired Wilcoxon signed-rank test Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[2] |
| ANOVA P | as written: Two-way ANOVA test Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[3] |
| post hoc multiple comparison test P | as written: Tukey HSD test Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[4] |
| regression | as written: fitted the phases with linear regression Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[5] |
| correlation R | as written: hardly or only weakly correlated Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[6] |
| vector strength (circular phase-locking measure) VS | as written: measuring vector strength (VS) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[7] |
| Rayleigh test | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[8] |
| paired Wilcoxon signed-rank test | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[9] |
| Two-way ANOVA test | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[10] |
| vector strength | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[11] |
| claim type | existence — a second reading reaching the same value; recorded: existence Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | alternatives.claim_type |
| method | extracellular single-unit recording with optogenetic identification of GABAergic cells, binaural beat amplitude-modulated noise, and phase-plot analysis — a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value; recorded: electrophysiology Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | alternatives.method |
| phenomenon | over half of inferior colliculus neurons, of both cell types, synchronise to the beat between two differently modulated envelopes — a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value; recorded: envelope interaural time difference sensitivity in inferior colliculus neurons Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | alternatives.phenomenon |
When we have changed our mind. Some entries in the table begin with a word in capitals and the reason for it. EVIDENCE CORRECTED — the finding still stands, but we had quoted the wrong sentence from the paper, and the quotation has been replaced with the right one. RETRACTED — the entry itself was wrong; it stays on the page, marked, with the reason, rather than being deleted. WITHDRAWN AND REPLACED — the entry was wrong, and a corrected version of it appears in the entries below. Each mark carries its own reason, in brackets, because the reasons differ from one entry to the next. An entry we have WITHDRAWN is removed from this page and kept in the record, with its reason. A line reading Audit and a date is a later re-reading of the entry against its whole sentence: DOUBTFUL means it was kept, and the reason says what is loose about it. Quotation marks inside the tagger's sentence. Where a tag is the tagger's own sentence, a phrase in quotation marks inside it is borrowed from the paper — the tagger's wording around it is not. The paper's own sentence is the evidence quote for that row; on this page it is withheld with the article, and the article is at its publisher. Nothing inside quotation marks anywhere on this page is ours: if it is quoted, it is the paper's. Whose words a concept carries. A concept entry records a term the paper itself uses, so the term, the sense given for it, and its evidence are the paper's own words, quoted where the paper fixes them. This is the opposite of a sense entry in the tag table, which is the tagger's sentence about how the paper uses a term. Where a concept entry could not be grounded in the paper's words, the entry says so on its own row.
Tag layer © the Meta-Tagging Project, CC BY 4.0. The paper text is © its authors/publisher
and is linked, not reproduced. Excerpts shown are short quotations for identification and verification.
· back to index
· concepts · authors
· עברית
© 2026 Shir Sivroni · ORCID 0009-0000-2597-2824