phenomenon · claim-type · cross-domain-transfer · mechanism · claim-relation · replication-status · limitation — grounded in the full text| phenomenon | postnatal development of inhibitory timing in auditory cortex layer 2/3— “We investigated the development of L2/3 inhibitory circuitry between fast-spiking (FS) interneurons and pyramidal cells (PCs) in auditory thalamocortical slices from mice between postnatal day 10 (P10) and P29.” | |
| claim-type | mechanism— “We found that the maturation of the intrinsic and synaptic properties of both FS cells and their connected PCs influence the timescales of inhibition.” | |
| method — evidence | — “Whole-cell current-clamp recordings were made from 116 FS cells that were synaptically connected to 134 PCs in L2/3 of AI.” | |
| object of study — evidence | — “The time course of inhibition plays an important role in cortical sensitivity, tuning, and temporal response properties. We investigated the development of L2/3 inhibitory circuitry between fast-spiking (FS) interneurons and pyramidal cells (PCs) in auditory thalamocortical slices from mice between postnatal day 10 (P10) and P29.” | |
| research question — evidence | — “In this study, we examine the development of L2/3 circuitry, which complements previous in vivo studies that focused on the thalamorecipient layers (L3–L5).” | |
| contribution — evidence | — “Finally, we show that during early development, the temporal properties that influence the recruitment of inhibition lag those of excitation.” | |
| transfer | from transgenic mouse genetics: a GFP line used not as the object of study but as a check on an electrophysiological classification— “Since the majority of FS interneurons are PV+ ( Kawaguchi and Kondo 2002 ) and G42 mice express the EGFP transgene in (PV+) cells, we compared the properties of GFP+ interneurons recorded from G42 mice with FS cells recorded in SW mice of the same age. We found that the intrinsic membrane properties and AP properties ( Fig. 2 and… | transfers[0] |
| transfer | from cable theory: the expectation that a synaptic potential's time course follows the membrane time constant of the cell receiving it— “At rest, the short duration EPSPs are consistent with predominantly AMPA receptor–mediated current and correlated with FS cell membrane time constants throughout development.” | transfers[1] |
| mechanism | Shortening of the postsynaptic membrane time constant during development speeds the decay of synaptic potentials— “These age-dependent decreases in τ d may, in part, be attributed to changes in the membrane time constant of the FS cells since the mean τ d and τ m at each age were linearly correlated ( R : 0.88, P < 0.01, Fig. 3 H ).” | mechanisms[0] |
| mechanism | Falling input resistance of the postsynaptic pyramidal cell offsets a rising inhibitory current, so the measured IPSP amplitude declines with age— “One likely explanation for our results is that correlated decreases in PC input resistance during development counter increases in IPSC amplitude.” | mechanisms[1] |
| mechanism | Later IPSP peak times in young animals reduce excitation-inhibition overlap and thereby widen the synaptic integration window— “This would likely decrease overlap between EPSPs and IPSPs, broaden the integration window in young animals, and allow spike responses to nonoptimal or less precisely timed inputs.” | mechanisms[2] |
| mechanism | Inhibitory decay constants longer than excitatory ones impose an upper frequency limit on responses to closely spaced inputs— “This suggests that inhibition sets an upper frequency bound for responses to inputs arriving at short intervals.” | mechanisms[3] |
| mechanism | Developmental expression of leak and repolarizing potassium channels in PV+ FS cells drives the change in intrinsic excitability— “These changes coincide with the early development (P7–P25) of potassium channels in PV+ FS cells that contribute to leak (Kcnk3 and Kcnk1) and spike repolarization (Kv3 and Kcnn2) ( Du et al. 1996 ; Rudy and McBain 2001 ; Tansey et al. 2002 ; Okaty et al. 2009 ).” | mechanisms[4] |
| mechanism | A switch from slow alpha-3 to faster alpha-1 GABA_A receptor subunits accelerates IPSP rise and decay— “However, the developmental transition from slow α 3 subunits in GABA A receptors to faster α 1 subunits may also contribute to changes in IPSP rise and decay times ( Gingrich et al. 1995 ; Xu et al. 2010 ).” | mechanisms[5] |
| mechanism | faster firing in older cells follows from shorter membrane time constants, briefer afterhyperpolarisations and narrower spikes— “We found that the maturation of the intrinsic and synaptic properties of both FS cells and their connected PCs influence the timescales of inhibition. FS cell firing rates increased with age owing to decreased membrane time constants, shorter afterhyperpolarizations, and narrower action potentials.” | mechanisms[6] |
| mechanism | the speed-up coincides with development of potassium channels handling leak and spike repolarisation— “These changes coincide with the early development (P7–P25) of potassium channels in PV+ FS cells that contribute to leak (Kcnk3 and Kcnk1) and spike repolarization (Kv3 and Kcnn2)” | mechanisms[7] |
| mechanism | excitatory decay tracks the membrane time constant of the receiving cell, so a synaptic timescale is partly a membrane timescale— “At rest, the short duration EPSPs are consistent with predominantly AMPA receptor–mediated current and correlated with FS cell membrane time constants throughout development.” | mechanisms[8] |
| mechanism | inhibitory rise, peak and decay times shorten with age, attributed in part to the falling membrane time constant of the receiving pyramidal cell— “The rise, peak, and decay times of the IPSPs decreased with age, which may, in part, be attributed to correlated decreases in membrane time constant of the postsynaptic PCs.” | mechanisms[9] |
| mechanism | shorter inhibitory decays let older cells follow inputs at 20-40 Hz where younger ones summate and stop responding above 10 Hz— “We have shown that the decay constants of inhibitory synapses were significantly longer than excitation at all ages. This suggests that inhibition sets an upper frequency bound for responses to inputs arriving at short intervals. In young animals, IPSPs are approximately 60–200 ms long and can summate during repetitive ( Fig. 5 ) or… | mechanisms[10] |
| extends | Oswald and Reyes 2008 (development of L2/3 pyramidal cells in AI)— “As previously shown for PCs ( Oswald and Reyes 2008 ), both the intrinsic and the synaptic properties of FS cells undergo a transition between P10 and P18 and plateau between P19 and P29.” | claim_relations[0] |
| builds-on | Oswald and Reyes 2008 (companion study on PC–PC circuitry)— “In closing, the results of this and our companion study ( Oswald and Reyes 2008 ) suggest that the developmental changes in the intrinsic and synaptic properties of PC–FS circuitry lead to… | claim_relations[1] |
| contradicts | Doischer et al. 2008; Kobayashi et al. 2008 (age-related increase in IPSC amplitude in other cortical areas) | claim_relations[2] |
| contradicts | Dorrn et al. 2010; Sun et al. 2010 (in vivo reports that inhibitory strength is stable in early development) | claim_relations[3] |
| contradicts | reports from other cortical areas that inhibitory postsynaptic amplitudes increase with age Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[4] |
| reconciles | that disagreement, by proposing that falling input resistance converts a rising current into a falling voltage Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[5] |
| extends | their own companion study on pyramidal cell development in the same layer Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[6] |
| supports | the proposal that inhibitory tuning lags excitatory tuning, which the paper notes is itself disputed Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[7] |
| builds-on | in vivo work on thalamorecipient layers, by adding the supragranular circuit Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[8] |
| sense | FS is an ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL category whose defining features are absent in the youngest animals, which is exactly the age this paper is about Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[0] |
| sense | the transgenic label covers only a SUBSET - the PV cells that are also fast-spiking express EGFP - so GFP-positive is narrower than PV-positive Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[1] |
| sense | IPSP and IPSC are not interchangeable measures of inhibitory strength: they differ by the postsynaptic input resistance, which itself falls with age Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[2] |
| sense | reported PSP amplitudes are averaged over all trials INCLUDING failures, so they are a product of size and reliability rather than a size alone Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[3] |
| sense | a successful PSP is defined by a three-part criterion on onset, amplitude and peak time, with anything else counted as a failure of amplitude zero Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[4] |
| control | the location of AI verified in a subset of slices by stimulating the MG and recording field potential responses in layers 3 and 4 — held — rules out recording from the wrong cortical field - the functional check is independent of the stereotaxic estimate it verifies Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[0] |
| audit | input resistance —causes→ IPSP — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but 'one LIKELY explanation' is that decreasing input resistance counters rising IPSC amplitude; causes is hedged. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[1] |
| note | input resistance —causes→ IPSP — the conversion factor between the measures is itself a developing variable, which is why a cross-paper comparison of inhibitory strength needs to know which was measured Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[1] |
| audit | membrane time constant —causes→ IPSP — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but the IPSP time changes 'MAY, in part, be attributed to' the membrane time constant; causes is hedged. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[3] |
| note | membrane time constant —causes→ IPSP — same route on the inhibitory side, with a receptor subunit switch offered as an additional cause Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[3] |
| weight | membrane time constant —causes→ IPSP — 0.8 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[3] |
| audit | GABA A —causes→ IPSP — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but the GABA A subunit transition 'MAY ALSO contribute' to IPSP kinetics; causes is hedged. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[4] |
| note | GABA A —causes→ IPSP — the alpha-3 to alpha-1 switch; an alternative not separated from the membrane route here Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[4] |
| weight | GABA A —causes→ IPSP — 0.7 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[4] |
| note | FS —contrasted-with→ PCs — the mature separation rests on firing rate, spike width and afterhyperpolarisation - all of which are absent before P15 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[6] |
| audit | IPSP —causes→ integration window — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but later-peaking IPSPs 'WOULD LIKELY' broaden the integration window; causes is hedged. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[7] |
| note | IPSP —causes→ integration window — SIGN: later inhibitory peaks widen the window, so young cells accept less precisely timed inputs Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[7] |
| edge | short-term depression —operationalised-as→ paired pulse ratio Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[8] |
| outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation) | control — held | controls[0] |
| for which use | limitation — every synaptic measurement in the paper: VOLTAGE CLAMP RECORDINGS WERE NOT PERFORMED BECAUSE THE STANDARD INTERNAL SOLUTIONS ... WOULD PROHIBIT THE CHARACTERIZATION OF INTRINSIC NEURAL P[roperties] - one measurement excludes the other Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[0] |
| for which use | limitation — the extrapolation from paired recordings to the intact animal: IT REMAINS TO BE DETERMINED HOW CHANGES IN INHIBITORY STRENGTH BETWEEN PAIRS OF NEURONS ARE REFLECTED AT THE POPULATION LEVEL IN VIVO Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[1] |
| for which use | limitation — any functional claim about auditory processing: FURTHER IN VIVO STUDIES ARE NECESSARY TO ELUCIDATE FUNCTIONAL IMPLICATIONS Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[2] |
| for which use | limitation — the fast-spiking classification in the youngest animals: THE IDENTIFICATION OF FS CELLS BASED ON ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES CAN BE DIFFICULT PARTICULARLY IN YOUNG ANIMALS (P10-P14) SINCE FS RESPONSES ARE LESS APPARENT Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[3] |
| duplicate of | limitation — limitations[0] Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[4] |
| for which use | limitation — the same scope as limitations[0] - the trade-off between clamp quality and intrinsic properties Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[4] |
| for which use | limitation — every developmental comparison in the paper: THE TRANSITIONAL PERIOD WAS DIVIDED ARBITRARILY INTO AN EARLY PHASE (P10-P14) - the independent variable's boundaries are declared arbitrary Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[5] |
| for which use | limitation — the fitted decay parameters: ONLY PSPS THAT WERE WELL FIT BY EQUATION 1 (CHI2 < 1.75) WERE CHOSEN - a goodness-of-fit threshold decides which data enter Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[6] |
| for which use | limitation — the mechanistic attribution of the decay changes: OUR RESULTS DO NOT PRECLUDE THE POSSIBILITY THAT DEVELOPMENTAL CHANGES IN AMPA AND/OR NMDA RECEPTOR COMPOSITION also contribute Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[7] |
| duplicate of | limitation — limitations[1] Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[8] |
| for which use | limitation — the same scope as limitations[1] - paired cells versus population in vivo Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[8] |
| replication | contested | |
| no type for this | EPSPs → FS cell membrane time constants — CORRELATED THROUGHOUT DEVELOPMENT, with no manipulation of either quantity. Recording it as 'causes' in either direction asserts more than the sentence does. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | unhoused_relations[0] |
| limitation | Voltage clamp was deliberately not used, limiting the measurements to current-clamp postsynaptic potentials. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[0] |
| limitation | Whether the paired-cell changes in inhibitory strength hold at the population level in vivo is unknown. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[1] |
| limitation | The functional consequences for auditory processing were not tested and require in vivo work. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[2] |
| limitation | Identifying fast-spiking cells electrophysiologically is unreliable in the youngest animals. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[3] |
| limitation | voltage clamp was deliberately not used, because the solutions needed for it would have prevented measuring intrinsic properties and bidirectional connections Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[4] |
| limitation | the age bins were divided arbitrarily Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[5] |
| limitation | only postsynaptic potentials that fitted the double-exponential model well were analysed Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[6] |
| limitation | receptor composition changes are not excluded as an additional cause of the synaptic decay changes Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[7] |
| limitation | how paired-cell inhibitory strength maps onto the population level in the intact animal is left open Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[8] |
finding · quantity · variable · definition · key-term — grounded in the full text| finding | Between P10 and P29 the firing rates of fast-spiking interneurons rose, driven by shorter membrane time constants, briefer afterhyperpolarizations and narrower action potentials. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[0] |
| finding | IPSP latency, rise time and peak time, together with the decay constants of both EPSPs and IPSPs, all shortened between P10 and P29. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[1] |
| finding | Excitatory PC-to-FS synapses in the youngest animals depressed most strongly (paired-pulse ratio 0.4) and this depression weakened with age (0.7 at P15-P18 and 0.8 at P19-P29). Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[2] |
| finding | Because short-term depression at PC-to-FS synapses weakened with age, older synapses sustained their responses better during repetitive stimulation. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[3] |
| finding | The temporal properties that determine when inhibition is recruited mature later than the corresponding properties of excitation. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[4] |
| finding | IPSP amplitude fell from 0.8 mV at P10-P14 to 0.5 mV at P19-P29. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[5] |
| finding | The EPSP decay time constant shortened from 37 ms at P10-P14 to 16 ms at P19-P29 while the rise time constant did not change with age. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[6] |
| finding | FS-to-PC inhibitory responses to single pulses were entirely GABA_A-receptor mediated, being abolished by bicuculline. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[7] |
| finding | At resting potential, PC-to-FS excitatory responses were entirely AMPA-receptor mediated, being abolished by DNQX. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[8] |
| finding | FS-cell intrinsic membrane and action-potential properties were indistinguishable between the GFP-expressing G42 line and Swiss Webster mice at every age tested. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[9] |
| finding | Except for latency, the rise, peak and decay of the IPSP were significantly longer than the corresponding excitatory timescales. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[10] |
| finding | Fast-spiking cells at P10-P14 were the least mature electrically, with the longest membrane time constants, highest input resistance and most depolarized resting potential. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[11] |
| finding | spikes narrowed and afterhyperpolarisations shortened with age, raising firing rates Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[13] |
| finding | the hyperpolarisation-activated sag was prominent at P10-P14 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[14] |
| finding | excitatory amplitudes fell with age and correlated with input resistance across all ages Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[15] |
| finding | short-term depression at excitatory synapses weakened with age, making repetitive responses more sustained Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[16] |
| finding | inhibitory rise, peak and decay times all shortened with age Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[17] |
| finding | inhibitory decays stayed longer than excitatory ones at every age, setting an upper frequency bound Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[18] |
| finding | properties transitioned between P10 and P18 and plateaued from P19 to P29 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[19] |
| finding | excitatory potentials were fully blocked by an AMPA receptor antagonist Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[20] |
| finding | CONTROL: GFP-labelled cells in the transgenic line and electrophysiologically identified cells did not differ at any age Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[21] |
| finding | UNEXPECTED RESULT: inhibitory potential amplitudes fell with age, where other cortical areas report the current rising Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[22] |
| finding | RESOLUTION OFFERED: falling input resistance would convert a rising inhibitory current into a falling inhibitory voltage Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[23] |
| finding | the classification of fast-spiking cells is hardest exactly in the youngest animals, where the defining responses are less apparent Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[24] |
| quantity | 116 FS cells / 134 PCs — number of fast-spiking interneurons recorded and pyramidal cells they were synaptically connected to Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[0] |
| quantity | 0.4 ± 0.1 vs 0.8 ± 0.2 — paired-pulse ratio at PC-to-FS synapses in the youngest versus oldest age group Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[1] |
| quantity | 1.4 ± 0.3 — spike-frequency adaptation ratio (last/first interspike interval) in P10-P14 FS cells, higher than in older animals Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[2] |
| quantity | 23 ± 11 ms; 294 ± 183 MΩ — membrane time constant and input resistance of FS cells at P10-P14, the highest values recorded Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[3] |
| quantity | R : 0.88 — correlation between mean EPSP decay constant and mean FS-cell membrane time constant across ages Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[4] |
| quantity | R : 0.77 — correlation between postsynaptic pyramidal-cell input resistance and mean IPSP amplitude Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[5] |
| quantity | χ 2 < 1.75, n = 155 EPSPs, n = 167 IPSPs — goodness-of-fit cutoff and the number of postsynaptic potentials that passed it for kinetic analysis Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[6] |
| quantity | 60–200 ms — IPSP duration in young animals, long enough to summate and suppress responsiveness above 10 Hz Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[7] |
| quantity | 25–50 ms — IPSP duration in older animals, permitting responses to 20-40 Hz inputs Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[8] |
| quantity | 116 and 134 — fast-spiking cells and connected pyramidal cells recorded Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[9] |
| quantity | P10 to P29 — age range, spanning hearing onset to the plateau Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[10] |
| quantity | 60-200 ms against 25-50 ms — inhibitory potential durations in young against older animals Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[11] |
| quantity | above 10 Hz against 20-40 Hz — input frequencies the young and older circuits can follow Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[12] |
| quantity | 0.4 against 0.8 — paired pulse ratio at 10 Hz in the youngest against the oldest group Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[13] |
| quantity | 72 — neurons filled with biocytin to confirm identity morphologically Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[14] |
| variable | step current (independent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[1] |
| variable | IPSP amplitude (dependent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[3] |
| variable | decay of the EPSP (dependent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[4] |
| variable | reversal potential (control) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[5] |
| variable | membrane time constant Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[6] |
| variable | paired pulse ratio Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[7] |
| variable | input resistance Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[8] |
| definition | spike frequency adaptation Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[0] |
| definition | failure rate Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[1] |
| definition | paired pulse ratio Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[2] |
| definition | EPSP latency Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[3] |
| definition | PSP latency Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[4] |
| definition | spike threshold Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[5] |
| definition | amplitude of the sag Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[6] |
| definition | paired pulse ratio Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[7] |
| definition | integration window Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[8] |
| definition | sag Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[9] |
| key-terms | FS, PCs, EPSP, IPSP, IPSC, membrane time constant, input resistance, integration window, short-term depression, paired pulse ratio, G42, L2/3 |
| ANOVA F | as written: univariate analysis of variance (ANOVA) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[0] |
| Tukey's HSD post hoc test | as written: Tukey's honestly significant difference post hoc test Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[1] |
| Levene's test for homogeneity of variance | as written: Levene's test for homogeneity Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[2] |
| Mann-Whitney U test | as written: nonparametric Mann–Whitney U test Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[3] |
| standard deviation SD | as written: mean ± standard deviation (SD) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[4] |
| least-squares curve fitting (chi-squared minimisation) χ 2 | as written: Levenberg-Marquardt nonlinear, least-squares fitting algorithm Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[5] |
| correlation R | as written: linearly correlated ( R : 0.88, P < 0.01 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[6] |
| F statistic F | as written: F values and P values are for ANOVA comparisons Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[7] |
| evidence status note | F statistic — This quote ends with the stray word 'The', the first word of the next sentence. It is not trimmed, because the quote without it occurs more than once in the paper's text and could not be tied to one place. The claim is carried by the sentence before 'The'. | content_tags.statistics[7] |
| Mann–Whitney U test | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[8] |
| ANOVA | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[9] |
| claim type | mechanism — a second reading reaching the same value; recorded: mechanism Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | alternatives.claim_type |
| method | paired whole-cell current-clamp recording from connected fast-spiking and pyramidal cells in auditory thalamocortical slices across three age bins — a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value; recorded: electrophysiology Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | alternatives.method |
| phenomenon | the developmental narrowing of the synaptic integration window in auditory cortex — a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value; recorded: postnatal development of inhibitory timing in auditory cortex layer 2/3 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | alternatives.phenomenon |
When we have changed our mind. Some entries in the table begin with a word in capitals and the reason for it. EVIDENCE CORRECTED — the finding still stands, but we had quoted the wrong sentence from the paper, and the quotation has been replaced with the right one. RETRACTED — the entry itself was wrong; it stays on the page, marked, with the reason, rather than being deleted. WITHDRAWN AND REPLACED — the entry was wrong, and a corrected version of it appears in the entries below. Each mark carries its own reason, in brackets, because the reasons differ from one entry to the next. An entry we have WITHDRAWN is removed from this page and kept in the record, with its reason. A line reading Audit and a date is a later re-reading of the entry against its whole sentence: DOUBTFUL means it was kept, and the reason says what is loose about it. Quotation marks inside the tagger's sentence. Where a tag is the tagger's own sentence, a phrase in quotation marks inside it is borrowed from the paper — the tagger's wording around it is not. The paper's own sentence is the evidence quote for that row; on this page it is withheld with the article, and the article is at its publisher. Nothing inside quotation marks anywhere on this page is ours: if it is quoted, it is the paper's. Whose words a concept carries. A concept entry records a term the paper itself uses, so the term, the sense given for it, and its evidence are the paper's own words, quoted where the paper fixes them. This is the opposite of a sense entry in the tag table, which is the tagger's sentence about how the paper uses a term. Where a concept entry could not be grounded in the paper's words, the entry says so on its own row.
Tag layer © the Meta-Tagging Project, CC BY 4.0. The paper text is © its authors/publisher
and is linked, not reproduced. Excerpts shown are short quotations for identification and verification.
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