phenomenon · claim-type · cross-domain-transfer · mechanism · claim-relation · replication-status · limitation — grounded in the full text| phenomenon | social priming of prosocial helping in infants— “In the study described here, we tested whether connections between affiliation to the group and prosocial behaviors are so fundamental that they are seen even in infants.” | |
| claim-type | existence— “We show that the mere hint of affiliation dramatically increases prosocial behavior in infants.” | |
| method — evidence | — “In the current study, we primed 18-month-old infants with photographs evoking affiliation (two small dolls standing next to each other in the background of photographs of other objects) and measured the influence of the primes on infants’ tendency to be helpful.” | |
| mechanism | The affiliation photographs activate a general prosocial orientation, which is then expressed in an unrelated helping act, rather than being copied from what was depicted— “Infants did not directly reproduce the situations depicted in the photographs; instead, the photographs triggered a general prosocial orientation that manifested itself in increased helping.” | mechanisms[0] |
| mechanism | An implicit, non-conscious link between affiliation to the group and helping is engaged by the prime— “Thus, infants made the subconscious connection between affiliation and helping behavior.” | mechanisms[1] |
| builds-on | Warneken & Tomasello (2006)— “We know from previous studies that, if an adult is unable to reach an object he wants, 18-month-old infants will often pick up the object themselves and offer it to the adult (Warneken & Tomasello, 2006).” | claim_relations[0] |
| sense | prime - a BACKGROUND element of a photograph whose foreground is an ordinary household object, and the assistant naming the photograph aloud never refers to it. The construct is delivered by what is deliberately not mentioned— “For each photograph, the assistant named the foreground object and then commented on its color and finally its function, completely ignoring the prime.” | senses[0] |
| sense | spontaneous helping - the main dependent measure, and it is defined by a CLOCK rather than by a judgement: within the first 10 s, before the experimenter has spoken to the infant or reached for the sticks herself— “The main dependent measure was whether infants helped the experimenter spontaneously, that is, whether they picked up at least one stick and offered it to her within the first 10 s of the test phase (before she spoke to the infants or reached for the sticks herself).” | senses[1] |
| sense | affiliation - as delivered here, an arrangement of two dolls in the background of a photograph, not a word list or a scenario. The whole construct rests on which way two small wooden figures are turned— “In the current study, we primed 18-month-old infants with photographs evoking affiliation (two small dolls standing next to each other in the background of photographs of other objects)… | senses[2] |
| sense | the back-to-back condition - the question it exists to answer, in the authors' own words: whether the effect belongs to the DOLLS or to their RELATION | senses[3] |
| sense | baseline - a condition included not to test the hypothesis but to DISAMBIGUATE THE DIRECTION of the effect: did the affiliation primes raise helping, or the individuality primes lower it Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[4] |
| control | attentiveness and mood were measured and compared across conditions — held — rules out that infants in the together condition simply paid more attention or were in a better mood, and helped more for that reason rather than because of the affiliation prime Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[0] |
| control | an INDIVIDUALITY prime condition run alongside the affiliation prime and the baseline — held — rules out that any social prime raises helping - the individuality prime shares the format and the social content and should produce the effect if format is what matters Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[1] |
| effect direction | affiliation —causes→ helping behavior — increases Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[0] |
| note | affiliation —causes→ helping behavior — THE DIRECTION IS READ OFF A NAMED COMPARISON, not from the two-group result: the non-social baseline is what distinguishes 'affiliation raised helping' from 'individuality lowered it', and the authors say which in the same sentence. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[0] |
| weight | affiliation —causes→ helping behavior — 0.95 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[0] |
| effect direction | individuality —causes→ helping behavior — no-change Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[1] |
| note | individuality —causes→ helping behavior — The negative half of the same sentence, kept as its own edge because it is the half a reader would otherwise have to assume. Shares its span with the edge above, declared. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[1] |
| weight | individuality —causes→ helping behavior — 0.1 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[1] |
| effect direction | affiliative stance —causes→ helping — increases Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[2] |
| note | affiliative stance —causes→ helping — The back-to-back control holds the number of dolls and the visible proportion of their faces constant, so this edge is about WHICH FEATURE of the prime carries the effect. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[2] |
| weight | affiliative stance —causes→ helping — 0.9 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[2] |
| effect direction | prosocial orientation —causes→ helping — increases Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[3] |
| note | prosocial orientation —causes→ helping — SHARED SPAN, DECLARED: also stands under mechanisms[0]. The sentence is the paper's argument against imitation - the primes depict no helping at all - and it is the only place the intervening state is named. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[3] |
| weight | prosocial orientation —causes→ helping — 0.9 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[3] |
| audit | affiliation —causes→ prosocial orientation — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its span and kept, but the span says direct connections 'may be expected'; causes states an expectation. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[4] |
| note | affiliation —causes→ prosocial orientation — The theoretical premise, and weighted as one: the sentence says 'we may expect', so this is the expectation the study was designed around rather than something it establishes. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[4] |
| weight | affiliation —causes→ prosocial orientation — 0.7 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[4] |
| effect direction | mood —causes→ helping — no-change Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[5] |
| note | mood —causes→ helping — A RULED-OUT CONFOUND IS EDGE-SHAPED. Mood was rated by parents and looking time was coded for a third of the infants; neither differed across conditions. Recorded so a later reader does not assume the check was never run. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[5] |
| weight | mood —causes→ helping — 0.05 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[5] |
| outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation) | control — held | controls[0] |
| outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation) | control — held | controls[1] |
| replication | untested | |
| limitation | Baseline helping rates were lower than in an earlier helping study, leaving open the alternative reading that the affiliation condition is the true baseline and the other three conditions suppressed helping. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[0] |
| limitation | Procedural choices (a single helping opportunity, and a different experimenter interacting with the infant beforehand) probably lowered helping in every condition, so rates are not comparable across studies. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[1] |
finding · quantity · variable · definition · key-term — grounded in the full text| finding | Eighteen-month-old infants who saw photographs with an affiliation prime (two dolls facing each other) helped an adult in need more often and more spontaneously than infants primed with individuality (a single doll). Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[0] |
| finding | Spontaneous helping was three times as frequent after the affiliation prime as in each of the alone, baseline and back-to-back control conditions. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[1] |
| finding | Comparison with the non-social baseline shows the direction of the effect: the affiliation prime raised helping rather than the individuality prime lowering it. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[2] |
| finding | What drove the increase was the affiliative stance of the two dolls toward each other, not the mere presence of two dolls, since the back-to-back condition contained the same two dolls but did not raise helping. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[3] |
| finding | Differences in attentiveness or mood cannot explain the infants' increased helping in the together condition. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[4] |
| finding | Helping itself was never depicted in the primes - the dolls only stood beside one another. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[5] |
| quantity | sixty — number of 18-month-old infants in the study Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[0] |
| quantity | Fifteen — infants per condition (four conditions) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[1] |
| quantity | 7 — additional infants tested but excluded from analysis, for parental interference, crying, experimenter error and refusal to look Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[2] |
| quantity | Three times — ratio of infants helping spontaneously in the together condition to each control condition Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[3] |
| quantity | w2(1, N 5 60) 5 8.57, two-tailed p 5 .003 — chi-square test of spontaneous helping, together versus pooled controls Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[4] |
| quantity | w2(1, N 5 60) 5 6.43, two-tailed p 5 .011 — chi-square test of overall helping (including after prompting), together versus pooled controls Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[5] |
| quantity | Cohen’s k 5 1.00 — interrater agreement on both helping measures for the 20% of tapes double-coded Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[6] |
| quantity | 102.2 / 92.8 / 89.6 / 101.4 — mean seconds spent looking at the photographs in the together, alone, baseline and back-to-back conditions Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[7] |
| variable | infants’ mood (control) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[2] |
| definition | general measure of helping Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[1] |
| definition | prosocial behavior Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[2] |
| definition | together condition Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[3] |
| definition | back-to-back condition Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[4] |
| concept | affiliation — not defined in this paper's own words; the primed construct, and it is operationalised entirely by an arrangement of objects: two small dolls facing each other in the BACKGROUND of a photograph whose foreground is a teapot or a shoe Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[0] |
| concept | individuality — not defined in this paper's own words; the contrast prime, named in the abstract as the other half of the comparison: photographs evoking individuality against photographs evoking affiliation Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[1] |
| concept | helping — not defined in this paper's own words; the outcome behaviour, and the claim attached to it is a threshold one: a MERE HINT of affiliation is said to be sufficient to increase it, even in infancy Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[2] |
| concept | helping behavior — not defined in this paper's own words; the same outcome named as a behaviour class in the sentence that fixes the DIRECTION of the effect against the non-social baseline Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[3] |
| concept | prosocial behavior — not defined in this paper's own words; the wider class helping belongs to; the paper treats the two as one connection to affiliation rather than distinguishing them Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[4] |
| concept | prosocial orientation — not defined in this paper's own words; the intervening state the authors posit: not a copied action but a general readiness, which is what lets a prime showing no helping produce helping Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[5] |
| concept | affiliative stance — not defined in this paper's own words; the specific feature the back-to-back control isolates - which way the two dolls face - as against the mere fact that there are two of them Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[6] |
| concept | back-to-back — not defined in this paper's own words; the diagnostic condition, introduced to answer WHICH ASPECT of the affiliation prime matters: two dolls again, but standing in a nonaffiliative relation to each other Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[7] |
| concept | baseline — not defined in this paper's own words; the non-social control condition: blocks rather than dolls, and varied photograph by photograph the way the doll primes are, so that only the social content differs Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[8] |
| concept | mood — not defined in this paper's own words; one of the two alternative explanations the paper rules out rather than assumes away - the increase in helping is stated as not attributable to it Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[9] |
| chi-squared test w2 | as written: w2(1, N 5 60) 5 8.57, two-tailed p 5 .003 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[0] |
| ANOVA (F-test) F | as written: F(3, 16) 5 1.58, p 5 .23 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[1] |
| Cohen's kappa (interrater reliability) k | as written: Cohen’s k 5 1.00 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[2] |
| p-rep (probability of replication) prep | as written: prep 5 .97 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[3] |
| mean | as written: The average number of seconds spent looking at the photographs Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[4] |
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