phenomenon · claim-type · cross-domain-transfer · mechanism · claim-relation · replication-status · limitation — grounded in the full text| phenomenon | consciousness in non-verbal animals and machines— “Over the past decades, it has become increasingly important to assess consciousness in non-human and/or non-verbal beings, such as animals and—perhaps in a not too distant future—machines accomplishing sophisticated cognitive tasks.” | |
| claim-type | method— “In this review article, we will suggest operational criteria that can facilitate researchers and policymakers in a range of connected fields of study (neuroscience, AI, psychology and behavioral sciences, medicine, philosophy, ethics and animal welfare) in attributing levels of consciousness to non-verbal beings which may assume varying… | |
| method — evidence | — “This review article aims to delineate criteria for consciousness especially in animals, while also taking into account intelligent artifacts.” | |
| object of study — evidence | — “Instead of proposing criteria that would each define a “hard” threshold for consciousness, we outline six indicators: (i) goal-directed behavior and model-based learning; (ii) anatomic and physiological substrates for generating integrative multimodal representations; (iii) psychometrics and meta-cognition; (iv) episodic memory; (v)… | |
| research question — evidence | — “Instead of proposing criteria that would each define a “hard” threshold for consciousness, we outline six indicators: (i) goal-directed behavior and model-based learning; (ii) anatomic and physiological substrates for generating integrative multimodal representations; (iii) psychometrics and meta-cognition; (iv) episodic memory; (v)… | |
| contribution — evidence | — “The integration of scores on the various indicators yields an overall, graded criterion for consciousness, somewhat comparable to the Glasgow Coma Scale for unresponsive patients.” | |
| transfer | from clinical neurology / bedside assessment of brain-damaged patients: the summed multi-test scoring logic of the Glasgow Coma Scale, imported to grade consciousness across animal species— “the integration of scores across the various indicators of consciousness can be used as a graded criterion for consciousness, in a similar vein as when unresponsive, brain-damaged patients are subjected to various neurological tests and their scores are summed up to determine the overall grade on the Glasgow Coma Scale (Teasdale et al., 2014… | transfers[0] |
| transfer | from philosophy / logic of inference: abductive reasoning (inference to the best explanation) adopted as the method for choosing between competing consciousness theories— “Again, this approach follows the logic of abductive reasoning, which compares hypotheses and infers the better model based on simplicity, effectiveness and the available evidence (Josephson and Josephson, 1996 ).” | transfers[1] |
| transfer | from clinical neurology: the Glasgow Coma Scale as the model for an integrated, graded score built from several observations rather than one test— “The integration of scores on the various indicators yields an overall, graded criterion for consciousness, somewhat comparable to the Glasgow Coma Scale for unresponsive patients.” | transfers[2] |
| transfer | from physics: the rule that a phenomenon may be attributed to a system only where the system displays manifest properties of it, argued through magnetism in iron against plastic— “As with all phenomena throughout nature, a particular phenomenon X (e.g., magnetism or frozenness) can only be claimed to occur in a system if the system exhibits manifest properties indicating that X is occurring in that system. For instance, iron but not plastic can be said to have magnetic properties because it displays properties of… | transfers[3] |
| transfer | from animal learning theory: goal-directed behavior as an operationalised construct, imported because volition could not be quantified— “While it has not been uncommon in the past to associate consciousness with volition and voluntary decision-making (Crick and Koch, 2003 ), these latter two concepts have been difficult to test or quantify in practice, whereas goal-directed behavior (see below) is a well-defined concept that has been operationalized in studies on animal… | transfers[4] |
| transfer | from ethology: prolonged observation across varying circumstances, proposed as the test for machines in place of a single interrogation— “The rationale is that the evidence for consciousness will optimally accumulate across the study of multiple behaviors (taxing goal-directed behavior, episodic memory, etc.), which should be maintained under varying environmental circumstances (e.g., with novelty, detours) under which stereotypical, pre-programmed solutions can be excluded.… | transfers[5] |
| mechanism | Complex decisions require many variables to be weighed at once, which single-stimulus reflex and habit circuits cannot do; evolution answered this by building brain systems that actively generate rapidly updatable world surveys, and having such a survey is what conscious experience is— “We suggest that evolution has solved this problem by developing specialized brain systems actively generating rapidly updatable world surveys.” | mechanisms[0] |
| mechanism | Being fooled by an illusion is possible only if the brain runs an internal model of the causes of sensory input that can, under ambiguity, make perception deviate from the actual generating process - which is why illusion susceptibility indicates conscious, inferential processing— “Basically, it is impossible to experience an illusion unless the brain harbors an internal model that not only accounts for the causes of a particular pattern of sensory input, but also can cause perception to deviate from the actual process generating sensations, in case of ambiguities in their interpretation.” | mechanisms[1] |
| mechanism | Events must be consciously experienced before they can be stored in declarative memory, so a retrievable episodic trace works backwards as evidence that the original event was experienced consciously— “Conscious recall is usually understood as being coupled to conscious experiencing of the event before being stored in declarative memory, warranting the proposal that declarative memory and conscious experiencing are tightly and bidirectionally linked to each other” | mechanisms[2] |
| mechanism | consciousness HAS A BIOLOGICAL FUNCTION, which is to PRESENT THE SUBJECT WITH A MULTIMODAL, SITUATIONAL SURVEY of the surrounding world and body, subserving complex decision-making - and this survey REFLECTS THE BRAIN'S CAPACITY FOR INTERNAL MODELING of external events— “We argue that consciousness has a biological function, which is to present the subject with a multimodal, situational survey of the surrounding world and body, subserving complex decision-making and goal-directed behavior. This survey reflects the brain’s capacity for internal modeling of external events underlying changes in sensory… | mechanisms[3] |
| mechanism | and the choice of construct is justified by what can be measured - volition and voluntary decision-making HAVE BEEN DIFFICULT TO TEST OR QUANTIFY IN PRACTICE, WHEREAS GOAL-DIRECTED BEHAVIOR IS A WELL-DEFINED CONCEPT THAT HAS BEEN OPERATIONALIZED in studies on animal behavior— “While it has not been uncommon in the past to associate consciousness with volition and voluntary decision-making (Crick and Koch, 2003 ), these latter two concepts have been difficult to test or quantify in practice, whereas goal-directed behavior (see below) is a well-defined concept that has been operationalized in studies on animal… | mechanisms[4] |
| contradicts | Integrated Information Theory (Tononi, 2004; Tononi et al., 2016)— “Previously some of us have argued (Pennartz, 2015 ) that IIT’s criterion for ascribing consciousness to a system is insufficient because integrated information processing constitutes only one component of the type of world-modeling activity we call consciousness.” | claim_relations[0] |
| contradicts | Ressler (2004), who proposed learning per se as a criterion for consciousness— “Thus, our position diverges from (Ressler, 2004 ) who argued that learning per se may be used as criterion for consciousness, as illustrated by conditioning in honeybees.” | claim_relations[1] |
| contradicts | Gutfreund (2017)— “Vice versa, and contrary to Gutfreund ( 2017 ), we argue that an increased understanding of the computational mechanisms underlying cognitive phenomena (including conscious experience) in particular animal species does not make it less likely that this species is conscious, because computation and consciousness are not two phenomena standing… | claim_relations[2] |
| builds-on | Seth et al. (2005) on functional analogs of cortex and thalamus— “Here, we agree with Seth et al. ( 2005 ), proposing that animals be considered conscious when their brains possess at least functional analogs of cortex and thalamus.” | claim_relations[3] |
| critiques | criteria that define a hard threshold, in favour of indicators whose consistency is read together— “As we will argue, many criteria can be best circumscribed as “indicators of consciousness,” a term which avoids the connotation of “criterion” with a hard threshold in judging or deciding whether someone or something is conscious or not. With “operational” we mean that such indicators of consciousness should be sufficiently concrete to apply… | claim_relations[4] |
| critiques | Information Integration Theory, which offers no criteria by which it could be shown incorrect— “Thus, a problem for IIT is that no criteria are offered to allow to test whether it is correct or incorrect. On the other hand, one could maintain that our “normal” criteria to label entities as conscious have been simply too narrow. This argument holds that IIT offers a fundamental, new law that does not require cross-validation against more… | claim_relations[5] |
| contradicts | the position that a fundamental theory of consciousness requires no cross-validation against conventional criteria— “Thus, a problem for IIT is that no criteria are offered to allow to test whether it is correct or incorrect. On the other hand, one could maintain that our “normal” criteria to label entities as conscious have been simply too narrow. This argument holds that IIT offers a fundamental, new law that does not require cross-validation against more… | claim_relations[6] |
| critiques | a brief Turing-type test as a way of assessing machine consciousness, since it is a snapshot obtained by interrogation— “These considerations accumulate to suggest a different approach to machine consciousness than a brief Turing-type of test which only provides a snapshot of a machine’s cognitive capacities obtained by interrogation. This approach should take into account that machines, having much faster processing units at their disposal, may use other… | claim_relations[7] |
| supports | goal-directed behavior as an indicator, chosen because it has been operationalised where volition has not— “While it has not been uncommon in the past to associate consciousness with volition and voluntary decision-making (Crick and Koch, 2003 ), these latter two concepts have been difficult to test or quantify in practice, whereas goal-directed behavior (see below) is a well-defined concept that has been operationalized in studies on animal… | claim_relations[8] |
| qualifies | its own verdict on animals, which the same sentence calls not completely unambiguous and far from complete— “We have reviewed evidence for consciousness in several mammalian and avian species and—although this evidence is not completely unambiguous (and is certainly far from complete)—the force of the combined anatomic, physiological and behavioral-cognitive arguments makes a fairly strong case that rodents and birds do have consciousness. Monkeys… | claim_relations[9] |
| predicts | that evidence for machine consciousness would accumulate only through prolonged study across multiple behaviors— “The rationale is that the evidence for consciousness will optimally accumulate across the study of multiple behaviors (taxing goal-directed behavior, episodic memory, etc.), which should be maintained under varying environmental circumstances (e.g., with novelty, detours) under which stereotypical, pre-programmed solutions can be excluded.… | claim_relations[10] |
| sense | NO HARD THRESHOLD, SIX INDICATORS, AND THE VERDICT COMES FROM THEIR CONSISTENCY: INSTEAD OF PROPOSING CRITERIA THAT WOULD EACH DEFINE A HARD THRESHOLD, we outline six indicators - and RATHER THAN EMPHASIZING A PARTICULAR INDICATOR AS BEING DECISIVE, THE CONSISTENCY AMONGST THESE INDICATORS CAN SERVE TO ASSESS consciousness— “Instead of proposing criteria that would each define a “hard” threshold for consciousness, we outline six indicators: (i) goal-directed behavior and model-based learning; (ii) anatomic and physiological substrates for generating integrative multimodal representations; (iii) psychometrics and meta-cognition; (iv) episodic memory; (v)… | senses[0] |
| sense | with the output a SCORE rather than a verdict: THE INTEGRATION OF SCORES ON THE VARIOUS INDICATORS YIELDS AN OVERALL, GRADED CRITERION, SOMEWHAT COMPARABLE TO THE GLASGOW COMA SCALE for unresponsive patients— “The integration of scores on the various indicators yields an overall, graded criterion for consciousness, somewhat comparable to the Glasgow Coma Scale for unresponsive patients.” | senses[1] |
| sense | AND A SINGLE NUMBER IS EXPLICITLY REFUSED AS EVIDENCE: the validity of theoretically derived measures SHOULD NOT BE ASSESSED ON THE BASIS OF A SINGLE QUANTIFIABLE MEASURE, BUT REQUIRES CROSS-EXAMINATION ACROSS MULTIPLE PIECES OF EVIDENCE— “When considering theoretically derived measures of consciousness, it is argued that their validity should not be assessed on the basis of a single quantifiable measure, but requires cross-examination across multiple pieces of evidence, including the indicators proposed here.” | senses[2] |
| sense | THE WORD IS CHOSEN TO AVOID A CONNOTATION, AND THE REASON IS GIVEN: many criteria can be best circumscribed as INDICATORS of consciousness, A TERM WHICH AVOIDS THE CONNOTATION OF CRITERION WITH A HARD THRESHOLD in judging whether someone or something is conscious - and OPERATIONAL means SUFFICIENTLY CONCRETE TO APPLY THEM IN THE PRACTICE OF OBSERVING— “As we will argue, many criteria can be best circumscribed as “indicators of consciousness,” a term which avoids the connotation of “criterion” with a hard threshold in judging or deciding whether someone or something is conscious or not. With “operational” we mean that such indicators of consciousness should be sufficiently concrete to apply… | senses[3] |
| sense | and a synonym is declared WITH the dissent attached: we will use CONSCIOUSNESS INTERCHANGEABLY WITH AWARENESS, WITHOUT DENYING THAT A DISTINCTION BETWEEN THEM HAS BEEN DRAWN in some previously proposed frameworks— “We will use the term “consciousness” interchangeably with “awareness,” without denying that a distinction between them has been drawn in some previously proposed frameworks (Farisco et al., 2017 ; Kastrup, 2017 ).” | senses[4] |
| sense | THE CRITERIA CAN FAIL IN BOTH DIRECTIONS AND THE PAPER SAYS SO IN ITS INTRODUCTION: AN ENTITY MIGHT BE CONSCIOUS EVEN IF IT FAILS TO SATISFY THEM, ABSENCE OF EVIDENCE IS NOT THE SAME AS EVIDENCE OF ABSENCE - and equally, ONE MUST BE CAUTIOUS NOT TO ATTRIBUTE CONSCIOUSNESS TO ANY ARBITRARY OBJECT IN NATURE WITHOUT FURTHER ARGUMENTATION— “Such criteria aid us in determining who or what may be conscious, but we must note that an entity might be conscious even if it fails to satisfy them. Like in the neuroimaging assessment of residual consciousness in patients with disorders of consciousness (Schnakers et al., 2009 ; Owen, 2014 ), we should keep in mind here that absence of… | senses[5] |
| sense | with the epistemic ceiling stated as a consequence rather than a caveat: the approach IS NECESSARILY INDIRECT AND DOES NOT YIELD DEFINITIVE PROOF, BUT RATHER INDICATIONS, because knowledge about another subject's experience IS ALWAYS INFERENTIAL— “That this approach is necessarily indirect and does not yield definitive proof, but rather indications for consciousness, is an unavoidable consequence of the epistemological… | senses[6] |
| sense | and every definition is made to declare its own priors: EACH DEFINITION OF A CRITERION OR INDICATOR DEPENDS ON ASSUMPTIONS BEING MADE ON WHAT A CONSCIOUS EXPERIENCE IS, if and how it arises, WHAT ITS BIOLOGICAL FUNCTION MAY BE, and how it relates to basic computational operations | senses[7] |
| sense | A MEASURE THAT CANNOT BE CROSS-VALIDATED IS REFUSED: A PROBLEM FOR IIT IS THAT NO CRITERIA ARE OFFERED TO ALLOW TO TEST WHETHER IT IS CORRECT OR INCORRECT - and the defense that it needs no cross-validation IS FLAWED BECAUSE IT WOULD MAKE THE THEORY IMMUNE AGAINST ANY FORM OF CROSS-EXAMINATION Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[8] |
| sense | with the general principle stated in one sentence, about magnetism: A PARTICULAR PHENOMENON X CAN ONLY BE CLAIMED TO OCCUR IN A SYSTEM IF THE SYSTEM EXHIBITS MANIFEST PROPERTIES INDICATING THAT X IS OCCURRING IN THAT SYSTEM - iron but not plastic can be said to have magnetic properties BECAUSE IT DISPLAYS properties of attraction and repulsion Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[9] |
| sense | AND A CATEGORY THAT APPLIES TO EVERYTHING CARRIES NO INFORMATION: the term UNAWARENESS ONLY FINDS LINGUISTIC USE IF IT ARBITRATES BETWEEN CONTRASTING STATES - IF EVERYTHING IN OUR ENVIRONMENT WOULD ALWAYS BE CONSCIOUS, THE CONCEPT WOULD LOSE ITS USEFULNESS IN DAILY OR SCIENTIFIC DISCOURSE Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[10] |
| sense | and a measure is faulted for having no referent: the quantity DOES NOT REFER TO ANYTHING BEYOND THE SYSTEM'S STATE IT DESCRIBES, it LEAVES THE KEY FEATURE OF INTENTIONALITY UNRESOLVED, and DOES NOT QUANTIFY TO WHAT EXTENT a system GENERATES BELIEFS ABOUT, OR REPRESENTATIONS OF, SOMETHING Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[11] |
| sense | with the indicators deliberately built to outlive the theory that proposed them: they are linked to this framework but ARE COMPATIBLE WITH MORE THAN ONE THEORY AND COULD THUS SERVE AS A MORE GENERAL TESTBED Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[12] |
| sense | AN EXISTING CLINICAL INDEX FAULTED ON TWO GROUNDS: it MAY BE SPECIFIC TO THE HUMAN BRAIN AND MAY NOT APPLY to nervous systems that differ substantially, and THE RANGE OF CIRCUMSTANCES UNDER WHICH IT IS VALID IS INCOMPLETELY KNOWN AS IT IS NOT DERIVED FROM A FUNDAMENTAL THEORY Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[13] |
| sense | and a correlate that does not carry the thing: COGNITION DOES NOT ENTAIL CONSCIOUSNESS - cognitive activity, INFERRED VIA BRAIN ACTIVITY CORRELATES, DOES NOT NECESSARILY CORRESPOND TO CONSCIOUS EXPERIENCE Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[14] |
| sense | with the state of the art stated plainly for the hardest case: CURRENTLY NO UNIVERSALLY ACCEPTED CRITERIA ARE AVAILABLE for behaviorally unresponsive patients Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[15] |
| sense | A behavior CAN SATISFY AN INDICATOR WITHOUT THE THING BEING THERE: THERE IS NOTHING IN THE DEFINITION OF GOAL-DIRECTED BEHAVIOR THAT PRECLUDES PRE-PROGRAMMED BEHAVIORS FROM SATISFYING IT - a robot kicks a ball into a goal IN A PRE-PROGRAMMED FASHION AND WILL STEREOTYPICALLY REPEAT ITS ACTION PATTERN Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[16] |
| sense | and the same indicator may be met by a different route entirely: artificial systems MAY DEVELOP ALTERNATIVE WAYS TO SATISFY BEHAVIORAL INDICATORS by computing solutions IN DIFFERENT WAYS THAN THOSE EVOLVED THROUGH BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION, so machines COULD DISPLAY SUCH INTELLIGENT, NON-AUTOMATED BEHAVIORS WITHOUT NECESSARILY BEING CONSCIOUS Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[17] |
| sense | so the test must be longitudinal rather than a snapshot: a different approach is needed THAN A BRIEF TURING-TYPE OF TEST WHICH ONLY PROVIDES A SNAPSHOT of a machine's cognitive capacities OBTAINED BY INTERROGATION, and ADDITIONAL CRITERIA MAY WELL BE NEEDED Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[18] |
| sense | with the rationale for accumulation stated: the evidence WILL OPTIMALLY ACCUMULATE ACROSS THE STUDY OF MULTIPLE BEHAVIORS, MAINTAINED UNDER VARYING ENVIRONMENTAL CIRCUMSTANCES UNDER WHICH STEREOTYPICAL, PRE-PROGRAMMED SOLUTIONS CAN BE EXCLUDED Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[19] |
| sense | and the current verdict on machines given as a status, not a conclusion: CURRENT INTELLIGENT MACHINES, INCLUDING DEEP LEARNING NEURAL NETWORKS AND AGILE ROBOTS, ARE NOT INDICATED TO BE CONSCIOUS YET Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[20] |
| sense | THE ANIMAL VERDICT CARRIES ITS OWN HEDGE IN THE SAME SENTENCE: although THIS EVIDENCE IS NOT COMPLETELY UNAMBIGUOUS AND IS CERTAINLY FAR FROM COMPLETE, THE FORCE OF THE COMBINED ANATOMIC, PHYSIOLOGICAL AND BEHAVIORAL-COGNITIVE ARGUMENTS MAKES A FAIRLY STRONG CASE that rodents and birds do have consciousness Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[21] |
| sense | and the method is declared plural on purpose: THIS APPROACH IS PLURALISTIC IN THE SENSE THAT IT IS OPEN TO RECOGNIZING THE VALIDITY OF MULTIPLE SOURCES OF POTENTIAL EVIDENCE - PHYSIOLOGICAL, BEHAVIORAL, ANATOMICAL Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[22] |
| sense | with the construct chosen for its measurability rather than its centrality: volition and voluntary decision-making HAVE BEEN DIFFICULT TO TEST OR QUANTIFY IN PRACTICE, WHEREAS GOAL-DIRECTED BEHAVIOR IS A WELL-DEFINED CONCEPT THAT HAS BEEN OPERATIONALIZED in studies on animal behavior Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[23] |
| control | the requirement that a theoretical measure be tested against phenomena researchers can independently agree on — held — rules out a measure that cannot be checked - THE VALIDITY of theoretically derived measures CAN ONLY BE ASSESSED BY TESTING THEM AGAINST OTHER, USUALLY EXTERNALLY OBSERVABLE PHENOMENA Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[0] |
| control | asking of a theory what would count as disproving it — failed — rules out an untestable framework - A PROBLEM FOR IIT IS THAT NO CRITERIA ARE OFFERED TO ALLOW TO TEST WHETHER IT IS CORRECT OR INCORRECT, and the reply that it needs no cross-validation WOULD MAKE THE THEORY IMMUNE against cross-examination Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[1] |
| control | requiring that indicators be compatible with more than one theory of the thing they indicate — held — rules out indicators that only work inside the framework that proposed them - they are linked to this framework but ARE COMPATIBLE WITH MORE THAN ONE THEORY AND COULD THUS SERVE AS A MORE GENERAL TESTBED Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[2] |
| control | prolonged ethological observation instead of a single interrogation — held — rules out pre-programmed solutions passing as the real thing - the evidence WILL OPTIMALLY ACCUMULATE ACROSS THE STUDY OF MULTIPLE BEHAVIORS maintained under varying circumstances under which STEREOTYPICAL, PRE-PROGRAMMED SOLUTIONS CAN BE EXCLUDED Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[3] |
| differs in | Integrated Information Theory (Tononi, 2004; Tononi et al., 2016) — whether one component suffices: IIT'S CRITERION FOR ASCRIBING CONSCIOUSNESS TO A SYSTEM IS INSUFFICIENT BECAUSE INTEGRATED INFORMATION PROCESSING CONSTITUTES ONLY ONE COMPONENT OF THE TYPE OF WORLD-MODELING ACTIVITY WE CALL CONSCIOUSNESS Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[0] |
| differs in | Ressler (2004), who proposed learning per se as a criterion for consciousness — whether learning is enough on its own: OUR POSITION DIVERGES FROM (RESSLER, 2004) WHO ARGUED THAT LEARNING PER SE MAY BE USED AS CRITERION FOR CONSCIOUSNESS, AS ILLUSTRATED BY CONDITIONING IN HONEYBEES Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[1] |
| differs in | Gutfreund (2017) — whether computation and consciousness compete: COMPUTATION AND CONSCIOUSNESS ARE NOT TWO PHENOMENA STANDING IN OPPOSITION TO EACH OTHER, so AN INCREASED UNDERSTANDING OF THE COMPUTATIONAL MECHANISMS... DOES NOT MAKE IT LESS LIKELY THAT THIS SPECIES IS CONSCIOUS Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[2] |
| differs in | criteria that define a hard threshold, in favour of indicators whose consistency is read together — whether any single indicator is treated as decisive Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[4] |
| differs in | Information Integration Theory, which offers no criteria by which it could be shown incorrect — whether the measure is cross-validated against Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[5] |
| differs in | the position that a fundamental theory of consciousness requires no cross-validation against conventional criteria — whether the theory owes anything to the conventional criteria: A PROBLEM FOR IIT IS THAT NO CRITERIA ARE OFFERED TO ALLOW TO TEST WHETHER IT IS CORRECT OR INCORRECT, against the reply that IIT OFFERS A FUNDAMENTAL, NEW LAW THAT DOES NOT REQUIRE CROSS-VALIDATION AGAINST MORE CONVENTIONAL WAYS OF CONCEPTUALIZING CONSCIOUSNESS Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[6] |
| differs in | a brief Turing-type test as a way of assessing machine consciousness, since it is a snapshot obtained by interrogation — what the test observes and for how long: A BRIEF TURING-TYPE OF TEST WHICH ONLY PROVIDES A SNAPSHOT OF A MACHINE'S COGNITIVE CAPACITIES OBTAINED BY INTERROGATION - and MACHINES, HAVING MUCH FASTER PROCESSING UNITS AT THEIR DISPOSAL, MAY USE OTHER STRATEGIES FOR SOLVING COMPLEX PROBLEMS, so the same behaviour need not indicate the same thing Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[7] |
| differs in | its own verdict on animals, which the same sentence calls not completely unambiguous and far from complete — THE AXIS IS THE STRENGTH OF THE CASE, STATED IN THE SAME SENTENCE AS THE CONCLUSION. 'We have reviewed evidence for consciousness in several mammalian and avian species and - although this evidence is not completely unambiguous (and is certainly far from complete) - the force of the combined anatomic, physiological and behavioral-cognitive arguments makes A FAIRLY STRONG CASE.' The qualifier is inside the parenthesis and the conclusion is outside it: a citation keeps the clause after the dash. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[9] |
| differs in | indicator —contrasted-with→ threshold — THE AXIS IS WHETHER ONE INDICATOR CAN BE DECISIVE. 'Rather than emphasizing a particular indicator as being decisive, we propose that the consistency amongst these indicators can serve to assess consciousness in particular species.' The proposal replaces a threshold on one measure with agreement across many - which means no single experiment can settle the question and no single negative result can rule it out. Note this record's [6] says a rival theory offers no criteria to test it at all: the same paper distinguishing a weak criterion from an absent one. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[0] |
| note | indicator —contrasted-with→ threshold — INSTEAD OF PROPOSING CRITERIA THAT WOULD EACH DEFINE A HARD THRESHOLD, we outline six indicators - and RATHER THAN EMPHASIZING A PARTICULAR INDICATOR AS BEING DECISIVE, THE CONSISTENCY AMONGST THESE INDICATORS CAN SERVE TO ASSESS consciousness Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[0] |
| audit | indicator —operationalised-as→ consciousness — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its span and kept, but the span outlines indicators of consciousness; operationalised-as is loose. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[1] |
| note | indicator —distinct-from→ criteria — THE WORD IS CHOSEN TO AVOID A CONNOTATION - INDICATORS is A TERM WHICH AVOIDS THE CONNOTATION OF CRITERION WITH A HARD THRESHOLD Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[3] |
| note | consciousness —same-as→ awareness — declared interchangeable WITHOUT DENYING THAT A DISTINCTION BETWEEN THEM HAS BEEN DRAWN IN SOME PREVIOUSLY PROPOSED FRAMEWORKS - a same-as edge with its dissent attached Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[4] |
| audit | IIT —contrasted-with→ intentionality — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but IIT 'leaves the key feature of intentionality UNRESOLVED'; contrasted-with is loose. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[10] |
| note | IIT —contrasted-with→ intentionality — a measure with no referent - it DOES NOT REFER TO ANYTHING BEYOND THE SYSTEM'S STATE IT DESCRIBES and LEAVES THE KEY FEATURE OF INTENTIONALITY UNRESOLVED Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[10] |
| outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation) | control — held | controls[0] |
| outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation) | control — failed | controls[1] |
| outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation) | control — held | controls[2] |
| outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation) | control — held | controls[3] |
| for which use | limitation — the scope of the whole framework: WE DO NOT THEORETICALLY DENY THE POSSIBILITY OF ADOPTING A MORE INCLUSIVE VIEW ON SUBJECTIVE EXPERIENCE - the narrow sensory notion is adopted, not defended Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[0] |
| for which use | limitation — every indicator in the scheme: NONE OF THE PROPOSED INDICATORS OF CONSCIOUSNESS IS HARD IN THE SENSE THAT ITS SATISFACTION WOULD OFFER PROOF OF CONSCIOUSNESS Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[1] |
| for which use | limitation — the taxonomic reach of the review: SPACE IS LACKING TO REVIEW INDICATORS ... FOR AMPHIBIANS, REPTILES AND INVERTEBRATE SPECIES, SUCH AS CEPHALOPODS AND INSECTS Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[2] |
| for which use | limitation — any quantitative use of the scheme: IT OFFERS AS YET A FAIRLY GENERAL HEURISTIC, not a scale Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[3] |
| for which use | limitation — determining who or what may be conscious, where the indicators can fail in both directions Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[4] |
| for which use | limitation — the epistemic status of every conclusion drawn with it: THIS APPROACH IS NECESSARILY INDIRECT AND DOES NOT YIELD DEFINITIVE PROOF, BUT RATHER INDICATIONS Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[5] |
| for which use | limitation — the criteria themselves, and this bounds the entire enterprise: EACH DEFINITION OF A CRITERION OR INDICATOR OF CONSCIOUSNESS DEPENDS ON ASSUMPTIONS BEING MADE ON WHAT A CONSCIOUS EXPERIENCE IS - the criterion presupposes the definition it is meant to operationalise Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[6] |
| for which use | limitation — nervous systems that differ substantially in structure or function, such as cephalopods Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[7] |
| for which use | limitation — any inference from cognitive measures to consciousness: COGNITION DOES NOT ENTAIL CONSCIOUSNESS; COGNITIVE ACTIVITY (INFERRED VIA BRAIN ACTIVITY CORRELATES) DOES NOT NECESSARILY CORRESPOND TO conscious experience Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[8] |
| for which use | limitation — the clinical case specifically: for behaviourally unresponsive patients, CURRENTLY NO UNIVERSALLY ACCEPTED CRITERIA ARE AVAILABLE Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[9] |
| for which use | limitation — the animal verdict itself, hedged in the sentence that states it: THIS EVIDENCE IS NOT COMPLETELY UNAMBIGUOUS (AND IS CERTAINLY FAR FROM COMPLETE) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[10] |
| replication | untested | |
| limitation | The article deliberately adopts a narrow, sensory notion of experience and does not defend it against more inclusive views. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[0] |
| limitation | No proposed indicator constitutes proof of consciousness. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[1] |
| limitation | Entire taxa are left out of the review because the required evidence is missing. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[2] |
| limitation | The scheme is still a general heuristic rather than a quantified scale. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[3] |
| limitation | AN ENTITY MIGHT BE CONSCIOUS EVEN IF IT FAILS TO SATISFY THEM - absence of evidence is not the same as evidence of absence, and at the same time ONE MUST BE CAUTIOUS NOT TO ATTRIBUTE CONSCIOUSNESS TO ANY ARBITRARY OBJECT without further argumentation Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[4] |
| limitation | the approach IS NECESSARILY INDIRECT AND DOES NOT YIELD DEFINITIVE PROOF, BUT RATHER INDICATIONS - an unavoidable consequence of the position that another being's experience is subjective and that knowledge of it IS ALWAYS INFERENTIAL Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[5] |
| limitation | EACH DEFINITION of a criterion or indicator DEPENDS ON ASSUMPTIONS BEING MADE about what a conscious experience is, how it arises, and what its function may be Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[6] |
| limitation | clinical indices have two disadvantages - they MAY BE SPECIFIC TO THE HUMAN BRAIN and may not apply to nervous systems that differ substantially, and THE RANGE OF CIRCUMSTANCES UNDER WHICH THEY ARE VALID IS INCOMPLETELY KNOWN as they are not derived from a fundamental theory Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[7] |
| limitation | COGNITION DOES NOT ENTAIL CONSCIOUSNESS - cognitive activity inferred via brain activity correlates DOES NOT NECESSARILY CORRESPOND TO CONSCIOUS EXPERIENCE Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[8] |
| limitation | for behaviorally unresponsive patients, CURRENTLY NO UNIVERSALLY ACCEPTED CRITERIA ARE AVAILABLE Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[9] |
| limitation | and the animal verdict is hedged in the sentence that states it - THIS EVIDENCE IS NOT COMPLETELY UNAMBIGUOUS AND IS CERTAINLY FAR FROM COMPLETE Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[10] |
finding · quantity · variable · definition · key-term — grounded in the full text| finding | The paper proposes six indicators of consciousness: goal-directed behavior and model-based learning; anatomical and physiological substrates for integrative multimodal representation; psychometrics and meta-cognition; episodic memory; susceptibility to illusions and multistable perception; and specific visuospatial behaviors. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[0] |
| finding | Consciousness is argued to have the biological function of giving the subject a multimodal, situational survey of world and body that supports complex decision-making and goal-directed behavior. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[1] |
| finding | No single indicator is decisive; it is the consistency of scores across the whole set of indicators that raises or lowers the case for consciousness in a species. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[2] |
| finding | Integrating scores across indicators gives an overall, graded criterion for consciousness, somewhat comparable to the Glasgow Coma Scale for unresponsive patients. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[3] |
| finding | Rodents and birds score positively on every one of the six indicators - goal-directed behavior and model-based learning, anatomy and physiology, psychometrics and metacognitive judgment, episodic memory, illusion induction, and visuospatial behavior - although much of the supporting evidence remains incomplete. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[4] |
| finding | Present-day deep learning networks and agile robots are not yet indicated to be conscious. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[5] |
| finding | The feed-forward scheme of deep convolutional networks leaves no place to incorporate the genesis of an internal model. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[6] |
| finding | Integrated Information Theory would be forced to attribute some consciousness to too many systems, including non-living ones such as weather systems. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[7] |
| finding | Integrated Information Theory leaves intentionality unresolved: it does not explain how neural systems generate contents about something other than themselves. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[8] |
| finding | Rather than a brief Turing-style test, evidence of machine consciousness may accumulate from prolonged ethological study of many behaviors demanding flexibility, improvisation and spontaneous problem-solving. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[9] |
| finding | A pre-programmed robot that opens a door may be argued to exhibit goal-directed behavior. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[10] |
| finding | Failing the proposed indicators does not establish that a subject is unconscious, because absence of evidence is not evidence of absence. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[11] |
| finding | INSTEAD OF PROPOSING CRITERIA THAT WOULD EACH DEFINE A HARD THRESHOLD FOR CONSCIOUSNESS, WE OUTLINE SIX INDICATORS, and THE CONSISTENCY AMONGST THESE INDICATORS CAN SERVE TO ASSESS CONSCIOUSNESS Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[12] |
| finding | THE INTEGRATION OF SCORES ON THE VARIOUS INDICATORS YIELDS AN OVERALL, GRADED CRITERION FOR CONSCIOUSNESS, SOMEWHAT COMPARABLE TO THE GLASGOW COMA SCALE Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[13] |
| finding | their validity SHOULD NOT BE ASSESSED ON THE BASIS OF A SINGLE QUANTIFIABLE MEASURE, BUT REQUIRES CROSS-EXAMINATION ACROSS MULTIPLE PIECES OF EVIDENCE Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[14] |
| finding | INDICATORS OF CONSCIOUSNESS is A TERM WHICH AVOIDS THE CONNOTATION OF CRITERION WITH A HARD THRESHOLD Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[15] |
| finding | we will use the term CONSCIOUSNESS INTERCHANGEABLY WITH AWARENESS, WITHOUT DENYING THAT A DISTINCTION BETWEEN THEM HAS BEEN DRAWN in some previously proposed frameworks Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[16] |
| finding | AN ENTITY MIGHT BE CONSCIOUS EVEN IF IT FAILS TO SATISFY THEM, and ABSENCE OF EVIDENCE IS NOT THE SAME AS EVIDENCE OF ABSENCE Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[17] |
| finding | the approach IS NECESSARILY INDIRECT AND DOES NOT YIELD DEFINITIVE PROOF, BUT RATHER INDICATIONS, since knowledge about another subject's experience IS ALWAYS INFERENTIAL Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[18] |
| finding | EACH DEFINITION OF A CRITERION OR INDICATOR OF CONSCIOUSNESS DEPENDS ON ASSUMPTIONS BEING MADE ON WHAT A CONSCIOUS EXPERIENCE IS Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[19] |
| finding | A PROBLEM FOR IIT IS THAT NO CRITERIA ARE OFFERED TO ALLOW TO TEST WHETHER IT IS CORRECT OR INCORRECT, and the alternative position WOULD MAKE THE THEORY IMMUNE AGAINST ANY FORM OF CROSS-EXAMINATION AND CROSS-VALIDATION Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[20] |
| finding | A PARTICULAR PHENOMENON X CAN ONLY BE CLAIMED TO OCCUR IN A SYSTEM IF THE SYSTEM EXHIBITS MANIFEST PROPERTIES INDICATING THAT X IS OCCURRING IN THAT SYSTEM Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[21] |
| finding | IF EVERYTHING IN OUR ENVIRONMENT WOULD ALWAYS BE CONSCIOUS, THE CONCEPT WOULD LOSE ITS USEFULNESS IN DAILY OR SCIENTIFIC DISCOURSE Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[22] |
| finding | the quantity used to assess consciousness DOES NOT REFER TO ANYTHING BEYOND THE SYSTEM'S STATE IT DESCRIBES, and LEAVES THE KEY FEATURE OF INTENTIONALITY UNRESOLVED Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[23] |
| finding | the indicators are COMPATIBLE WITH MORE THAN ONE THEORY AND COULD THUS SERVE AS A MORE GENERAL TESTBED Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[24] |
| finding | clinical indices MAY BE SPECIFIC TO THE HUMAN BRAIN, and THE RANGE OF CIRCUMSTANCES UNDER WHICH THEY ARE VALID IS INCOMPLETELY KNOWN AS THEY ARE NOT DERIVED FROM A FUNDAMENTAL THEORY Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[25] |
| finding | COGNITION DOES NOT ENTAIL CONSCIOUSNESS - cognitive activity DOES NOT NECESSARILY CORRESPOND TO CONSCIOUS EXPERIENCE Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[26] |
| finding | CURRENTLY, NO UNIVERSALLY ACCEPTED CRITERIA ARE AVAILABLE for assessing behaviorally unresponsive patients Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[27] |
| finding | THERE IS NOTHING IN THE DEFINITION OF GOAL-DIRECTED BEHAVIOR THAT PRECLUDES PRE-PROGRAMMED BEHAVIORS FROM SATISFYING IT Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[28] |
| finding | intelligent machines COULD DISPLAY SUCH INTELLIGENT, NON-AUTOMATED BEHAVIORS WITHOUT NECESSARILY BEING CONSCIOUS Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[29] |
| finding | a different approach is needed THAN A BRIEF TURING-TYPE OF TEST WHICH ONLY PROVIDES A SNAPSHOT of a machine's cognitive capacities Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[30] |
| finding | CURRENT INTELLIGENT MACHINES, INCLUDING DEEP LEARNING NEURAL NETWORKS AND AGILE ROBOTS, ARE NOT INDICATED TO BE CONSCIOUS YET Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[31] |
| finding | although THIS EVIDENCE IS NOT COMPLETELY UNAMBIGUOUS AND IS CERTAINLY FAR FROM COMPLETE, the combined arguments MAKE A FAIRLY STRONG CASE THAT RODENTS AND BIRDS DO HAVE CONSCIOUSNESS Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[32] |
| quantity | six — number of indicators of consciousness the authors propose in place of hard-threshold criteria Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[0] |
| quantity | six indicators — the number of separate observable properties whose CONSISTENCY, not any one of which, is read as evidence Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[1] |
| variable | indicator Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[0] |
| variable | measure Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[1] |
| definition | indicators of consciousness Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[0] |
| definition | inside-out approach Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[2] |
| definition | qualitative richness Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[3] |
| definition | situatedness Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[4] |
| definition | intentionality Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[5] |
| definition | integration Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[6] |
| definition | dynamics and stability Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[7] |
| definition | goal-directed behavior Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[8] |
| definition | model-based learning Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[9] |
| definition | episodic memory Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[10] |
| definition | conscious-like behavior Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[11] |
| definition | indicator Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[12] |
| definition | consciousness Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[13] |
| definition | awareness Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[14] |
| key-terms | consciousness, awareness, indicator, criteria, threshold, evidence, measure, validity, IIT, intentionality, representation, machine, robot, animal, behavior, goal-directed, brain, theory, attribution, survey, model, pre-programmed |
| claim type | method — a second reading reaching the same value; recorded: method Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | alternatives.claim_type |
| method | an inside-out approach - start from features attributed to subjective experience and infer externally observable properties, recognising multiple kinds of evidence as valid — a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value; recorded: review Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | alternatives.method |
| phenomenon | a multimodal, situational survey of the surrounding world and body, which the paper argues is what consciousness is for — a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value; recorded: consciousness in non-verbal animals and machines Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | alternatives.phenomenon |
When we have changed our mind. Some entries in the table begin with a word in capitals and the reason for it. EVIDENCE CORRECTED — the finding still stands, but we had quoted the wrong sentence from the paper, and the quotation has been replaced with the right one. RETRACTED — the entry itself was wrong; it stays on the page, marked, with the reason, rather than being deleted. WITHDRAWN AND REPLACED — the entry was wrong, and a corrected version of it appears in the entries below. Each mark carries its own reason, in brackets, because the reasons differ from one entry to the next. An entry we have WITHDRAWN is removed from this page and kept in the record, with its reason. A line reading Audit and a date is a later re-reading of the entry against its whole sentence: DOUBTFUL means it was kept, and the reason says what is loose about it. Quotation marks inside the tagger's sentence. Where a tag is the tagger's own sentence, a phrase in quotation marks inside it is borrowed from the paper — the tagger's wording around it is not. The paper's own sentence is the evidence quote for that row; on this page it is withheld with the article, and the article is at its publisher. Nothing inside quotation marks anywhere on this page is ours: if it is quoted, it is the paper's. Whose words a concept carries. A concept entry records a term the paper itself uses, so the term, the sense given for it, and its evidence are the paper's own words, quoted where the paper fixes them. This is the opposite of a sense entry in the tag table, which is the tagger's sentence about how the paper uses a term. Where a concept entry could not be grounded in the paper's words, the entry says so on its own row.
Tag layer © the Meta-Tagging Project, CC BY 4.0. The paper text is © its authors/publisher
and is linked, not reproduced. Excerpts shown are short quotations for identification and verification.
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