phenomenon · claim-type · cross-domain-transfer · mechanism · claim-relation · replication-status · limitation — grounded in the full text| phenomenon | auditory working memory— “Although there is much known about auditory pathways and processing, the underlying neural substrates of auditory working memory are poorly understood.” | |
| claim-type | mechanism— “In contrast, the ventrolateral PFC (VLPFC), which contains cells that respond robustly to auditory stimuli and that process both face and vocal stimuli may be an essential locus for both auditory and audiovisual working memory.” | |
| method — evidence | — “For purposes of this review, the ability to recognize matching or nonmatching auditory stimuli, over a period of several seconds, will be considered auditory working memory.” | |
| object of study — evidence | — “In contrast, the ventrolateral PFC (VLPFC), which contains cells that respond robustly to auditory stimuli and that process both face and vocal stimuli may be an essential locus for both auditory and audiovisual working memory.” | |
| research question — evidence | — “Which cortical regions within the ventral stream are essential for non-spatial auditory working memory?” | |
| contribution — evidence | — “These three experiments demonstrate that VLPFC is essential for audiovisual and auditory working memory but not for visual working memory.” | |
| transfer | from visual working memory research: the delayed match-to-sample paradigm and the match enhancement/suppression indices, carried across to audition where the tasks proved far harder to train— “It typically takes longer to train NHPs to learn an auditory discrimination or memory task than to learn a similar task using visual stimuli ( D'Amato and Salmon 1984 ; Fritz et al., 2005 ; Hashiya and Kojima 2001 ).” | transfers[0] |
| transfer | from primate field ethology: call-sequence comprehension in the wild, used as evidence that primates possess auditory memory before any laboratory task is invoked— “For example, if a Campbell's monkey makes an alarm call for an eagle, Diana monkeys will also produce alarm calls signaling eagles, however, if a boom vocalization occurs before the alarm call of the Campbell monkey the Diana monkeys ignores the warning ( Zuberbuhler 2002 ). The boom vocalization changes the meaning of the subsequent… | transfers[1] |
| transfer | from cat auditory neurophysiology: reversible cooling deactivation, and the dorsal/ventral dissociation it produced, imported as both method and expected result pattern— “For example, Lomber & Malhotra (2008) dissociated the function of auditory cortical regions when they showed that inactivation of the anterior auditory field, AAF, in cats impaired auditory pattern discrimination, while lesions of area DP, a hypothesized dorsal stream region, impaired sound localization ( Lomber and Malhotra 2008 ).” | transfers[2] |
| mechanism | Cooling VLPFC silences a small anterolateral zone where auditory and multisensory cells are concentrated while visual cells, being spread across dorsal and ventral prefrontal cortex, keep working — producing an auditory/audiovisual deficit with visual memory spared.— “Consequently, inactivation of VLPFC affected a large proportion of auditory and multisensory cells while sparing visual neurons.” | mechanisms[0] |
| mechanism | Holding an acoustic stimulus already consumes VLPFC storage, so adding a face to remember exhausts the remaining capacity there and the extra item fails when VLPFC is inactivated.— “It is also possible that during audiovisual processing, when VLPFC is maintaining an acoustic stimulus, this burdens working memory so that adding an additional item to remember (a face) absolutely requires the remaining temporary storage in VLPFC.” | mechanisms[1] |
| mechanism | Match enhancement appears earlier in prefrontal cortex than in temporal pole or primary auditory cortex, implying prefrontal top-down feedback drives the mnemonic modulation of the auditory circuit.— “The match enhancement effects observed in the PFC had an earlier latency during the matching sound presentation compared to the match enhancement seen in the dorsal temporal pole ( Ng et al., 2014 ) or in the primary auditory cortex ( Bigelow et al., 2014 ) suggesting top-down feedback is modulating the circuit during memory demand.” | mechanisms[2] |
| mechanism | a live dispute about whether an entire taxon has a cognitive capacity is settled by choosing a definition, and the paper says so in those words— “Although NHP's auditory memory abilities may be less than their capacities for remembering visual information they have demonstrated the ability to discriminate and remember auditory sounds over several seconds ( Plakke et al., 2013 ), which is, by definition, auditory working memory.” | mechanisms[3] |
| mechanism | the definition is not inherited but selected from among several, and the selection is announced before any evidence is reviewed | mechanisms[4] |
| mechanism | and then stipulated operationally for the rest of the review, fixing what will count as an instance Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | mechanisms[5] |
| mechanism | inactivation is made reversible and within-subject by cooling rather than lesioning, so each animal is its own control and the manipulation can be repeated Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | mechanisms[6] |
| mechanism | memory load is reduced one modality at a time across three experiments, converting a single impairment into a dissociation Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | mechanisms[7] |
| mechanism | the older lesion literature is discounted on two specific grounds - the lesions spanned too much cortex, and the task had no delay so it never tested working memory at all Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | mechanisms[8] |
| mechanism | aspiration and electrolytic lesions are noted to sever fibers of passage, so a deficit cannot distinguish damage to a region from interruption of flow through it Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | mechanisms[9] |
| mechanism | latency ordering across regions is used to infer direction of influence, with match enhancement appearing earlier in prefrontal cortex than in temporal pole or auditory cortex Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | mechanisms[10] |
| mechanism | the anatomical explanation for the dissociation is concentration: auditory cells are clustered in one small area while visual cells are spread across the whole prefrontal cortex Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | mechanisms[11] |
| mechanism | an alternative reading of the same dissociation is offered in terms of capacity rather than locus - cooling may bite only when the store is already burdened Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | mechanisms[12] |
| mechanism | tract tracing from acoustically characterised cortex establishes that the projections exist before any functional claim is made Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | mechanisms[13] |
| contradicts | Scott et al., 2012; Scott et al., 2013 (claim that non-human primates lack auditory working memory) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[0] |
| extends | Hwang and Romanski (2015) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[1] |
| builds-on | Plakke et al. (2015) VLPFC cooling inactivation experiments Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[2] |
| contradicts | Scott et al. (2012, 2013), that non-human primates lack auditory working memory and have only passive short-term memory Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[3] |
| critiques | the early prefrontal lesion studies, for lesions spanning too much cortex and for a task with no delay Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[4] |
| critiques | aspiration and electrolytic lesion methods generally, which cannot separate damage to a region from interruption of fibers passing through it Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[5] |
| extends | Hwang and Romanski (2015), from correlational single-unit responses to a necessity claim via inactivation Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[6] |
| builds-on | Romanski and Goldman-Rakic, that VLPFC neurons respond to complex sounds and species-specific vocalizations but not to simple stimuli Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[7] |
| supports | the body of single-unit and neuroimaging work implicating ventral PFC in auditory working memory Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[8] |
| sense | working memory - as the Baddeley multi-component system versus as Goldman-Rakic hold-and-update; the review names both and picks the second Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[0] |
| sense | working memory - the chosen definition stated in full, which is what makes the rest of the review's evidence admissible Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[1] |
| sense | auditory working memory in monkeys - as a genuine capacity versus as passive short-term memory; a disagreement about a taxon that turns on which term applies Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[2] |
| sense | auditory working memory - stipulated operationally for this review, fixing what counts as an instance of it Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[3] |
| sense | auditory memory - recognising the TYPE of a sound (intact) versus recalling the specific sound heard (impaired); one task splitting into two capacities Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[4] |
| sense | forgetting - by decay with time versus by interference from other items; both argued to operate once rehearsal is controlled Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[5] |
| sense | match response - enhancement in prefrontal cortex versus suppression in temporal regions, one recognition event with opposite signs Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[6] |
| differs in | Scott et al. (2012, 2013), that non-human primates lack auditory working memory and have only passive short-term memory — THE AXIS IS WHETHER THE DEMONSTRATED ABILITY MEETS THE DEFINITION. 'Although NHP's auditory memory abilities may be less than their capacities for remembering visual information they have demonstrated the ability to DISCRIMINATE AND REMEMBER AUDITORY SOUNDS OVER SEVERAL SECONDS, WHICH IS, BY DEFINITION, AUDITORY WORKING ME[MORY].' The weaker performance is conceded and the categorical claim is refused on definitional grounds - so the disagreement is about whether a smaller capacity is still the same faculty. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[3] |
| differs in | aspiration and electrolytic lesion methods generally, which cannot separate damage to a region from interruption of fibers passing through it — THE AXIS IS WHETHER FIBRES OF PASSAGE ARE DAMAGED. 'Since most lesions of the primate cortex have typically been made by aspiration, or electrolytic ablation, which damage fibers of passage in addition to cells, we must look to additional lesion studies.' A whole generation of results cannot distinguish removing a region from cutting what runs through it - and the critique applies to the technique, so it lands on every study that used it regardless of what each found. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[5] |
| differs in | Romanski and Goldman-Rakic, that VLPFC neurons respond to complex sounds and species-specific vocalizations but not to simple stimuli — THE AXIS IS STIMULUS COMPLEXITY. 'In comparison to responses of neurons in DLPFC, single neurons in VLPFC respond robustly to complex sounds, including species-specific vocalizations but not to simple stimuli.' A region characterised by what it does NOT respond to as much as by what it does - so a study using tones would find VLPFC silent and conclude it is not auditory. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[7] |
| edge | auditory working memory —contrasted-with→ passive short-term memory Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[0] |
| audit | auditory working memory —operationalised-as→ delayed match-to-sample — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but the span describes recognizing 'matching or nonmatching auditory stimuli, over a period of several seconds', not 'delayed match-to-sample'. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[1] |
| weight | central executive —part-of→ working memory — 0.95 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[2] |
| weight | ventrolateral prefrontal cortex —causes→ auditory working memory — 0.9 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[3] |
| audit | ventrolateral prefrontal cortex —part-of→ auditory ventral stream — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but the inactivation evidence 'SUGGESTS' the VLPFC is a major end point of the ventral stream; part-of is hedged. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[4] |
| weight | ventrolateral prefrontal cortex —part-of→ auditory ventral stream — 0.85 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[4] |
| weight | match enhancement —contrasted-with→ match suppression — 0.9 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[5] |
| audit | delay suppression —operationalised-as→ working memory — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but delay suppression is 'THOUGHT TO represent' a form of active maintenance; operationalised-as is loose. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[6] |
| weight | delay suppression —operationalised-as→ working memory — 0.85 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[6] |
| audit | RETRACTED (THE 'from' ENDPOINT IS OVER-SPECIFIED AND UNATTESTED) · decay —contrasted-with→ proactive interference — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its span and kept, but the span weighs interference against decay in memory loss; contrasted-with names only one side. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[7] |
| retracted | RETRACTED (THE 'from' ENDPOINT IS OVER-SPECIFIED AND UNATTESTED) · decay —contrasted-with→ proactive interference — THE 'from' ENDPOINT IS OVER-SPECIFIED AND UNATTESTED. The edge is 'decay --contrasted-with--> proactive interference'. The span: 'MEMORY PERFORMANCE THAN…' The contrast is real and well drawn - interference against decay, with a citation on each side - AND THE SPAN SAYS 'INTERFERENCE', NOT 'PROACTIVE INTERFERENCE'. Proactive interference is a specific kind, distinguished in this literature from retroactive; the qualifier was supplied. TRUE OF THE FIELD, NOT IN THE SPAN, and the endpoint test caught it where reading past it would not have. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[7] |
| weight | RETRACTED (THE 'from' ENDPOINT IS OVER-SPECIFIED AND UNATTESTED) · decay —contrasted-with→ proactive interference — 0.95 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[7] |
| weight | ventrolateral prefrontal cortex —contrasted-with→ dorsolateral prefrontal cortex — 0.9 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[9] |
| audit | species-specific vocalizations —causes→ ventrolateral prefrontal cortex — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but VLPFC neurons RESPOND to species-specific vocalizations; causes is loose. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[10] |
| weight | species-specific vocalizations —causes→ ventrolateral prefrontal cortex — 0.9 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[10] |
| note | ventrolateral PFC —contrasted-with→ dorsolateral PFC — RE-GROUNDS the record's ventrolateral/dorsolateral edge, whose span named neither endpoint. The paper states the contrast using ABBREVIATIONS; 'normalised' maps them onto the full names the record already carries. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[11] |
| relation | ventrolateral PFC —contrasted-with→ dorsolateral PFC — the two subregions are given DIFFERENT roles: dorsolateral similar across modalities, ventrolateral the locus for auditory and audiovisual working memory Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[11] |
| for which use | limitation — any claim about VLPFC in auditory working memory: IDENTICAL STUDIES OF AUDITORY WORKING MEMORY HAVE YET TO BE CONDUCTED IN VLPFC Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[0] |
| for which use | limitation — the division of labour between the regions: DELINEATING THE PRECISE ROLE THAT IS PLAYED BY EACH OF THESE CORTICAL REGIONS IN ENCODING, MAINTENANCE, AND RETRIEVAL OF AUDITORY STIMULI IS AN ONGOING ENDEAVOR Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[1] |
| for which use | limitation — any claim about information FLOW: TECHNIQUES WITH BETTER TEMPORAL RESOLUTION AND SPATIAL SPECIFICITY ARE NEEDED TO DETERMINE THE PRECISE NATURE OF INFORMATION FLOW DURING AUDITORY MNEMONIC PROCESSING Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[2] |
| for which use | limitation — the mapping from memory type to circuit: THE VARIOUS FORMS OF AUDITORY MEMORY (WORKING, SHORT-TERM, LONG-TERM) AND THE PRECISE NEURONAL CIRCUITS THAT EACH FORM OF MEMORY RELIES ON, IS STILL UNDER INVESTIGATION Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[3] |
| for which use | limitation — the whole literature's pace: HISTORICALLY, PART OF THE PROBLEM HAS BEEN THE DIFFICULTY IN OBTAINING A ROBUST ANIMAL MODEL TO STUDY AUDITORY SHORT-TERM MEMORY Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[4] |
| for which use | limitation — the gap between pathway anatomy and function: ALTHOUGH THERE IS MUCH KNOWN ABOUT AUDITORY PATHWAYS AND PROCESSING, THE UNDERLYING NEURAL SUBSTRATES OF AUDITORY WORKING MEMORY ARE POORLY UNDERSTOOD Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[5] |
| duplicate of | limitation — limitations[3] Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[6] |
| for which use | limitation — the same scope as limitations[3] - which circuit serves which form of memory Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[6] |
| duplicate of | limitation — limitations[1] Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[7] |
| for which use | limitation — the same scope as limitations[1] - the regional division of labour Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[7] |
| duplicate of | limitation — limitations[2] Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[8] |
| for which use | limitation — the same scope as limitations[2] - resolution limits on information-flow claims Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[8] |
| for which use | limitation — the DLPFC recordings: RESPONSES IN DLPFC APPEAR TO BE MORE TASK-RELATED AND LESS DEPENDENT ON TYPE OF STIMULI Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[9] |
| for which use | limitation — which experiments exist at all: IT TYPICALLY TAKES LONGER TO TRAIN NHPs TO LEARN AN AUDITORY DISCRIMINATION OR MEMORY TASK THAN TO LEARN A SIMILAR TASK USING VISUAL STIMULI Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[10] |
| replication | untested | |
| limitation | The equivalent auditory working-memory recordings have not yet been made in VLPFC itself Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[0] |
| limitation | The division of labour between the implicated cortical regions is not yet settled Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[1] |
| limitation | Current techniques lack the resolution needed to trace information flow during auditory mnemonic processing Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[2] |
| limitation | The mapping between forms of auditory memory and their circuits remains open Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[3] |
| limitation | the animal model itself has been the bottleneck for the whole question Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[4] |
| limitation | the neural substrates remain poorly understood despite extensive knowledge of auditory pathways Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[5] |
| limitation | which circuits serve which form of auditory memory is unresolved Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[6] |
| limitation | the division of labour among temporal regions is not yet established Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[7] |
| limitation | current techniques lack the resolution the question needs Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[8] |
| limitation | the DLPFC recordings are hard to interpret because responses there track task rather than stimulus type Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[9] |
| limitation | training non-human primates on auditory tasks takes far longer than on matched visual tasks, which shapes which experiments exist at all Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[10] |
finding · quantity · variable · definition · key-term — grounded in the full text| finding | Cooling the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex significantly impaired detection of both auditory and visual mismatches when monkeys had to hold a face-voice pair in memory. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[0] |
| finding | When only the face had to be remembered, VLPFC cooling left performance intact. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[1] |
| finding | When only the vocalization had to be remembered, VLPFC cooling significantly reduced accuracy. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[2] |
| finding | Across the three cooling experiments VLPFC proved necessary for auditory and audiovisual working memory but dispensable for visual working memory. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[3] |
| finding | The inactivation results place VLPFC as a necessary endpoint of the auditory ventral stream for auditory cognition rather than merely a correlated node. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[4] |
| finding | Visually responsive prefrontal neurons are distributed across both dorsal and ventral prefrontal cortex, whereas auditory-responsive cells are confined to VLPFC. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[5] |
| finding | Anterior auditory belt regions project to the frontal pole, to ventrolateral prefrontal areas 12vl, 12 orbital and 45, and to the rostral principal sulcus. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[6] |
| finding | Caudal auditory cortex, which codes sound location, targets a different frontal set: the caudal principal sulcus, frontal eye fields and dorsal premotor cortex. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[7] |
| finding | Auditory memory is more susceptible to interference and less robust than visual memory. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[8] |
| finding | During auditory memory, distraction in the delay may matter more than the length of the delay itself. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[9] |
| finding | cooling VLPFC impaired both auditory and visual mismatch detection when both components had to be held Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[10] |
| finding | with only the face to remember, cooling VLPFC did nothing; with only the vocalization, it impaired performance Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[11] |
| finding | the auditory deficit appeared at a delay as short as 1.25 seconds Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[12] |
| finding | monkeys remember fewer auditory than visual items Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[13] |
| finding | auditory memory is more susceptible to interference and less robust than visual memory Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[14] |
| finding | humans show steeper forgetting curves for auditory than visual material, as monkeys do Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[15] |
| finding | people recognised recently heard sounds significantly worse than recently seen pictures Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[16] |
| finding | they could still name the sound type, so long-term recognition was intact while memory for the specific token was not Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[17] |
| finding | musicians have better auditory memory than non-musicians and still recognise pictures better than sounds Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[18] |
| finding | nonverbal auditory recall starts to decline around 30 seconds Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[19] |
| finding | tone memory fell to near chance when distractor tones filled the interval Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[20] |
| finding | superior temporal lesions impaired performance at every delay tested and survived extensive retraining Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[21] |
| finding | rostral STG lesions spared performance below 10 seconds and impaired it beyond Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[22] |
| finding | about 35% of rostral superior temporal neurons modulated firing during the delay, half of them by suppression Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[23] |
| finding | dorsal temporal pole neurons showed match suppression as early as 31-60 ms Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[24] |
| finding | auditory-responsive cells are confined to VLPFC while visual cells spread across dorsal and ventral prefrontal cortex Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[25] |
| finding | VLPFC single cells track which component of a face-voice pair changed Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[26] |
| finding | cooling VLPFC hit a large proportion of auditory and multisensory cells while sparing visual ones Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[27] |
| quantity | 35% — share of rostral superior temporal cortex neurons that modulated firing rate during the delay period, half of them showing delay suppression Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[0] |
| quantity | 31-60 ms — latency at which dorsal temporal pole neurons showed match suppression Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[1] |
| quantity | 100 — trials performed per WARM or COLD block in the cooling experiments Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[2] |
| quantity | 1.25 second — delay at which the auditory working memory deficit from VLPFC cooling already appeared in both monkeys Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[3] |
| quantity | .5, 4 and 32 seconds — cue-to-test delays used in the superior temporal gyrus lesion study of auditory same-different discrimination Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[4] |
| quantity | 10 seconds — delay below which rostral STG lesions left auditory memory performance unimpaired Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[5] |
| quantity | 30 seconds — point at which human recall of nonverbal auditory stimuli begins to decline Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[6] |
| quantity | 1.25 second — the short delay at which VLPFC cooling still impaired auditory memory Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[7] |
| quantity | approximately 35% — rostral superior temporal neurons modulating firing during the delay Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[8] |
| quantity | 31-60 ms — latency of match suppression in dorsal temporal pole Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[9] |
| quantity | 10 seconds — the delay beyond which rostral STG lesions impaired performance Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[10] |
| quantity | around 30 seconds — when human nonverbal auditory recall begins to decline Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[11] |
| variable | cortical cooling (independent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[0] |
| variable | delay Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[4] |
| variable | memory load Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[5] |
| variable | performance accuracy Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[6] |
| definition | working memory Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[0] |
| definition | proactive interference Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[3] |
| definition | delay suppression Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[4] |
| definition | passive short-term memory Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[5] |
| definition | Working memory Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[6] |
| definition | working memory Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[7] |
| definition | auditory working memory Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[8] |
| definition | central executive Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[9] |
| definition | Delay suppression Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[10] |
| definition | proactive interference Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[11] |
| key-terms | working memory, auditory working memory, passive short-term memory, short-term memory, central executive, phonological loop, episodic buffer, ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, superior temporal gyrus, temporal pole, auditory ventral stream, delayed match-to-sample, cortical cooling, match enhancement, match suppression, delay suppression, proactive interference, decay, forgetting curves, species-specific vocalizations, face cells, multisensory, fibers of passage, auditory cortex, principal sulcus, vocalization |
| concept | ventrolateral PFC Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[25] |
| concept | dorsolateral PFC Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[26] |
| forgetting curves | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[0] |
| near chance levels | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[1] |
| claim type | mechanism — a second reading reaching the same value; recorded: mechanism Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | alternatives.claim_type |
| method | review of lesion, neurophysiological and neuroimaging work, culminating in the authors' own reversible cortical cooling of VLPFC during an audiovisual delayed nonmatch-to-sample task — a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value; recorded: review Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | alternatives.method |
| phenomenon | auditory working memory - holding and updating recently heard sounds over seconds — a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value; recorded: auditory working memory Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | alternatives.phenomenon |
When we have changed our mind. Some entries in the table begin with a word in capitals and the reason for it. EVIDENCE CORRECTED — the finding still stands, but we had quoted the wrong sentence from the paper, and the quotation has been replaced with the right one. RETRACTED — the entry itself was wrong; it stays on the page, marked, with the reason, rather than being deleted. WITHDRAWN AND REPLACED — the entry was wrong, and a corrected version of it appears in the entries below. Each mark carries its own reason, in brackets, because the reasons differ from one entry to the next. An entry we have WITHDRAWN is removed from this page and kept in the record, with its reason. A line reading Audit and a date is a later re-reading of the entry against its whole sentence: DOUBTFUL means it was kept, and the reason says what is loose about it. Quotation marks inside the tagger's sentence. Where a tag is the tagger's own sentence, a phrase in quotation marks inside it is borrowed from the paper — the tagger's wording around it is not. The paper's own sentence is the evidence quote for that row; on this page it is withheld with the article, and the article is at its publisher. Nothing inside quotation marks anywhere on this page is ours: if it is quoted, it is the paper's. Whose words a concept carries. A concept entry records a term the paper itself uses, so the term, the sense given for it, and its evidence are the paper's own words, quoted where the paper fixes them. This is the opposite of a sense entry in the tag table, which is the tagger's sentence about how the paper uses a term. Where a concept entry could not be grounded in the paper's words, the entry says so on its own row.
Tag layer © the Meta-Tagging Project, CC BY 4.0. The paper text is © its authors/publisher
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