phenomenon · claim-type · cross-domain-transfer · mechanism · claim-relation · replication-status · limitation — grounded in the full text| phenomenon | neocortical GABAergic interneuron diversity— “An understanding of the diversity of cortical GABAergic interneurons is critical to understand the function of the cerebral cortex.” | |
| claim-type | existence— “This analysis has provided strong evidence that three major groups of neurons, those expressing the Ca 2+ -binding protein parvalbumin (PV), those expressing the neuropeptide somatostatin (SST), and those expressing 5HT3aRs account for nearly 100% of GABAergic neurons in somatosensory (S1) cortex.” | |
| method — evidence | — “It is largely based on the analysis of a population of GABAergic interneurons in mouse neocortex that express the ionotropic serotonin receptor 5HT3a (5HT3aR).” | |
| object of study — evidence | — “This analysis has provided strong evidence that three major groups of neurons, those expressing the Ca 2+ -binding protein parvalbumin (PV), those expressing the neuropeptide somatostatin (SST), and those expressing 5HT3aRs account for nearly 100% of GABAergic neurons in somatosensory (S1) cortex.” | |
| contribution — evidence | — “This analysis revealed that 5HT3aR neurons account for ~30% of the total population of GABAergic neurons, and that three group of neurons, those expressing PV, SST, and 5HT3aR, account for nearly all, if not all, GABAergic interneurons in primary somatosensory cortex” | |
| transfer | from transgenic mouse engineering: a bacterial artificial chromosome reporter line used to make an uncountable population countable— “There are no antibodies to the 5HT3a receptor available, precluding the use of IHC to determine the size of the 5HT3aR-expressing interneuron population and estimate its contribution to the total interneuron family. The availability of a GFP mouse line that reliably reports the presence of 5HT3a receptors allowed us to characterize this… | transfers[0] |
| transfer | from developmental fate mapping: derivation from different areas during development, offered as a feature arguing for a true delineation between two marker-defined Martinotti subtypes— “Another feature arguing for a true delineation between SOM+/CR− and SOM+/CR+ Martinotti cells is evidence suggesting that they are derived from different areas during development, with the SOM+/CR+ population mainly arising from the dorsal Nkx6-2-positive region of the MGE” | transfers[1] |
| mechanism | excitatory synapses onto Martinotti cells facilitate, so sustained firing of a single pyramidal cell builds up enough drive to make the Martinotti cell fire and inhibit pyramidal cells across layers and columns— “As a result of this feature, repetitive activity in a single pyramidal cell can drive a Martinotti cell to fire and provide feedback inhibition to pyramidal neurons across layers and columns ( Kapfer et al., 2007 ; Silberberg and Markram, 2007 ).” | mechanisms[0] |
| mechanism | because those inputs facilitate, the strength of Martinotti-mediated feedback inhibition grows with the rate and duration of presynaptic discharge— “Given the facilitating dynamics of Martinotti cell excitatory inputs, the feedback inhibition mediated by these neurons will increase as a function of rate and duration of presynaptic discharge.” | mechanisms[1] |
| mechanism | the delay between thalamocortical excitation of pyramidal cells and disynaptic inhibition from FS cells opens a brief integration window that limits temporal summation— “The latency between the onset of the TC excitation of excitatory cells and the onset of feedforward inhibition from FS cells results in a brief time window during which the excitatory neurons can integrate TC inputs.” | mechanisms[2] |
| mechanism | ionotropic serotonin and acetylcholine receptors let neuromodulatory systems recruit 5HT3aR interneurons fast enough to be gated by brain state and behavioral context— “Perhaps, neuromodulatory systems rapidly engage these INs during specific brain states and behavioral contexts that are linked to these neuromodulators.” | mechanisms[3] |
| mechanism | a locally different chloride concentration at the axon initial segment shifts the GABA-A reversal potential, so chandelier-cell GABA release depolarizes rather than inhibits the pyramidal cell— “It was recently shown that postsynaptic responses to GABA release from these neurons are depolarizing because of changes in Cl − concentration, and hence the reversal potential of GABA A receptors, at the pyramidal cell AIS, the target of chandelier cell axons, and may in fact be excitatory ( Szabadics et al., 2006 ; Woodruff et al., 2009… | mechanisms[4] |
| mechanism | neurogliaform axonal varicosities lacking classical synaptic contacts still hyperpolarize neighbours, implying GABA acts by volume release into the extracellular space— “These results led to the suggestion that neurogliaform cells influence target neurons by volume release of GABA ( Olah et al., 2009 ).” | mechanisms[5] |
| mechanism | the low input resistance of X94 SST cells prevents a single excitatory cell from driving them unless a muscarinic agonist raises their excitability— “As a result of their lower input resistance, X94 cells are usually not driven to fire by repetitive activity in a single excitatory cell; however, the cells can be excited if the excitatory input is delivered in the presence of a muscarinic agonist (Xu and Rudy, unpublished observations).” | mechanisms[6] |
| mechanism | fast-spiking basket cells fire sustained high-frequency trains with the lowest input resistance and fastest membrane time constant of all interneurons, which is what makes their inhibition fast— “FS cells fire sustained high-frequency trains of brief APs with a large and fast AHP and with little spike frequency adaptation. Near threshold, they fire abrupt episodes of nonadapting repetitive discharges. They have the lowest input resistance and the fastest membrane time constant of all interneurons, a feature that contributes to ensure… | mechanisms[7] |
| mechanism | excitatory synapses onto fast-spiking cells depress while those onto Martinotti cells facilitate, which is the key functional difference between the two groups— “Excitatory inputs onto Martinotti cells are generally strongly facilitating, which is a key feature that distinguishes these interneurons from FS neurons” | mechanisms[8] |
| mechanism | because of that facilitation, repetitive firing of a single pyramidal cell can drive a Martinotti cell and produce feedback inhibition across layers and columns— “As a result of this feature, repetitive activity in a single pyramidal cell can drive a Martinotti cell to fire and provide feedback inhibition to pyramidal neurons across layers and columns” | mechanisms[9] |
| mechanism | the two groups may therefore be recruited at opposite ends of network activity, one when activity is high and the other transiently when it is low— “These interneurons might be activated preferentially during periods of increased network activity in contrast to FS cells, which might be transiently activated preferentially when network activity is low.” | mechanisms[10] |
| mechanism | 5HT3aR interneurons are heterogeneous but all are potently modulated by ionotropic serotonin receptors, and no response was seen in PV or SST cells— “Although 5HT3aR interneurons are heterogeneous, they are all potently modulated by ionotropic serotonin receptors ( Lee et al., 2010 ). Local somatic application of mCPBG, a 5HT3aR-selective agonist, to EGFP-positive neurons evoked fast and robust depolarization in more than 40 cells tested throughout all layers and including all the subtypes… | mechanisms[11] |
| mechanism | neurogliaform cells may act by volume release of GABA rather than through classical synaptic contacts— “It was recently observed that neurogliaform axonal varicosities containing synaptic vesicles were often not associated with classical synaptic contacts, although neurogliaform cells produced hyperpolarizing responses in a large fraction of neighboring neurons. These results led to the suggestion that neurogliaform cells influence target… | mechanisms[12] |
| builds-on | Lee et al. (2010)— “The availability of a GFP mouse line that reliably reports the presence of 5HT3a receptors allowed us to characterize this interneuron population ( Lee et al., 2010 ).” | claim_relations[0] |
| replicates | Gonchar and Burkhalter (1997); Kawaguchi and Kubota (1997); Ascoli et al. (2008) - PV and SST as non-overlapping interneuron markers— “Our own studies in mouse have confirmed this conclusion; neurons expressing PV (as detected by immunofluorescence) do not express SST protein and vice versa ( Lee et al., 2010 ).” | claim_relations[1] |
| contradicts | McGarry et al. (2010) report of two additional SST subtypes in GIN mice— “Some of the diversity observed in the study by McGarry et al. (2010) may reflect the presence of immature… | claim_relations[2] |
| extends | the use of calcium-binding proteins and neuropeptides as markers distinguishing cortical interneurons | claim_relations[3] |
| critiques | the treatment of VIP, NPY, cholecystokinin, calretinin and calbindin as markers of independent interneuron classes Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[4] |
| builds-on | Lee 2010's double in situ hybridisation quantification of the three marker populations Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[5] |
| qualifies | the view that parvalbumin cells are the largest interneuron class Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[6] |
| sense | THE PARTITION DEPENDS ON THE ASSAY: PV and SST are non-overlapping by protein immunofluorescence, but under in situ hybridisation up to 16.3 percent of PV cells in layer VI carry SST mRNA, and by RT-PCR a large percentage do Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[0] |
| sense | and the conflict is resolved by CHOOSING the assay: protein expression is taken to define the two groups, with the mRNA overlap explained as levels too low to detect Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[1] |
| sense | the 5HT3aR class could not be counted before the tool existed - there are no antibodies to the receptor, so the group had no size until a BAC transgenic line reported it Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[2] |
| sense | the reporter line was validated in both directions: no cell carried EGFP without the transcript, and 99.8 percent of receptor-expressing cells carried EGFP Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[3] |
| sense | ONE CELL TYPE, FOUR NAMES, IN ONE SENTENCE: regular adapting nonpyramidal, burst spiking nonpyramidal, intrinsic bursting and low-threshold spike all denote the same Martinotti cells Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[4] |
| sense | the claim runs one way only: virtually all PV cells are fast-spiking, which does NOT entail that fast-spiking cells are PV Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[5] |
| note | PV —distinct-from→ SST — BY PROTEIN. The same two groups OVERLAP by mRNA, so this edge is only true relative to the assay named in it Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[0] |
| note | 5HT3aR —part-of→ GABAergic — the third of three groups that together account for nearly all of them Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[3] |
| note | PV —part-of→ GABAergic — one of the three groups whose union is claimed to be the whole population Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[4] |
| audit | basket cells —part-of→ PV — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but basket cells are one of 'two types of PV neurons'; is-a, not part-of. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[8] |
| audit | chandelier cells —part-of→ PV — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but chandelier cells are one of 'two types of PV neurons'; is-a, not part-of. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[9] |
| audit | Martinotti cells —part-of→ SST — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but SST expression is 'typically been associated with' Martinotti cells; part-of is loose. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[10] |
| audit | facilitating —contrasted-with→ depressing — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its span and kept, but the span says FS input synapses are depressing; the facilitating contrast is implied. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[12] |
| note | facilitating —contrasted-with→ depressing — CRITERION: the synaptic dynamics of the INPUTS, not the cell itself - and even that has a layer VI exception the paper names Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[12] |
| note | VIP —part-of→ 5HT3aR — all VIP cells are in this group, and they are about 40 percent of it Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[13] |
| note | neurogliaform cells —part-of→ 5HT3aR — the group is defined by three exclusions and one inclusion: reelin-positive, VIP-negative, SST-negative Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[14] |
| audit | calretinin —part-of→ SST — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its span and kept, but a third of SST interneurons contain calretinin; part-of is loose. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[15] |
| note | calretinin —part-of→ SST — A MARKER THAT CROSSES BOUNDARIES: about a third of SST cells carry it, and so do many VIP cells - which is why it cannot define a group Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[15] |
| weight | calretinin —part-of→ SST — 0.4 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[15] |
| for which use | limitation — any quantitative claim about subtypes within the three groups: THE LACK OF SPECIFIC MARKERS MAKES IT DIFFICULT TO ESTIMATE THE FREQUENCIES OF EACH OF THE SUBTYPES Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[0] |
| for which use | limitation — the subtype proportions specifically: THE SAMPLE IS NOT YET SUFFICIENTLY LARGE TO DEFINITELY ESTABLISH SUBTYPE PROPORTIONS Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[1] |
| for which use | limitation — the scope of the exhaustive-partition claim itself: the conclusion that these neurons ACCOUNT FOR nearly all remaining interneurons rests mainly on S1, not on neocortex at large Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[2] |
| for which use | limitation — any functional or circuit claim about the 5HT3aR group: OTHER THAN NEUROGLIAFORM CELLS, LITTLE IS KNOWN ABOUT THE OUTPUT CONNECTIONS AND FUNCTION OF 5HT3AR INTERNEURONS Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[3] |
| for which use | limitation — the developmental-origin account: IT REMAINS TO BE SHOWN DIRECTLY WHETHER THE NKX5-1 CRE LABELED NEURONS EXPRESS 5HT3AR, and the size of the POA contribution is undetermined Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[4] |
| for which use | limitation — the same scope as items 0 and 1 - subtype frequencies, not the three-group partition Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[5] |
| for which use | limitation — any attempt to read this classification against another lab's: THE CORRESPONDENCE BETWEEN THE SUBTYPES ... IS NOT EASY TO ESTABLISH - the categories do not map across investigators Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[6] |
| for which use | limitation — the same scope as limitations[3] - outputs and function of the 5HT3aR group Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[7] |
| for which use | limitation — the PV class in question, whose existence may be an age effect: THE PREPONDERANCE OF THIS CLASS OF PV NEURONS IS NOT KNOWN AND HAS NOT BEEN DESCRIBED BY OTHER INVESTIGATORS; PERHAPS BECAUSE BLATOW ET AL. USED 14-DAY-OLD MICE, SOMEWHAT YOUNGER THAN WHAT IS TYPICALLY USED IN THE FIELD Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[8] |
| for which use | limitation — the two additional SST groups: SEVERAL INVESTIGATORS HAVE USED THE GIN LINE TO STUDY MARTINOTTI CELLS AND HAVE NOT REPORTED THE TWO OTHER GROUPS OF SST NEURONS DESCRIBED BY MCGARRY ET AL. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[9] |
| replication | untested | |
| limitation | Subtype frequencies within the three groups cannot be estimated because specific markers are lacking. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[0] |
| limitation | The random sample from the 5HT3aR mouse is still too small to fix subtype proportions. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[1] |
| limitation | The exhaustive-partition conclusion is established mainly for one cortical area, S1. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[2] |
| limitation | Output connectivity and function of the 5HT3aR group are largely unknown apart from neurogliaform cells. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[3] |
| limitation | The size of any preoptic-area contribution to the 5HT3aR population is unresolved. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[4] |
| limitation | subtype frequencies within the three groups cannot be estimated for want of specific markers, and the samples are not large enough to settle proportions from firing patterns Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[5] |
| limitation | the correspondence between subtypes described by different investigators is not easy to establish, which the authors say calls for better classification tools Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[6] |
| limitation | outside neurogliaform cells, little is known about the outputs or function of the 5HT3aR group, which is less understood than the other two Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[7] |
| limitation | the preponderance of this class of PV neurons is not known and it has not been described by other investigators, perhaps because Blatow et al. used 14-day-old mice and recorded at room temperature Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[8] |
| limitation | two extra SST subtypes reported in one study were not seen by others using the same mouse line, and immaturity at the ages used is offered as an explanation Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[9] |
finding · quantity · variable · definition · key-term — grounded in the full text| finding | Neurons expressing PV, SST or the 5HT3a receptor together account for nearly all GABAergic interneurons of primary somatosensory cortex, with the 5HT3aR group making up about 30%. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[0] |
| finding | PV and SST protein expression define two independent groups of GABAergic interneurons. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[1] |
| finding | In layers I-III the 5HT3aR interneurons outnumber PV interneurons two to one, overturning the assumption that PV cells are the largest interneuron class there. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[2] |
| finding | Every VIP-expressing interneuron in somatosensory cortex also expresses the 5HT3a receptor, placing the whole VIP class inside the 5HT3aR group. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[3] |
| finding | The 5HT3aR agonist mCPBG depolarized every 5HT3aR-positive subtype tested across all layers. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[4] |
| finding | PV- and SST-expressing neurons showed no response to the same agonist. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[5] |
| finding | The caudal ganglionic eminence gives rise to about 30% of cortical interneurons, including the bipolar calretinin cells, the entire VIP population and the reelin-positive/SST-negative neurogliaform cells. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[6] |
| finding | The EGFP reporter line had no false positives: no EGFP-positive cell lacked 5HT3aR mRNA. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[7] |
| finding | In olfactory cortex inhibition moves from dendrite to soma during a burst, the reverse of the soma-then-dendrite sequence in neocortex and hippocampus, even though the interneurons themselves look alike. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[8] |
| finding | The marker proportions may not carry over to primates: 74% of GABAergic neurons in macaque V1 express PV, far more than in rodents. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[9] |
| finding | three marker-defined groups account for nearly all, if not all, GABAergic interneurons in primary somatosensory cortex Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[10] |
| finding | these two groups of neurons account for 40 and 30% of GABAergic interneurons in somatosensory cortex Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[11] |
| finding | AN EXHAUSTIVE PARTITION CONSTRAINS EVERY OTHER MARKER: VIP, NPY, CCK, calretinin and calbindin must either label small populations or fall inside the three groups Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[12] |
| finding | the third group is the majority interneuron population in layers I to III and outnumbers parvalbumin cells there twofold Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[13] |
| finding | THE REPORTER WAS VALIDATED IN BOTH DIRECTIONS: no cell carried EGFP without the transcript, and 99.8 percent of receptor-expressing cells carried EGFP Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[14] |
| finding | and the transcript was checked against function, with responses to a selective agonist in more than 40 reporter-positive cells Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[15] |
| finding | neurons expressing PV, as detected by immunofluorescence, do not express SST protein and vice versa Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[16] |
| finding | BUT BY mRNA THEY DO: under 10 percent of PV cells carry SST transcripts overall, 16.3 percent in layer VI, and a large percentage by RT-PCR of sorted cells Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[17] |
| finding | and the conflict is settled by choosing protein as the definition, with the transcripts explained as levels too low to detect Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[18] |
| finding | A CATEGORY THAT NEEDED A TOOL TO EXIST: there are no antibodies to the 5HT3a receptor, so this population could not be counted until a reporter line was made Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[19] |
| finding | before that, its size was a qualitative impression from fluorescence Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[20] |
| finding | ONE CELL TYPE, FOUR NAMES IN ONE SENTENCE: burst spiking nonpyramidal, intrinsic bursting and low-threshold spike all name the regular adapting Martinotti cells Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[21] |
| finding | AND THREE MORE FOR ANOTHER: rapid-adapting, fast-adapting and IS2 name the same VIP subtype Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[22] |
| finding | LS1 cells correspond to neurogliaform cells, whereas LS2 cells have larger somata and longer, less branching dendrites Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[23] |
| finding | A CLASS REPORTED ONCE AND NOT REPLICATED: the preponderance of this class of PV neurons is not known and it has not been described by other investigators Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[24] |
| finding | with two specific methodological differences offered as the reason: 14-day-old mice and room-temperature recording Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[25] |
| finding | several investigators have used the GIN line and have not reported the two other groups of SST neurons described by McGarry et al., whose diversity may reflect the presence of immature neurons Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[26] |
| finding | THE CORRESPONDENCE PROBLEM STATED OUTRIGHT: subtypes described by different investigators cannot easily be matched to one another, which calls for better classification tools Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[27] |
| finding | and subtype frequencies cannot be estimated at all for lack of specific markers Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[28] |
| finding | virtually all parvalbumin cells recorded across several mouse lines were fast-spiking Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[29] |
| finding | fast-spiking cells have the lowest input resistance and fastest membrane time constant of all interneurons Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[30] |
| finding | excitatory synapses onto fast-spiking cells depress, with one layer VI exception that facilitates Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[31] |
| finding | excitatory inputs onto Martinotti cells facilitate instead, which is called the key feature distinguishing them from fast-spiking cells Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[32] |
| finding | so a single pyramidal cell firing repetitively can drive a Martinotti cell and produce feedback inhibition across layers and columns Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[33] |
| finding | chandelier cell function is contested, with their GABA release possibly depolarising and even excitatory at the axon initial segment Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[34] |
| finding | about a third of SST cells contain calretinin, and the two subtypes differ in dendritic field, spike width and connectivity Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[35] |
| finding | and they arise from different developmental regions, which is offered as evidence that the delineation is real Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[36] |
| finding | all VIP cells express the 5HT3a receptor and make up about 40 percent of that group Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[37] |
| finding | the non-VIP 60 percent are mostly reelin-positive and include over 90 percent of layer I neurons Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[38] |
| finding | neurogliaform cells uniquely form electrical synapses with other interneuron types rather than only with their own kind Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[39] |
| finding | and may act by volume release of GABA rather than at classical synaptic contacts Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[40] |
| finding | every 5HT3aR subtype responded to a selective serotonin agonist while PV and SST cells did not Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[41] |
| finding | and 5HT3aR cells are also excited by cholinergic agonists acting on nicotinic receptors, a common property independently of layer location or electrophysiological or morphological subtype Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[42] |
| finding | FS versus non-FS GABAergic interneurons in superficial layers are differentially modulated depending on brain state and behavioural context, which the authors take to be this group Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[43] |
| quantity | 40 and 30% — share of somatosensory-cortex GABAergic interneurons that are PV-expressing and SST-expressing respectively Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[0] |
| quantity | 99.8 ± 0.3% — proportion of 5HT3aR-mRNA-expressing neocortical cells that were EGFP positive in the reporter line Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[1] |
| quantity | ~16.3% — share of layer VI PV cells carrying SST mRNA, the largest PV/SST mRNA overlap found Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[2] |
| quantity | ~60% — share of all interneurons in layers I-III that are 5HT3aR-expressing Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[3] |
| quantity | ~40% — share of the 5HT3aR population in S1 that expresses VIP Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[4] |
| quantity | 60% — share of 5HT3aR neurons that do not express VIP Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[5] |
| quantity | More than 80% — share of non-VIP 5HT3aR interneurons expressing reelin Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[6] |
| quantity | 10–20% — GABAergic interneurons as a proportion of all cortical neurons in rodents Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[7] |
| quantity | 24–30% — proportion of cortical neurons that are GABAergic in primates, versus about 15% in rodents Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[8] |
| quantity | nine electrophysiologically different subtypes, of which six accounted for >93% — electrophysiological subtypes among caudal-ganglionic-eminence-derived interneurons, and how much of the population six of them cover Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[9] |
| quantity | >16 classes — number of hippocampal CA1 GABAergic interneuron classes in an earlier classification, offered as the comparison standard Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[10] |
| quantity | 40 and 30% — parvalbumin and somatostatin shares of the interneuron population Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[11] |
| quantity | ~30% — the 5HT3aR share, completing the partition Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[12] |
| quantity | 99.8 ± 0.3% — receptor-expressing cells that were reporter-positive - the sensitivity of the tag Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[13] |
| quantity | <10% and ~16.3% — PV cells carrying SST mRNA overall and in layer VI - the overlap that protein staining does not show Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[14] |
| quantity | ~60% of all interneurons — the 5HT3aR share within layers I to III Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[15] |
| quantity | ~40% — VIP share of the 5HT3aR group Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[16] |
| variable | Local somatic application of mCPBG (independent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[0] |
| variable | input resistance Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[3] |
| variable | facilitating Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[4] |
| definition | basket cells and chandelier cells Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[1] |
| definition | Martinotti cells Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[2] |
| definition | genetic inducible fate mapping (GIFM) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[4] |
| definition | multipolar bursting Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[5] |
| definition | late spiking (LS) firing pattern Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[6] |
| definition | fast-spiking Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[7] |
| definition | Martinotti cells Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[8] |
| definition | neurogliaform cells Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[9] |
| definition | 5HT3aR Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[10] |
| key-terms | PV, SST, 5HT3aR, GABAergic, basket cells, chandelier cells, Martinotti cells, X94, neurogliaform cells, VIP, fast-spiking, IHC, ISH, EGFP, calretinin, reelin, input resistance, serotonin |
| double ISH | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[0] |
| method | review — a second reading reaching the same value; recorded: review Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | alternatives.method |
| phenomenon | a cortical interneuron population that had resisted exhaustive classification — a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value; recorded: neocortical GABAergic interneuron diversity Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | alternatives.phenomenon |
When we have changed our mind. Some entries in the table begin with a word in capitals and the reason for it. EVIDENCE CORRECTED — the finding still stands, but we had quoted the wrong sentence from the paper, and the quotation has been replaced with the right one. RETRACTED — the entry itself was wrong; it stays on the page, marked, with the reason, rather than being deleted. WITHDRAWN AND REPLACED — the entry was wrong, and a corrected version of it appears in the entries below. Each mark carries its own reason, in brackets, because the reasons differ from one entry to the next. An entry we have WITHDRAWN is removed from this page and kept in the record, with its reason. A line reading Audit and a date is a later re-reading of the entry against its whole sentence: DOUBTFUL means it was kept, and the reason says what is loose about it. Quotation marks inside the tagger's sentence. Where a tag is the tagger's own sentence, a phrase in quotation marks inside it is borrowed from the paper — the tagger's wording around it is not. The paper's own sentence is the evidence quote for that row; on this page it is withheld with the article, and the article is at its publisher. Nothing inside quotation marks anywhere on this page is ours: if it is quoted, it is the paper's. Whose words a concept carries. A concept entry records a term the paper itself uses, so the term, the sense given for it, and its evidence are the paper's own words, quoted where the paper fixes them. This is the opposite of a sense entry in the tag table, which is the tagger's sentence about how the paper uses a term. Where a concept entry could not be grounded in the paper's words, the entry says so on its own row.
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