phenomenon · claim-type · cross-domain-transfer · mechanism · claim-relation · replication-status · limitation — grounded in the full text| phenomenon | motor-related corollary discharge in auditory cortex— “We found that a wide variety of natural movements strongly suppresses the spontaneous and tone-evoked synaptic activity of auditory cortical excitatory cells and that a substantial fraction of this suppression is mediated through a postsynaptic mechanism involving increased local inhibition via PV+ interneurons.” | |
| claim-type | mechanism— “Using in vivo intracellular recordings in behaving mice, we find that excitatory neurons in the auditory cortex are suppressed prior to and during movement, due in part to increased activity of local parvalbumin-positive (PV+) interneurons.” | |
| method — evidence | — “Here we combine in vivo intracellular physiology with optogenetic circuit manipulations in freely behaving mice to identify a synaptic signature of movement in the auditory cortex and to elucidate local and long-range circuits that modulate auditory cortical activity during movement.” | |
| object of study — evidence | — “In mammals, signals propagating from the motor cortex to the auditory cortex are thought to play a critical role in normal hearing and behavior, yet the synaptic and circuit mechanisms by which these motor-related signals influence auditory cortical activity remain poorly understood.” | |
| research question — evidence | — “Despite the widespread observation that movement can modulate auditory cortical activity and the presumed role of the motor cortex in driving this modulation, the synaptic and circuit mechanisms by which the motor cortex influences auditory cortical activity during movement remain unresolved.” | |
| contribution — evidence | — “Electrophysiology and optogenetic gain- and loss-of-function experiments reveal that motor-related changes in auditory cortical dynamics are driven by a subset of neurons in the secondary motor cortex that innervate the auditory cortex and are active during movement.” | |
| transfer | from invertebrate neuroethology: corollary discharge as a framework, imported from systems where the motor copy is a single identified neuron— “Notably, whereas the gain of stimulus-evoked responses in visual cortical pyramidal cells increases with locomotion 5 , 25 , perhaps to compensate for increased visual flow, auditory cortical responses to tones decreased during movement. This suppressive effect, which resembles corollary discharge signals described in the auditory systems of… | transfers[0] |
| transfer | from optogenetics: terminal stimulation used to bypass a pathway rather than to activate a region, isolating where an effect arises— “Whereas acoustic stimulation activates the auditory system from the periphery to the cortex, this optogenetic approach allowed us to effectively bypass the ascending auditory pathway prior to the thalamocortical projection and to thus isolate the component of motor-related suppression that occurs within the auditory cortex.” | transfers[1] |
| mechanism | Motor-related signals from secondary motor cortex excite PV+ interneurons in auditory cortex, which postsynaptically inhibit excitatory cells and thereby suppress both spontaneous and sound-evoked activity— “These experiments indicate that in the auditory cortex, motor-related signals excite PV+ interneurons, which in turn postsynaptically inhibit excitatory cells to suppress their spontaneous activity and stimulus-evoked responses.” | mechanisms[0] |
| mechanism | Transient motor-driven dampening of sensitivity to self-predictable quiet sounds preserves headroom for responding to unexpected loud stimuli— “may reflect a general strategy where motor-related signals transiently dampen sensitivity to predictable low-intensity sounds, enabling auditory neurons to maintain responsiveness to unexpected high-intensity stimuli” | mechanisms[1] |
| mechanism | motor-related signals excite PV interneurons, which postsynaptically inhibit excitatory cells and suppress both spontaneous and evoked activity— “These experiments indicate that in the auditory cortex, motor-related signals excite PV+ interneurons, which in turn postsynaptically inhibit excitatory cells to suppress their spontaneous activity and stimulus-evoked responses.” | mechanisms[2] |
| mechanism | the inhibitory cells fire well before movement onset and before the excitatory cells fall below baseline, in the order M2 then PV then excitatory— “As a population, inhibitory neuron firing rates increased well before movement onset and also before the firing rates of auditory cortical excitatory cells decreased below their baseline levels (−805 ms for PV+ cells, −605 ms for VGAT+ cells, and −490 ms for excitatory cells, relative to movement onset).” | mechanisms[3] |
| mechanism | the movement-related voltage change reverses near the chloride equilibrium potential, which is what identifies the inhibition as postsynaptic— “The movement-related change in mean membrane potential reversed in sign at ~ −72 mV, which was 3 mV depolarized relative to the average resting Vm and close to the chloride equilibrium potential reported for mouse auditory cortical pyramidal neurons” | mechanisms[4] |
| mechanism | the suppression may dampen sensitivity to predictable quiet sounds while preserving responsiveness to unexpected loud ones— “Notably, whereas the gain of stimulus-evoked responses in visual cortical pyramidal cells increases with locomotion 5 , 25 , perhaps to compensate for increased visual flow, auditory cortical responses to tones decreased during movement. This suppressive effect, which resembles corollary discharge signals described in the auditory systems of… | mechanisms[5] |
| mechanism | the mechanism differs from the disinhibition proposed for locomotion-driven gain increases in visual cortex— “This mechanism contrasts with a disinhibitory mechanism implicated in locomotion-dependent increases in visual cortical responses 38 , with a parallel negative rescaling of excitatory and inhibitory synaptic drive that has been advanced to account for state-dependent changes in auditory cortical responsiveness 23 , and with presynaptic… | mechanisms[6] |
| contradicts | the disinhibitory mechanism proposed for locomotion-dependent increases in visual cortical responses (ref. 38), the negative-rescaling account of state-dependent auditory cortical changes (ref. 23) and presynaptic depression from state-dependent thalamic activity (ref. 30)— “This mechanism contrasts with a disinhibitory mechanism implicated in locomotion-dependent increases in visual cortical responses 38 , with a parallel negative rescaling of excitatory and inhibitory synaptic drive that has been advanced to account for state-dependent changes in auditory cortical responsiveness 23 , and with presynaptic… | claim_relations[0] |
| builds-on | the prior anatomical finding that the M2-to-auditory-cortex projection is almost completely ipsilateral (ref. 20)— “These differential effects of silencing ipsilateral versus contralateral M2 on auditory cortical dynamics are consistent with a previous anatomical finding that the projection from M2 to auditory cortex is almost completely ipsilateral 20 .” | claim_relations[1] |
| extends | observations of movement-related modulation of auditory cortex in monkeys and humans (refs. 1, 10, 11, 18, 37), for which a direct motor-cortical role had not been tested— “Although movement-related modulation of auditory cortical activity has been detected in monkey and human auditory cortex during a variety of behaviors 1 , 10 , 11 , 18 , 37 , a direct role for the motor cortex in these modulatory processes was… | claim_relations[2] |
| contradicts | sensory reafference and peripheral masking as explanations for movement-related auditory suppression | claim_relations[3] |
| distinguishes-from | the disinhibitory account of locomotion-driven gain increases in visual cortex Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[4] |
| extends | anesthetized-mouse work showing motor cortical synapses suppress tone-evoked auditory responses Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[5] |
| supports | corollary discharge accounts described across species from insects to humans Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[6] |
| builds-on | anatomical tracing showing the M2-to-auditory projection is almost entirely ipsilateral Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[7] |
| sense | corollary discharge here means a motor-related signal that PRECEDES movement, which is what distinguishes it from sensory reafference caused by the movement Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[0] |
| sense | the local share of the suppression is quantified rather than asserted: about 60 percent arises inside auditory cortex, the rest elsewhere in the pathway Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[1] |
| sense | M2 ACtx cells are a subset defined by their projection target, identified by an intersectional strategy, and behave like the general M2 population Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[2] |
| sense | movement here spans locomotion, head and body movements, grooming and vocalization, all producing indistinguishable auditory cortical dynamics Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[3] |
| sense | the head-fixed treadmill preparation was validated against the freely behaving one before being used for the optogenetics Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[4] |
| control | randomisation of animals to experimental groups - NOT USED, and the paper says so — absent-declared-unreported — rules out that a difference between groups is a difference in which animals were put in them Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[0] |
| control | blinding of investigators to group allocation - NOT USED, and the paper says so — absent-declared-unreported — rules out experimenter expectancy in allocating and handling the animals Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[1] |
| control | blinding to movement/rest and laser on/off obtained from AUTOMATION rather than procedure - membrane potential mean and variance, tone-evoked responses and movement onset/offset all calculated automatically — held — rules out the experimenter's judgement in scoring the conditions that carry the paper's main claim - the blinding the previous sentence says was not done by allocation is recovered here by taking the human out of the measurement Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[2] |
| differs in | the disinhibitory account of locomotion-driven gain increases in visual cortex — THE AXIS IS THE CIRCUIT MECHANISM, WITH BOTH NAMED. 'This mechanism contrasts with A DISINHIBITORY MECHANISM implicated in locomotion-dependent increases in visual cortical responses, WITH A parallel negative rescaling of excitatory and inhibitory synaptic drive that has been advanced to account for STATE-DEPENDENT CHANGES.' Two accounts of behaviour-driven cortical change that predict opposite things about inhibition - so a result reported as 'state-dependent modulation' is compatible with either until the inhibitory drive is measured. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[4] |
| audit | PV+ —causes→ excitatory neurons — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but the span reports PV+ rates rising while excitatory rates fell; causes is loose here. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[3] |
| note | PV+ —causes→ excitatory neurons — SIGN: suppressive, and the firing order M2 then PV then excitatory matches the proposed direction Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[3] |
| note | presynaptic depression —operationalised-as→ onset slope — CRITERION, and the assay was VALIDATED FIRST: 20 Hz stimulation was shown to change the slope before the absence of a change was claimed as a null Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[6] |
| note | visual cortex —contrasted-with→ auditory cortex — SIGN REVERSAL: the same manipulation raises gain in one sensory cortex and lowers it in the other Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[9] |
| outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation) | control — absent-declared-unreported | controls[0] |
| outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation) | control — absent-declared-unreported | controls[1] |
| outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation) | control — held | controls[2] |
| for which use | limitation — the mechanism of the suppression: the features INDICATE ... POSTSYNAPTIC INHIBITION, BUT DO NOT EXCLUDE THE POSSIBILITY THAT PRESYNAPTIC INHIBITION IS ALSO INVOLVED Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[0] |
| for which use | limitation — every group comparison in the paper: RANDOMIZATION WAS NOT USED TO DETERMINE HOW ANIMALS WERE ALLOCATED TO EXPERIMENTAL GROUPS, NOR WERE INVESTIGATORS BLINDED TO GROUP ALLOCATION Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[1] |
| for which use | limitation — the terminal-stimulation results: OPTOGENETIC ACTIVATION OF M2 TERMINALS ... TRIGGERS ANTIDROMIC PROPAGATION ... AND THUS EXCITES OTHER TARGETS OF M2 ACtx CELLS Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[2] |
| duplicate of | limitation — limitations[0] Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[3] |
| for which use | limitation — the same scope as limitations[0] - postsynaptic inhibition is established, presynaptic is not excluded Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[3] |
| for which use | limitation — the direct-pathway interpretation: M2 COULD ALSO ACT INDIRECTLY THROUGH OR IN CONCERT WITH NEUROMODULATORY CELL GROUPS Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[4] |
| for which use | limitation — any vocalisation-specific reading: VOCALIZATIONS WERE ALWAYS ACCOMPANIED BY OTHER HEAD AND BODY MOVEMENTS, and the membrane potential dynamics WERE INDISTINGUISHABLE FROM THOSE OBSERVED DURING HEAD MOVEMENTS Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[5] |
| for which use | limitation — results reported by cell class: cells were CLASSIFIED AS PUTATIVE EXCITATORY CELLS BASED ON THEIR INTRINSIC PROPERTIES ... AND, IN A SUBSET OF NEURONS, INTRACELLULAR STAINING Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[6] |
| evidential status | mechanism — the paper's own words: may reflect Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | mechanisms[1] |
| duplicate of | mechanism — mechanisms[0] Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | mechanisms[2] |
| replication | untested | |
| limitation | The evidence establishes postsynaptic inhibition but does not exclude a presynaptic contribution. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[0] |
| limitation | Animals were not randomised to groups and investigators were not blinded to group allocation. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[1] |
| limitation | Optogenetic terminal stimulation could in principle recruit indirect pathways via antidromic activation (argued against by two control observations). Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[2] |
| limitation | postsynaptic inhibition is established but presynaptic inhibition is not excluded outright Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[3] |
| limitation | M2 could also act indirectly through neuromodulatory cell groups, which the design does not rule out Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[4] |
| limitation | vocalizations were always accompanied by other movements, so no vocalization-specific signal could be isolated Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[5] |
| limitation | excitatory cells were identified by intrinsic and firing properties, with staining in only a subset Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[6] |
finding · quantity · variable · definition · key-term — grounded in the full text| finding | Just before and during locomotion, head movements, grooming and other movements, auditory cortical excitatory neurons showed less variable membrane potentials and a slight depolarization. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[0] |
| finding | These membrane potential changes began on average more than 200 ms before locomotion started and persisted about as long after it ended. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[1] |
| finding | Because the cortical changes precede movement onset by hundreds of milliseconds, they cannot be caused by sensory reafference from the movement, and could reflect a motor-related signal. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[2] |
| finding | Unlike visual cortex, where locomotion boosts responses, tone-evoked synaptic responses of auditory cortical excitatory neurons were significantly reduced during movement. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[3] |
| finding | Roughly 60 percent of the movement-related suppression of tone-evoked responses originates within the auditory cortex itself rather than upstream, since optogenetically evoked thalamocortical responses were suppressed in proportion to tone responses. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[4] |
| finding | The rising slope of thalamocortical EPSPs was unchanged between movement and rest, ruling out presynaptic depression of thalamic terminals as the cause of suppression. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[5] |
| finding | The movement-related membrane potential change reversed near -72 mV, close to the chloride equilibrium potential reported for mouse auditory cortical pyramidal neurons. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[6] |
| finding | Around movement, PV+ and other fast-spiking interneurons in auditory cortex increased their firing while putative excitatory neurons decreased theirs. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[7] |
| finding | The inhibitory neurons' firing rose several hundred milliseconds before movement onset and before excitatory cells dropped below baseline, consistent with inhibition leading the suppression. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[8] |
| finding | Excitatory neurons in secondary motor cortex increased their firing about 870 ms before movement onset, earlier than any of the auditory cortical changes. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[9] |
| finding | Optogenetically activating M2 axon terminals in the auditory cortex of a resting mouse reproduced the movement signature: reduced membrane potential variability, reduced tone-evoked responses and slight depolarization. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[10] |
| finding | The terminal-activation effect was not an indirect antidromic one: it survived pharmacological silencing of M2 cell bodies with TTX. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[11] |
| finding | The auditory cortical change began within 7 ms of terminal stimulation, faster than the roughly 12 ms antidromic conduction time back to M2, again excluding an indirect route. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[12] |
| finding | Silencing ipsilateral M2 restored rest-like membrane potential dynamics in auditory cortex within about 70 ms of laser onset. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[13] |
| finding | Tones presented after M2 silencing, while the mouse was still moving, showed a strong (~40 percent) recovery of tone-evoked responses. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[14] |
| finding | auditory cortical excitatory neurons are suppressed before and during movement, due in part to increased activity of local PV+ interneurons Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[15] |
| finding | the change led locomotion by more than 200 ms and outlasted it by about as much Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[16] |
| finding | tone-evoked synaptic responses were suppressed during movement, opposite to the visual cortex Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[17] |
| finding | PV and other fast-spiking cells increased firing before movement while excitatory cells decreased Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[18] |
| finding | the firing order was PV at -805 ms, other inhibitory cells at -605 ms and excitatory cells at -490 ms relative to movement onset Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[19] |
| finding | M2 cells defined by their projection to auditory cortex behaved like the general M2 population Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[20] |
| finding | activating M2 terminals in resting mice reproduced the movement-like dynamics Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[21] |
| finding | silencing ipsilateral M2 restored rest-like dynamics within about 70 ms, while contralateral silencing did nothing until movement stopped Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[22] |
| finding | APPORTIONED, NOT EXCLUDED: about 60 percent of the suppression arises inside auditory cortex, measured from the slope relating optogenetic to tone suppression Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[23] |
| finding | ASSAY VALIDATED BEFORE THE NULL: high-frequency stimulation was shown to reduce EPSP onset slope before the absence of such a change during movement was claimed Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[24] |
| finding | CONTROL NULL: EPSP onset slope did not differ between movement and rest, so thalamic terminals are not depressed during movement Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[25] |
| finding | CONFOUND EXCLUDED TWO WAYS: the terminal-activation effect survived TTX silencing of M2 somata and was faster than antidromic propagation Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[26] |
| finding | DECOUPLING EXPERIMENT: with ipsilateral M2 silenced the cortex returned to a rest-like state while the mouse was still moving, and tones then recovered about 40 percent of their response Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[27] |
| finding | the decoupling separates the neural state from the movement itself and shows the state controls the gain Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[28] |
| finding | silencing M2 in a resting mouse slightly enhanced tone responses, so even baseline M2 activity is mildly suppressive Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[29] |
| quantity | slope = 0.6 — Linear relation between suppression of optogenetically evoked and tone-evoked responses, implying ~60% of suppression is cortex-local Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[0] |
| quantity | >200 ms — Average lead time by which auditory cortical membrane potential changes precede locomotion onset Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[1] |
| quantity | −805 ms for PV+ cells, −605 ms for VGAT+ cells, and −490 ms for excitatory cells — Times relative to movement onset at which each cell population's firing rate changed Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[2] |
| quantity | −870 ms — Time relative to movement onset at which M2 excitatory neuron firing increased Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[3] |
| quantity | ~ −72 mV — Reversal potential of the movement-related membrane potential change, near the chloride equilibrium potential Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[4] |
| quantity | <7 ms — Latency of auditory cortical change after M2 terminal stimulation, versus ~12 ms antidromic propagation time Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[5] |
| quantity | ~500 ms — Delay after light onset at which silencing M2 arrested the animal's movement Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[6] |
| quantity | ~40 percent — Recovery of tone-evoked response when ipsilateral M2 was silenced during ongoing movement Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[7] |
| quantity | 14.25 min — Mean duration of the intracellular recordings in freely behaving mice Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[8] |
| quantity | n = 37 cells from 11 mice — Sample for the treadmill comparison of membrane potential variance at rest versus movement Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[9] |
| quantity | p = 8e-9 — Significance of the drop in tone-evoked voltage area from rest to movement Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[10] |
| quantity | more than 200 ms — how far the auditory cortical change precedes locomotion onset Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[11] |
| quantity | about 60 percent — share of movement-related suppression arising locally in auditory cortex Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[12] |
| quantity | -72 mV — reversal potential of the movement-related change, near the chloride equilibrium Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[13] |
| quantity | under 7 ms against about 12 ms — onset of the terminal-activation effect against antidromic propagation time Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[14] |
| quantity | about 40 percent — recovery of tone-evoked responses when M2 is silenced during ongoing movement Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[15] |
| quantity | about 70 ms — delay before ipsilateral M2 silencing restored rest-like cortical dynamics Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[16] |
| variable | movement (independent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[0] |
| variable | laser stimulation (independent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[1] |
| variable | membrane potential variability (dependent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[2] |
| variable | peak tone-evoked response (dependent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[3] |
| variable | body temperature (control) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[4] |
| variable | membrane potential Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[6] |
| variable | onset slope Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[7] |
| variable | locomotion Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[8] |
| definition | corollary discharge signals Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[0] |
| definition | M2 ACtx cells Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[1] |
| definition | corollary discharge Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[2] |
| definition | onset slope Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[3] |
| definition | antidromic Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[4] |
| key-terms | corollary discharge, auditory cortex, M2, PV+, reafference, thalamocortical, antidromic, presynaptic depression, onset slope, visual cortex, locomotion, TTX |
| t-test | as written: Student’s t-test, paired t-test and Two-sampled t-test Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[0] |
| Kolmogorov-Smirnov test | as written: tests for normality (Kolmogorov-Smirnov) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[1] |
| significance level (alpha) alpha | as written: significance was measured against alpha of 0.05 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[2] |
| ANOVA | as written: two-factor ANOVA with repeated measures Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[3] |
| interaction effect p | as written: significant interaction terms (p<0.05) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[4] |
| standard deviation s.d. | as written: population mean +/− s.d. values Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[5] |
| percentile threshold | as written: calculating the 95 th percentile of baseline firing rates Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[6] |
| linear regression / slope slope | as written: linearly related ... (slope = 0.6) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[7] |
| linearly related | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[8] |
| claim type | mechanism — a second reading reaching the same value; recorded: mechanism Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | alternatives.claim_type |
| method | sharp-electrode intracellular recording in freely behaving and head-fixed mice, with optogenetic activation and silencing, multielectrode arrays and two-photon imaging — a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value; recorded: electrophysiology Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | alternatives.method |
| phenomenon | suppression of auditory cortical responses before and during movement — a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value; recorded: motor-related corollary discharge in auditory cortex Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | alternatives.phenomenon |
When we have changed our mind. Some entries in the table begin with a word in capitals and the reason for it. EVIDENCE CORRECTED — the finding still stands, but we had quoted the wrong sentence from the paper, and the quotation has been replaced with the right one. RETRACTED — the entry itself was wrong; it stays on the page, marked, with the reason, rather than being deleted. WITHDRAWN AND REPLACED — the entry was wrong, and a corrected version of it appears in the entries below. Each mark carries its own reason, in brackets, because the reasons differ from one entry to the next. An entry we have WITHDRAWN is removed from this page and kept in the record, with its reason. A line reading Audit and a date is a later re-reading of the entry against its whole sentence: DOUBTFUL means it was kept, and the reason says what is loose about it. Quotation marks inside the tagger's sentence. Where a tag is the tagger's own sentence, a phrase in quotation marks inside it is borrowed from the paper — the tagger's wording around it is not. The paper's own sentence is the evidence quote for that row; on this page it is withheld with the article, and the article is at its publisher. Nothing inside quotation marks anywhere on this page is ours: if it is quoted, it is the paper's. Whose words a concept carries. A concept entry records a term the paper itself uses, so the term, the sense given for it, and its evidence are the paper's own words, quoted where the paper fixes them. This is the opposite of a sense entry in the tag table, which is the tagger's sentence about how the paper uses a term. Where a concept entry could not be grounded in the paper's words, the entry says so on its own row.
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