x 10 9 may be x 10⁹, chi 2 5 may be chi-squared with five degrees of freedom, and 1 2 may be one half. Read any expression here against the published paper before relying on it.phenomenon · claim-type · cross-domain-transfer · mechanism · claim-relation · replication-status · limitation — grounded in the full text| phenomenon | spatial working memory— “Spatial working memory (SWM) is an essential feature of goal-directed action.” | |
| claim-type | mechanism— “Here, we find that direct hippocampal-prefrontal afferents are critical for encoding, but not for maintenance or retrieval, of spatial cues.” | |
| method — evidence | — “Therefore, recordings of multiple single units were obtained from the prelimbic region of the mPFC in mice performing the 4-goal task ( Extended Data Fig. 1 ).” | |
| object of study — evidence | — “While the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus are known to jointly contribute to successful spatial working memory, the anatomical pathway and temporal window for interaction of these structures critical to spatial working memory has not yet been established.” | |
| research question — evidence | — “It remains unclear, however, which phase(s) of SWM (encoding, maintenance, and/or retrieval) require the joint participation of the HPC and mPFC, what behaviorally relevant information is conveyed between the two structures, and by what anatomical pathway(s) they interact.” | |
| contribution — evidence | — “Here, we find that direct hippocampal-prefrontal afferents are critical for encoding, but not for maintenance or retrieval, of spatial cues.” | |
| transfer | from primate prefrontal physiology: delay-period persistent firing as the expected mechanism, imported and then not found in the rodent homologue— “The primate dorsolateral prefrontal cortex is functionally analogous to, but anatomically distinct from, the rodent prelimbic region of the mPFC” | transfers[0] |
| transfer | from machine learning: a maximum margin linear classifier with cross-validation, used to read location from distributed population rates— “Given the inhomogeneous and distributed nature of the representation of spatial information among recorded mPFC units, a maximum margin linear classifier 22 was used to decode sample goal location from binned population firing rate vectors and to quantify the strength and reliability of the neural representation” | transfers[1] |
| mechanism | Gamma-frequency synchronization between vHPC and mPFC carries the spatial cue across the direct projection, so that entrainment of mPFC spikes to vHPC gamma is what enables successful encoding.— “Successful encoding of these cues appears to be mediated by gamma-frequency synchrony between the two structures.” | mechanisms[0] |
| mechanism | vHPC gamma oscillations entrain vHPC output in phase, which then influences mPFC spike timing at monosynaptic delays, making spike entrainment the physical signature of the signal being propagated.— “These findings demonstrate that entrainment of mPFC spikes to vHPC gamma oscillations is a physiological signature of task-critical long-range signal propagation.” | mechanisms[1] |
| mechanism | The vHPC input acts excitatorily on mPFC units, driving the location-selective elevation of firing rate that constitutes the cue representation.— “These results reveal an excitatory role for vHPC input in the location-selective firing rate enhancement seen in mPFC units.” | mechanisms[2] |
| mechanism | vHPC input drives a selective firing-rate elevation in each unit's preferred goal, without changing baseline rates— “The effect of Sample Light was striking. Inhibition of terminals during the sample phase prevented the increase in firing rate that occurred in units’ preferred goals, without affecting baseline rates ( Fig. 4c , top). The same results were obtained when including all units in the analysis ( Extended Data Fig. 5 ). These results reveal an… | mechanisms[3] |
| mechanism | the same goal selectivity persists during choice runs and no longer needs vHPC input, so physiology mirrors the behavioural dissociation— “However, unlike in sample runs, this elevation was unaffected by vHPC-mPFC terminal inhibition ( Fig. 4d ). In this finding, physiology mirrored the behavioral result, indicating that goal selectivity following encoding is no longer dependent on vHPC input.” | mechanisms[4] |
| mechanism | vHPC gamma leads mPFC spiking at lags consistent with monosynaptic transmission, and terminal inhibition reduces that phase-locking— “Consistent with this suggestion, inhibition of vHPC-mPFC terminals reduced the overall strength of gamma phase-locking ( Fig. 5g-h ), indicating that the observed synchrony is mediated by direct vHPC-mPFC input.” | mechanisms[5] |
| mechanism | the directionality is specific to gamma: in theta the mPFC leads, and theta synchrony survives terminal inhibition— “Importantly, this directionality was specific to gamma oscillations, as lag analysis of phase-locking in the theta range revealed an opposite directionality; mPFC led vHPC (but not dHPC) activity in the theta range, and theta synchrony was unaffected by terminal inhibition” | mechanisms[6] |
| mechanism | terminal illumination suppresses transmission without silencing the source cells, which is what makes the manipulation projection-specific— “In the awake, resting state, light pulses delivered to vHPC reduced local spontaneous multiunit activity by ~50% ( Fig. 1d ), while illumination of terminal fields in the mPFC had no effect on multi-unit activity in the vHPC” | mechanisms[7] |
| mechanism | a four-goal maze prevents the animal from forming a spatially directed plan until the choice phase, which is what separates encoding from retrieval— “To better segregate the encoding, maintenance, and retrieval phases within each trial, a modified, 4-goal T-maze was constructed ( Fig. 2c ). Here, as in the 2-goal task, a single goal was made available for retrieval of the sample reward. During the choice run, the sample goal and one of the other three arms were open. This design prevents… | mechanisms[8] |
| builds-on | Wang et al., 2006 (adaptive intra-trial delay procedure for the T-maze task)— “Also in the 2-goal experiment only, to minimize across-session performance drift, and ceiling effects, intra-trial delay was adjusted according to the preceding day's… | claim_relations[0] |
| qualifies | prior reports of retrospective and prospective location coding in rodent mPFC during delays | claim_relations[1] |
| reinterprets | the earlier finding that vHPC silencing reduces dHPC-mPFC theta synchrony, proposing it was an indirect effect on dHPC Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[2] |
| extends | work implicating vHPC and mPFC in contextual learning, by moving it to a seconds timescale Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[3] |
| contradicts | persistent prefrontal firing as the mechanism maintaining the cue between encoding and retrieval Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[4] |
| sense | encoding, maintenance and retrieval are defined by TRIAL PHASE and made separable by a maze redesign - the distinction is built into the apparatus, not read off the behaviour Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[0] |
| sense | projection-specific means the terminals are silenced where they arrive, not the cells that send them - validated by showing vHPC firing is untouched by mPFC illumination Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[1] |
| sense | no evidence of retrospective coding is scoped explicitly to the analytic technique, naming two forms it could take and still be missed Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[2] |
| sense | functionally analogous but anatomically distinct - the stated relation between primate dorsolateral PFC and rodent prelimbic cortex, which licenses comparing them cautiously Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[3] |
| control | a CamKIIα-mCherry virus carrying no opsin, run in the acute stimulation/silencing and 2-goal t-maze experiments — held — rules out the light delivery and the viral infection themselves as the cause of the behavioural effect - the exclusion is carried by the term OPSIN-NEGATIVE CONTROL rather than spelled out Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[0] |
| control | the researcher who trained and ran the mice was blinded to viral group by a second lab member, who did the assignment — held — rules out the experimenter's knowledge of which animals carried the opsin influencing training or scoring Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[1] |
| differs in | encoding —contrasted-with→ retrieval — THE AXIS IS WHICH PHASE OF THE MEMORY THE PATHWAY IS NEEDED FOR, AND THREE PHASES ARE NAMED. 'direct hippocampal-prefrontal afferents are critical for encoding, but not for maintenance or retrieval, of spatial cues.' The same anatomy is necessary at one moment of a trial and dispensable at the others - so a lesion or inactivation that spans the whole trial cannot produce this result, and studies that do span it will report the pathway as generally required. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[1] |
| differs in | gamma —contrasted-with→ theta — THE AXIS IS FREQUENCY BAND, AND THE DIRECTION OF FLOW REVERSES WITH IT. 'this directionality was specific to gamma oscillations, as lag analysis of phase-locking in the theta range revealed an opposite directionality; mPFC led vHPC (but not dHPC) activity in the theta range, and theta synchrony was unaffected by terminal inhibition.' The same two structures lead each other in opposite directions depending on the band - so a connectivity claim without the band is not merely imprecise, it is ambiguous between two opposite claims. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[2] |
| note | gamma —contrasted-with→ theta — opposite directionality between the same two structures, and only gamma depends on the direct pathway Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[2] |
| audit | gamma —operationalised-as→ pairwise phase consistency — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its span and kept, but long-range gamma synchrony was quantified with pairwise phase consistency; operationalised-as is loose. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[4] |
| weight | gamma —operationalised-as→ pairwise phase consistency — 0.95 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[4] |
| outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation) | control — held | controls[0] |
| outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation) | control — held | controls[1] |
| for which use | limitation — the encoding claim as against the choice phase: ALTHOUGH WE CANNOT CONCLUSIVELY RULE OUT AN EFFECT OF TERMINAL INHIBITION DURING CHOICE, THESE EXPERIMENTS INDICATE THAT INPUT FROM THE vHPC TO THE mPFC IS CRITICAL FOR ENCODING Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[0] |
| for which use | limitation — the absence of retrospective coding, which is scoped to the ANALYSIS: IT IS NOT DETECTABLE USING THE ANALYTIC TECHNIQUES PRESENTED HERE, SUCH AS in synaptic weights or in reactivation too brief for the bins Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[1] |
| for which use | limitation — every population-decoding result: THIS APPROACH ASSUMES EQUIVALENT SPIKE STATISTICS ACROSS ANIMALS AND RECORDING SESSIONS, AND IGNORES POTENTIAL CONTRIBUTIONS TO POPULATION CODING FROM CORRELATED SPIKE VARIABILITY Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[2] |
| for which use | limitation — the gamma phase-locking claim, with its size: AT THE LAG WITH THE GREATEST PHASE-LOCKING, FEWER THAN 10% OF mPFC UNITS WERE SIGNIFICANTLY PHASE-LOCKED TO vHPC GAMMA Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[3] |
| for which use | limitation — the choice-phase null, with what it would have taken to see the effect: A SLIGHT TREND TOWARD IMPAIRMENT DID NOT REACH SIGNIFICANCE, AND POST-HOC POWER ANALYSIS REVEALED THAT AN n OF 37 PER GROUP would have been required Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[4] |
| duplicate of | limitation — limitations[0] Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[5] |
| for which use | limitation — the same scope as limitations[0] - an effect during choice is not conclusively excluded Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[5] |
| for which use | limitation — the same scope as limitations[1] - the null on retrospective coding is a null of the method Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[6] |
| duplicate of | limitation — limitations[3] Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[7] |
| for which use | limitation — the same scope as limitations[3] - under 10% of units, at the best lag Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[7] |
| for which use | limitation — any comparison BETWEEN the two behavioural experiments: THE hSYNAPSIN PROMOTER WAS CHOSEN FOR THE 4-GOAL EXPERIMENT TO ACCOUNT FOR POSSIBLE LONG-RANGE GABAERGIC vHPC-mPFC PROJECTIONS AND TO AVOID POTENTIAL TOXICITY EFFECTS - so they differ in more than the goal count Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[8] |
| for which use | limitation — any sex-general reading: MALE C57BL/6 MICE (JACKSON LABS) WERE USED FOR ALL EXPERIMENTS Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[9] |
| for which use | limitation — the theta result specifically: THE FINDING THAT mPFC THETA ACTIVITY LEADS vHPC THETA, AND THAT THETA SYNCHRONY BETWEEN THE TWO STRUCTURES DID NOT APPEAR TO DEPEND UPON vHPC-mPFC AFFERENTS, RAN COUNTER TO OUR INITIAL HYPOTHESES Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[10] |
| replication | untested | |
| limitation | The authors cannot definitively exclude an effect of terminal inhibition during the choice (retrieval) phase; the null result there was underpowered. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[0] |
| limitation | Retrospective location coding might exist in mPFC in a form their decoding analysis could not detect (e.g. synaptic weights or very brief reactivation). Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[1] |
| limitation | The pseudo-population decoding approach assumes comparable spike statistics across animals and sessions and discards correlated variability. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[2] |
| limitation | The gamma phase-locking effect is small: under 10% of mPFC units were significantly phase-locked even at the best lag. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[3] |
| limitation | the choice-phase null is not conclusive; an n of 37 per group would have been needed to detect the observed effect size Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[4] |
| limitation | the authors state plainly that they cannot conclusively rule out an effect during choice Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[5] |
| limitation | the absence of retrospective coding is scoped to the analysis: it could be held in synaptic weights or in reactivation too brief to decode from binned histograms Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[6] |
| limitation | the gamma effect is subtle - fewer than 10% of mPFC units were significantly phase-locked at the best lag Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[7] |
| limitation | the promoter was changed between the two behavioural experiments, so they are not methodologically identical Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[8] |
| limitation | male mice only Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[9] |
| limitation | the theta result ran counter to the authors' initial hypotheses and is reported as such Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[10] |
finding · quantity · variable · definition · key-term — grounded in the full text| finding | Optogenetically silencing vHPC-to-mPFC terminals during the sample run impairs delayed non-match-to-place performance in opsin-expressing mice, while the same silencing during the entire trial also impairs it and silencing during choice does not reach significance. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[0] |
| finding | Sample-phase silencing again impaired performance, confirming the pathway is required during encoding. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[1] |
| finding | Silencing the pathway during the memory delay produced no significant behavioural impairment. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[2] |
| finding | Population decoding of the sample goal from mPFC units was abolished (reduced to chance) by terminal illumination in Arch-expressing mice but was unchanged in Arch-negative controls. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[3] |
| finding | Sample-phase terminal inhibition removed the firing-rate increase that goal-selective mPFC units show at their preferred goal, while leaving their baseline rates intact. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[4] |
| finding | During choice runs the same goal-selective firing-rate elevation persisted despite terminal inhibition, so mPFC location coding at retrieval does not need the direct vHPC input. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[5] |
| finding | Terminal inhibition did not change overall mPFC firing rates, either pooled or split into putative pyramidal cells and interneurons. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[6] |
| finding | A decoder trained on no-light trials was unaffected when tested on sample-light trials, suggesting terminal inhibition does not generally interfere with encoding of task-relevant information. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[7] |
| finding | A subset of mPFC units phase-locked to vHPC gamma, and phase-locking was strongest at lags where vHPC gamma preceded mPFC spiking, indicating vHPC leads mPFC in the gamma band. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[8] |
| finding | Inhibiting the vHPC-mPFC terminals weakened gamma phase-locking, showing the long-range gamma synchrony depends on the direct anatomical projection. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[9] |
| finding | In the theta band the directionality reversed - mPFC led vHPC - and theta synchrony was not affected by silencing the pathway. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[10] |
| finding | Gamma phase-locking was stronger during sample runs than choice runs, associating it with the encoding phase. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[11] |
| finding | Additionally, gamma phase-locking during sample runs distinguished correct from incorrect trials. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[12] |
| finding | The mPFC showed no retrospective coding of the previously visited location. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[13] |
| finding | inhibiting the direct pathway during the delay produced no significant impairment Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[14] |
| finding | sample goal is decoded from prefrontal population activity at 96% on arrival at the goal Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[15] |
| finding | inhibiting the pathway during encoding drops that decoding to chance in opsin-expressing animals only Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[16] |
| finding | the same manipulation leaves task-phase decoding unaffected, so it does not generally impair encoding Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[17] |
| finding | overall mPFC firing rates are unchanged by terminal illumination Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[18] |
| finding | goal selectivity during choice runs survives the same inhibition, mirroring the behaviour Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[19] |
| finding | a subset of mPFC units phase-lock to vHPC gamma, most at lags where vHPC gamma precedes mPFC spiking Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[20] |
| finding | in theta the direction reverses and synchrony is unaffected by the same manipulation Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[21] |
| finding | gamma phase-locking is stronger on sample than choice runs, and stronger on correct than incorrect trials Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[22] |
| finding | no retrospective location coding was found in mPFC during the delay Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[23] |
| quantity | 792 — well-isolated mPFC single units recorded, from 9 mice Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[0] |
| quantity | 44% — share of mPFC single units showing selectivity for a spatial dimension distinguishing the goal arms Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[1] |
| quantity | 96% — peak accuracy of decoding the sample goal from the mPFC population, at arrival at the reward port Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[2] |
| quantity | 0.98 — accuracy of decoding task phase (sample vs choice) at the moment the start-box doors opened Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[3] |
| quantity | ~40% — reduction of the vHPC-evoked postsynaptic multiunit response in mPFC by terminal illumination in Arch+ mice Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[4] |
| quantity | ~50% — reduction of spontaneous multiunit activity when light was delivered to vHPC cell bodies (versus no effect on vHPC when only terminals were illuminated) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[5] |
| quantity | 1.48 — effect size for the behavioural impairment in Arch+ mice in the 4-goal experiment, with 90% power at N of 7 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[6] |
| quantity | n of 37 animals/group — sample size a post-hoc power analysis says would be needed to detect the choice-phase effect Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[7] |
| quantity | fewer than 10% — proportion of mPFC units significantly phase-locked to vHPC gamma at the best lag Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[8] |
| quantity | t=−3.91, p=0.001 — test of the performance difference between trials where sample and choice goals matched in the left/right dimension (0.65) and where they differed (0.71) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[9] |
| evidence status note | quantity — FLATTENED EXPONENT IN THIS QUOTE - THE NUMBER IS WRONG BY ORDERS OF MAGNITUDE AS IT STANDS. The staged text reads '4.0 × 10 3', where the paper writes 10 to the power 3. The superscript was pushed onto the line by the PDF extractor. The quote is verbatim to the staged text and its anchor is sound; the STAGED TEXT is what is damaged. NOT repaired - repair means re-staging the body and re-anchoring the record. | content_tags.quantities[9] |
| quantity | 792 well-isolated single units from 9 mice, 44% spatially selective — the recorded sample Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[10] |
| quantity | about 40% reduction in evoked response, about 50% reduction in local activity at the source — validation of the terminal inhibition Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[11] |
| quantity | 96% — peak decoding accuracy for sample goal Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[12] |
| quantity | 0.98 — task-phase decoding accuracy, the specificity control Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[13] |
| quantity | n of 37 animals per group — what would have been needed to detect the choice-phase effect - the null is quantified rather than asserted Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[14] |
| quantity | effect size 1.48, power 90% at N=7 and 83% at N=6 — the power behind the positive result Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[15] |
| quantity | fewer than 10% of mPFC units — how many were significantly phase-locked at the best lag Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[16] |
| variable | opsin-negative control (control) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[1] |
| variable | intra-trial delay (control) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[2] |
| variable | firing rate (dependent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[4] |
| variable | gamma phase-locking (dependent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[6] |
| variable | 4-goal T-maze (control) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[7] |
| variable | sample goal identity Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[9] |
| definition | spatial working memory Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[0] |
| definition | vHPC Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[1] |
| definition | sample phase Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[2] |
| definition | delay phase Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[3] |
| definition | preferred goal Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[4] |
| definition | spatial working memory Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[5] |
| definition | lag analysis Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[6] |
| key-terms | spatial working memory, encoding, maintenance, retrieval, vHPC, medial prefrontal cortex, gamma, theta, phase-locking, archaerhodopsin, optogenetic, terminal inhibition, delayed non-match-to-place, T-maze, pairwise phase consistency, prelimbic, nucleus reuniens, decoding, goal selectivity, projection-specific |
| ANOVA | as written: 2-way ANOVA Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[0] |
| repeated-measures ANOVA | as written: repeated measures group-by-condition tests Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[1] |
| paired t-test t | as written: paired t-tests or (where stated) signed rank tests Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[2] |
| Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[3] |
| significance threshold (alpha) α | as written: α-threshold of 0.05 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[4] |
| Rayleigh test of circular uniformity | as written: Rayleigh's test Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[5] |
| pairwise phase consistency (spike-field phase-locking measure) PPC | as written: pairwise phase consistency Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[6] |
| linear classifier / population decoding | as written: maximum margin linear classifier Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[7] |
| cross-validation | as written: cross-validated by training on data from half of the trials and testing Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[8] |
| resampling with replacement (bootstrap) | as written: randomly resampled with replacement Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[9] |
| statistical power analysis / effect size | as written: post-hoc power analysis Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[10] |
| maximum margin linear classifier, cross-validated | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[11] |
| pairwise phase consistency | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[12] |
| Rayleigh's test | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[13] |
| post-hoc power analysis | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[14] |
| method | projection-specific optogenetic terminal inhibition with archaerhodopsin, timed to single trial phases, combined with prefrontal single-unit recording and population decoding — a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value; recorded: electrophysiology Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | alternatives.method |
| phenomenon | phase-specific long-range routing of spatial information during working memory — a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value; recorded: spatial working memory Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | alternatives.phenomenon |
When we have changed our mind. Some entries in the table begin with a word in capitals and the reason for it. EVIDENCE CORRECTED — the finding still stands, but we had quoted the wrong sentence from the paper, and the quotation has been replaced with the right one. RETRACTED — the entry itself was wrong; it stays on the page, marked, with the reason, rather than being deleted. WITHDRAWN AND REPLACED — the entry was wrong, and a corrected version of it appears in the entries below. Each mark carries its own reason, in brackets, because the reasons differ from one entry to the next. An entry we have WITHDRAWN is removed from this page and kept in the record, with its reason. A line reading Audit and a date is a later re-reading of the entry against its whole sentence: DOUBTFUL means it was kept, and the reason says what is loose about it. Quotation marks inside the tagger's sentence. Where a tag is the tagger's own sentence, a phrase in quotation marks inside it is borrowed from the paper — the tagger's wording around it is not. The paper's own sentence is the evidence quote for that row; on this page it is withheld with the article, and the article is at its publisher. Nothing inside quotation marks anywhere on this page is ours: if it is quoted, it is the paper's. Whose words a concept carries. A concept entry records a term the paper itself uses, so the term, the sense given for it, and its evidence are the paper's own words, quoted where the paper fixes them. This is the opposite of a sense entry in the tag table, which is the tagger's sentence about how the paper uses a term. Where a concept entry could not be grounded in the paper's words, the entry says so on its own row.
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