phenomenon · claim-type · cross-domain-transfer · mechanism · claim-relation · replication-status · limitation — grounded in the full text| phenomenon | hippocampal ripple oscillations— “High-frequency ripple oscillations, observed most prominently in the hippocampal CA1 pyramidal layer, are associated with memory consolidation.” | |
| claim-type | mechanism— “These results constrain competing models of ripple generation and indicate that temporally precise local interactions between excitatory and inhibitory neurons support ripple generation in the intact hippocampus.” | |
| method — evidence | — “We used high-density extracellular recordings coupled with multisite optogenetic manipulations in awake behaving rodents (n = 26 mice; n = 5 rats) and urethane-anesthetized mice (n = 16; Table S1 available online).” | |
| object of study — evidence | — “Three classes of models for ripple generation have been proposed. The first postulates that spikes of CA1 pyramidal cells propagate at the rhythm of the ripple both orthodromically and antidromically in an electrically coupled axonal plexus” | |
| research question — evidence | — “Despite the critical role of ripples for information transfer from the hippocampus to the neocortex and for memory consolidation, and their postulated role in epilepsy (“fast ripples”; Bragin et al., 1999 ; Le Van Quyen et al., 2008 ), the local network mechanisms underlying the generation of ripples are not well understood” | |
| contribution — evidence | — “Using multisite optogenetic manipulations in freely behaving rodents, we found that depolarization of a small group of nearby pyramidal cells was sufficient to induce high-frequency oscillations, whereas closed-loop silencing of pyramidal cells or activation of parvalbumin-(PV) or somatostatin-immunoreactive interneurons aborted spontaneously… | |
| transfer | from optogenetics: cell-type-specific activation and silencing, used here to convert a correlative question into an interventional one— “Testing of these models has been hampered by the correlative nature of most in vivo studies. On the other hand, interpretation of in vitro studies is constrained because many applied drugs are not selective for specific neuron types and can affect both SPW and ripple generation mechanisms, thus limiting separation into specific effects.” | transfers[0] |
| transfer | from control engineering: closed-loop feedback: detect the event in real time and perturb it while it is happening— “In support of a critical role of pyramidal neurons, local PYR silencing terminated the ripple events. Ripple-contingent illumination in CaMKII::Arch mice for 20–50 ms resulted in localized suppression of PYR spiking and ripple power” | transfers[1] |
| transfer | from signal processing: spike-train coherence between spatially separated sites as the test of a common timing source— “To increase the power of detecting second order relations between spike trains, we agglomerated the spikes of all PYR recorded on the same shank (median, 6 PYR; range, 1–33) into “summed PYR” activity and all INT spikes into “summed INT” (median, 2 INT; range, 1–9) and quantified the coherence between the resulting spike trains recorded on… | transfers[2] |
| mechanism | Sharp-wave-driven transient excitation of pyramidal cells combines with the pacing supplied by interneuron-interneuron interactions to produce the ripple (PYR-INT-INT hybrid model)— “We therefore suggest that a hybrid model that includes SPW-induced transient excitation of pyramidal cells, combined with the pacing ability of interneuron interactions ( Figure 1D ; PYR-INT-INT model), can account for all known features of SPW-ripples in vivo and with most in vitro observations.” | mechanisms[0] |
| mechanism | CA1 interneuron-interneuron interactions bind multiple independent local ripple oscillators cycle by cycle into one spatially coherent event— “Thus, in addition to the CA3-generated sweep that induces local oscillations, CA1 interneuron-interneuron interactions are likely responsible for coordinating multiple local ripple events at the temporal resolution of a single cycle and combining them into a spatially coherent event.” | mechanisms[1] |
| mechanism | Stronger excitation recruits the PV interneuron population more strongly, and that population sets the oscillation frequency, which is why both sharp-wave amplitude and light intensity raise ripple frequency— “The correlation between SPW amplitude and ripple amplitude and frequency on the one hand and the correlation between light intensity and iHFO amplitude and frequency on the other hand can also be explained by excitation-mediated activation of the frequency-determining PV population.” | mechanisms[2] |
| mechanism | depolarising 80-100 nearby pyramidal cells is enough to make a ripple-like oscillation, so the minimal generating network is small— “At maximum light intensity, as many as 80–100 CA1 PYR were directly illuminated (Experimental Procedures), suggesting that the minimal network that can support ripple generation is small.” | mechanisms[3] |
| mechanism | fast GABA-A inhibition is obligatory: blocking it locally abolishes the oscillation entirely— “The full suppression of local iHFOs following GABA A receptor blockade indicates that PYR-PYR interactions alone ( Figure 1A ) are not sufficient for ripple generation and highlights the critical contribution of fast inhibition.” | mechanisms[4] |
| mechanism | PV interneuron activation cannot create a field ripple but does organise spiking into coherent ripple-frequency patterning— “Thus, although tonic light activation of PV interneurons cannot induce LFP ripples, it can organize neuronal ensemble spiking into coherent ripple-frequency oscillations, consistent with a modified version of an INT-INT-based timing mechanism” | mechanisms[5] |
| mechanism | coherence across sites is not volume conduction; it comes from correlated input driving several local oscillators at once— “Thus, iHFOs generated by threshold single-shank illumination involve a smaller network than typical spontaneous ripples, indicating that the coherence of ripples across multiple sites observed during spontaneous ripples is not a volume-conducted effect but rather an outcome of temporally correlated SPW input to multiple oscillators.” | mechanisms[6] |
| mechanism | synchronisation needs only the RISING phase of inhibition to be fast, because each pyramidal cell fires about once per ripple and a different set fires on each cycle— “It is important to emphasize that for ripple-related synchronization of pyramidal cells, it is sufficient that the rising phase… | mechanisms[7] |
| mechanism | removing inhibition does not simply stop the rhythm - it converts it into a faster, pathological one | mechanisms[8] |
| contradicts | the hypothesis that tonic GABA release facilitates axonally generated spikes in the axon-net model (Traub et al., 2003; Bähner et al., 2011) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[0] |
| contradicts | the simple interneuron-interneuron (INT-INT) model of ripple generation Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[1] |
| replicates | Ponomarenko et al., 2004; Nguyen et al., 2009; Sullivan et al., 2011 (within-event deceleration of ripple frequency) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[2] |
| builds-on | Stark et al., 2012 (diode-probe optical fibres) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[3] |
| contradicts | the axon-net / gap junction model of ripple generation Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[4] |
| contradicts | the hypothesis that tonic GABA release facilitates axonally generated spikes Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[5] |
| contradicts | the simple interneuron-interneuron model, which predicts interneuron activation alone should suffice Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[6] |
| contradicts | recurrent collateral excitation as the ripple timer Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[7] |
| critiques | in vitro studies that dismissed inhibition on the strength of KCl-reinstated oscillations Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[8] |
| critiques | systemic diazepam evidence for inhibitory pacing, confounded by effects on ripple occurrence and amplitude Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[9] |
| reconciles | the interneuron-interneuron and pyramidal-interneuron model families, as a hybrid PYR-INT-INT scheme Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[10] |
| sense | ripple vs fast-gamma: two names for events separated only by frequency and amplitude, which THIS paper merges by fiat into 'ripples' - the boundary is a convention, not a joint Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[0] |
| sense | fast ripples = NOT a faster kind of ripple but a nonphysiological epileptic oscillation at 200-300 Hz; the name looks like a subtype and the referent is a pathology Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[1] |
| sense | iHFO = the optogenetically induced oscillation, deliberately named apart from 'ripple' so that the model is not confused with the thing modelled Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[2] |
| sense | PYR and INT here are OPTOGENETICALLY tagged, not waveform-guessed: classification uses the light response plus physiological criteria Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[3] |
| sense | summed PYR = all pyramidal spikes on a shank agglomerated into one train; a unit of analysis constructed for statistical power, which nearly triples the coherent fraction Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[4] |
| control | light stimulation applied IN ALTERNATION, so every session yields both sham (detection without stimulation) and light (detection with stimulation) conditions — held — rules out that a difference between stimulated and unstimulated events is drift across the session - alternation puts both conditions in the same minutes Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[0] |
| control | sham events were classified as true or false positives by the same overlap rule applied to offline-detected ripples — held — rules out that the detector's hit rate is measured on stimulated events alone, where the stimulation itself could create the thing being detected Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[1] |
| differs in | the hypothesis that tonic GABA release facilitates axonally generated spikes in the axon-net model (Traub et al., 2003; Bähner et al., 2011) — the DIRECTION of the effect of more GABA: activation of PV and SOM interneurons, ACCOMPANIED BY PRESUMED INCREASE OF RELEASED GABA, ABORTED RATHER THAN FACILITATED spontaneous ripples Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[0] |
| differs in | the simple interneuron-interneuron (INT-INT) model of ripple generation — whether pyramidal cell activity rises: LFP RIPPLES ARE NOT MAINTAINED DURING INTER-NEURON ACTIVATION IN THE ABSENCE OF INCREASED PYRAMIDAL CELL ACTIVITY Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[1] |
| differs in | the axon-net / gap junction model of ripple generation — which cell type the coupling was shown in, and what the blocker also does: CONNEXIN COUPLING BETWEEN CA1 PYRAMIDAL CELLS HAVE NOT BEEN DEMONSTRATED, AND GAP JUNCTION BLOCKERS OFTEN INTERFERE WITH RECEPTOR-MEDIATED INHIBITION - while ELECTRICAL COUPLING BETWEEN INTERNEURONS IS WELL DEMONSTRATED Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[4] |
| differs in | the hypothesis that tonic GABA release facilitates axonally generated spikes — the DIRECTION of the effect: ABORTED RATHER THAN FACILITATED Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[5] |
| differs in | the simple interneuron-interneuron model, which predicts interneuron activation alone should suffice — which cells are driven, and whether the drive is rhythmic: IN CONTRAST TO PYR ACTIVATION, WHICH READILY GENERATES iHFOs, NON-RHYTHMIC ACTIVATION OF PV INTERNEURONS CANNOT INDUCE LFP OSCILLATIONS Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[6] |
| differs in | recurrent collateral excitation as the ripple timer — the region: THIS HYPOTHESIS DOES NOT EXPLAIN WHY RIPPLES IN THE CA3 REGION WITH ITS RICH RECURRENT NETWORK ARE LESS EXPRESSED - the structure with more recurrence has fewer ripples Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[7] |
| differs in | in vitro studies that dismissed inhibition on the strength of KCl-reinstated oscillations — the frequency and the burst structure of the oscillation being compared: THE KCl-INDUCED OSCILLATIONS WERE VERY FAST (>200 Hz) AND WERE COUPLED WITH LONG SPIKE BURSTS OF PYRAMIDAL CELLS, UNLIKE NATURALLY OCCURRING RIPPLES Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[8] |
| differs in | systemic diazepam evidence for inhibitory pacing, confounded by effects on ripple occurrence and amplitude — what else the drug changed: THE DRUGS ALSO REDUCED THE OCCURRENCE, AMPLITUDE, AND DURATION OF RIPPLES, so the pacing reading is not isolated Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[9] |
| differs in | the interneuron-interneuron and pyramidal-interneuron model families, as a hybrid PYR-INT-INT scheme — whether transient pyramidal excitation is included: a HYBRID MODEL THAT INCLUDES SPW-INDUCED TRANSIENT EXCITATION OF PYRAMIDAL CELLS, COMBINED WITH THE PACING ABILITY OF INTERNEURON INTERACTIONS Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[10] |
| audit | fast ripples —distinct-from→ ripple — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its span and kept, but the span says PTX was followed by higher-frequency epileptic oscillations; distinct-from is loose. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[0] |
| note | fast ripples —distinct-from→ ripple — CRITERION: 200-300 Hz and nonphysiological/epileptic. The name reads as a subtype of the healthy phenomenon and denotes a pathology Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[0] |
| audit | fast gamma —same-as→ ripple — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its span and kept, but the span says fast gamma and ripples will be referred to together for simplicity; same-as is a naming choice. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[1] |
| note | fast gamma —same-as→ ripple — identity asserted BY FIAT for convenience within this paper - 'for simplicity, we will refer to them as ripples'. True here, not licensed elsewhere Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[1] |
| weight | fast gamma —same-as→ ripple — 0.6 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[1] |
| differs in | iHFOs —contrasted-with→ ripple — THE AXIS IS WHERE THE DRIVE COMES FROM. 'during spontaneous ripples, INT receive excitatory input from diverse CA3 loci and CA1 pyramidal cells, whereas during iHFOs they are driven only by the local CA1 PYR.' Two events that look alike in the local field are separated by the breadth of their input, which is not visible in the signal being compared - so a study classifying events by waveform is classifying by something other than the mechanism. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[2] |
| note | iHFOs —contrasted-with→ ripple — the induced oscillation is kept terminologically separate from the spontaneous one, and the paper lists where they diverge Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[2] |
| weight | iHFOs —contrasted-with→ ripple — 0.8 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[2] |
| note | GABA A —causes→ iHFOs — necessary, shown by abolition under focal blockade - which is also what defeats the axon-net model Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[5] |
| audit | picrotoxin —causes→ fast ripples — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its span and kept, but the span says epileptic oscillations emerged after PTX; causes is loose. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[6] |
| note | picrotoxin —causes→ fast ripples — removing inhibition does not stop the rhythm, it converts it to the pathological one Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[6] |
| edge | PV —is-a→ interneurons Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[7] |
| audit | iHFOs —distinct-from→ volume-conducted — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but the span says ripple coherence across sites is not a volume-conducted effect; distinct-from iHFOs is loose. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[11] |
| note | iHFOs —distinct-from→ volume-conducted — distance falloff excludes passive spread as the source of multi-site coherence Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[11] |
| weight | iHFOs —distinct-from→ volume-conducted — 0.9 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[11] |
| weight | superficial —contrasted-with→ deep — 0.9 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[12] |
| outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation) | control — held | controls[0] |
| outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation) | control — held | controls[1] |
| for which use | limitation — results from the transgenic animals: IN TRANSGENIC MICE WE CANNOT EXCLUDE THE POSSIBILITY THAT TERMINALS OF THE CA2/CA3 INPUTS WERE ALSO ACTIVATED BY LIGHT - answered by THE CONSISTENT OBSERVATIONS IN VIRUS-INJECTED WILD-TYPE ANIMALS Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[0] |
| for which use | limitation — any claim that induced oscillations carry native spike content: HOW THE OPTOGENETICALLY INDUCED HFOs AFFECT THE SPIKE CONTENT, INCIDENCE, AND SEQUENTIAL NEURONAL ACTIVITY DURING NATIVE RIPPLES REMAINS TO BE ADDRESSED Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[1] |
| for which use | limitation — the receptor-blockade and some optogenetic results: THEY WERE CARRIED OUT IN ANESTHETIZED ANIMALS, though SEVERAL CONTROL EXPERIMENTS SUGGESTED THAT THE RESULTS APPLY TO THE DRUG-FREE BRAIN Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[2] |
| for which use | limitation — the long-pulse amplitude and frequency observations: THIS CHANGE CAN ALSO REFLECT OPSIN DESENSITISATION rather than a property of the network Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[3] |
| duplicate of | limitation — limitations[0] Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[4] |
| for which use | limitation — the same scope as limitations[0] - the transgenic experiments, checked against Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[4] |
| for which use | limitation — any claim that induced and spontaneous oscillations are the same thing: A RELATIVELY LOWER MEAN FREQUENCY OF iHFOs ASSOCIATED WITH A RELATIVELY LARGER PHASE SEPARATION BETWEEN PYRAMIDAL CELLS AND INTERNEURONS DURING iHFOs Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[5] |
| for which use | limitation — the same scope as limitations[3] - the waxing and waning under PROLONGED ILLUMINATION (E.G., 400 ms SQUARE PULSE) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[6] |
| for which use | limitation — the same scope as limitations[1] - spike content during native ripples, left open Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[7] |
| for which use | limitation — single-neuron claims during the pathological state: DURING THE SUPERSYNCHRONOUS FAST RIPPLES, ACTION POTENTIALS OF INDIVIDUAL NEURONS COULD NOT BE DISCRIMINATED DUE TO THE TEMPORALLY SUPERIMPOSED SPIKES OF MANY NEURONS Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[8] |
| replication | untested | |
| limitation | In transgenic mice, light may also have activated CA2/CA3 terminals rather than only CA1 pyramidal cells. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[0] |
| limitation | The effect of the induced oscillations on the content and sequence of spiking during natural ripples was not tested. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[1] |
| limitation | The pharmacological and some optogenetic experiments were done under urethane anaesthesia. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[2] |
| limitation | Changes in oscillation amplitude and frequency during long light pulses may be an opsin artefact rather than a network property. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[3] |
| limitation | in transgenic animals the light may also have activated CA2/CA3 terminals, addressed by repeating in virus-injected wild-types Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[4] |
| limitation | induced oscillations differ from spontaneous ones in mean frequency and in the phase separation between cell types Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[5] |
| limitation | the waxing and waning under long illumination may be opsin desensitisation rather than a network property Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[6] |
| limitation | whether induced oscillations carry the same spike content as native ripples is left open Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[7] |
| limitation | during the pathological fast ripples single neurons cannot be resolved at all, so that state is measurable only at the field level Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[8] |
finding · quantity · variable · definition · key-term — grounded in the full text| finding | Optogenetically depolarizing a small local group of CA1 pyramidal cells was enough to generate ripple-frequency oscillations, while silencing pyramidal cells directly or indirectly (by driving PV or somatostatin interneurons) terminated ripples that were already underway. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[0] |
| finding | Focal blockade of GABA-A receptors completely abolished locally induced high-frequency oscillations, showing that pyramidal-pyramidal interactions by themselves cannot produce ripples and that fast inhibition is required. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[1] |
| finding | Non-rhythmic activation of PV interneurons could not induce field-potential ripples, so a simple interneuron-interneuron model cannot account for LFP ripples. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[2] |
| finding | Although PV activation produced no field ripple, it did impose ripple-frequency coherence on ensemble spiking, so interneuron-interneuron interactions can set the timing even when they cannot create the oscillation. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[3] |
| finding | Blocking fast inhibition reduced the phase coherence between simultaneously induced oscillations at separate sites, showing that interneurons are what keeps spatially separate ripple oscillators locked together. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[4] |
| finding | Pyramidal cells fired roughly a quarter-cycle (about 90 degrees) ahead of interneurons on every ripple cycle, with mean phases of 157 degrees for pyramidal cells and 242 degrees for interneurons. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[5] |
| finding | Superficial CA1 pyramidal cells were entrained to ripples more often (64% versus 57%) and with higher peak firing gain (12.4 versus 9.2) than deep pyramidal cells. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[6] |
| finding | Physiological ripples and pathological "fast ripples" are produced by different mechanisms, because removing fast inhibition destroys the first while creating the second. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[7] |
| finding | Locally induced oscillations fell to 2% of local power 400 micrometres away and to baseline beyond that. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[8] |
| finding | depolarising a small local group of pyramidal cells is sufficient to induce a ripple-like oscillation Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[9] |
| finding | focal GABA-A blockade abolishes the induced oscillation completely, so pyramidal-pyramidal interaction alone cannot generate it Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[10] |
| finding | silencing pyramidal cells, directly or via PV or SOM interneurons, aborts ongoing spontaneous ripples Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[11] |
| finding | tonic PV activation cannot induce a field ripple, but does organise ensemble spiking into coherent ripple-frequency oscillations Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[12] |
| finding | simultaneous multisite induction produces coherence at distances where single-site induction gives chance Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[13] |
| finding | removing inhibition converts the physiological rhythm into 200-300 Hz epileptic fast ripples Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[14] |
| finding | the same spikes give 12.4% coherent pairs as single units and 35% when agglomerated per shank Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[15] |
| finding | connexin 36 ablation does not alter in vivo ripples, and pyramidal-pyramidal connexin coupling was never demonstrated Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[16] |
| finding | superficial pyramidal cells are entrained more often and more strongly than deep ones Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[17] |
| finding | the same induction works in dentate gyrus and in layer 5 of somatosensory cortex, so the mechanism is not hippocampus-specific Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[18] |
| quantity | 115,204 ripples — total number of spontaneous fast-gamma/ripple events analysed, with median frequency 148 Hz and duration 43 ms Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[0] |
| quantity | 80–100 — upper estimate of the number of CA1 pyramidal cells directly illuminated at maximum light intensity, taken as the size of the minimal ripple-generating network Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[1] |
| quantity | 6-fold — increase in CA1 neuron firing rate during spontaneous ripples relative to no-ripple epochs Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[2] |
| quantity | 3,885 — total putative single cells recorded from CA1 across 47 animals Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[3] |
| quantity | 2% ± 0.3% — induced oscillation power at 400 micrometres from the illuminated shank, relative to power at the illuminated site Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[4] |
| quantity | 258/737 (35%) — proportion of summed-pyramidal/summed-interneuron spike-train pairs showing significant ripple-band coherence during spontaneous ripples Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[5] |
| quantity | 790/6369 (12.4%) — proportion of coherent pairs when the same spikes were analysed as single neurons instead of summed populations Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[6] |
| quantity | 23% — median reduction of inter-site ripple-band coherence after GABA-A receptor blockade Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[7] |
| quantity | 16% — median Bayes error of the classifier separating true from false online ripple detections Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[8] |
| quantity | 80-100 — CA1 pyramidal cells directly illuminated at maximum light - the size of the minimal generating network Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[9] |
| quantity | 148 Hz, 43 ms, 115,204 — median frequency, median duration and total number of ripples recorded Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[10] |
| quantity | 200-300 Hz — frequency of the epileptic fast ripples that follow GABA-A blockade Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[11] |
| quantity | 90-140 Hz vs 140-180 Hz — the published frequency bands separating fast gamma from ripple Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[12] |
| quantity | 2% at 400 um — induced oscillation power two shanks away, against 89% for spontaneous ripples at the same distance Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[13] |
| quantity | 12.4% vs 35% — coherent pairs from the same spikes, as single units versus agglomerated per shank Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[14] |
| quantity | 1 mM picrotoxin, 13-52 nl — the focal GABA-A blockade dose and volume Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[15] |
| variable | receptor blockade (independent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[1] |
| variable | global frequency (dependent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[3] |
| variable | coherence between nearby sites (dependent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[4] |
| variable | light intensity Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[5] |
| variable | distance Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[6] |
| variable | cell type Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[7] |
| variable | sublayer Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[8] |
| definition | induced high-frequency oscillations (iHFOs) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[0] |
| definition | gain Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[1] |
| definition | threshold light intensity Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[2] |
| definition | summed INT Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[3] |
| definition | ripple Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[4] |
| definition | sharp wave Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[5] |
| definition | iHFOs Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[6] |
| definition | axon-net model Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[7] |
| definition | INT-INT Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[8] |
| definition | PYR-INT loop Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[9] |
| definition | PYR-INT-INT Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[10] |
| definition | summed PYR Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[11] |
| key-terms | ripple, fast gamma, fast ripples, sharp wave, iHFOs, pyramidal cells, interneurons, PV, SOM, GABA A, coherence, memory consolidation |
| Wilcoxon signed-rank test p | as written: Wilcoxon’s paired signed-rank test Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[0] |
| Mann-Whitney U test p | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[1] |
| chi-squared test p | as written: Fisher’s exact test Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[2] |
| rank correlation | as written: median rank correlation Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[3] |
| circular correlation | as written: circular-circular correlation Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[4] |
| circular-linear correlation χ 2 | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[5] |
| Rayleigh test p | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[6] |
| F-test with Bonferroni correction p | as written: Bonferroni-corrected F test Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[7] |
| standard deviation SD | as written: SD Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[8] |
| Wilcoxon's paired signed-rank test | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[9] |
| Mann-Whitney U test | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[10] |
| coherence | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[11] |
| rank correlation | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[12] |
| claim type | mechanism — a second reading reaching the same value; recorded: mechanism Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | alternatives.claim_type |
| method | multisite optogenetic activation and closed-loop ripple-triggered silencing in freely behaving rodents, with focal GABA-A blockade and dense extracellular recording — a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value; recorded: electrophysiology Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | alternatives.method |
| phenomenon | the sharp wave-ripple: a high-frequency field oscillation in CA1 associated with memory consolidation — a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value; recorded: hippocampal ripple oscillations Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | alternatives.phenomenon |
When we have changed our mind. Some entries in the table begin with a word in capitals and the reason for it. EVIDENCE CORRECTED — the finding still stands, but we had quoted the wrong sentence from the paper, and the quotation has been replaced with the right one. RETRACTED — the entry itself was wrong; it stays on the page, marked, with the reason, rather than being deleted. WITHDRAWN AND REPLACED — the entry was wrong, and a corrected version of it appears in the entries below. Each mark carries its own reason, in brackets, because the reasons differ from one entry to the next. An entry we have WITHDRAWN is removed from this page and kept in the record, with its reason. A line reading Audit and a date is a later re-reading of the entry against its whole sentence: DOUBTFUL means it was kept, and the reason says what is loose about it. Quotation marks inside the tagger's sentence. Where a tag is the tagger's own sentence, a phrase in quotation marks inside it is borrowed from the paper — the tagger's wording around it is not. The paper's own sentence is the evidence quote for that row; on this page it is withheld with the article, and the article is at its publisher. Nothing inside quotation marks anywhere on this page is ours: if it is quoted, it is the paper's. Whose words a concept carries. A concept entry records a term the paper itself uses, so the term, the sense given for it, and its evidence are the paper's own words, quoted where the paper fixes them. This is the opposite of a sense entry in the tag table, which is the tagger's sentence about how the paper uses a term. Where a concept entry could not be grounded in the paper's words, the entry says so on its own row.
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