phenomenon · claim-type · cross-domain-transfer · mechanism · claim-relation · replication-status · limitation — grounded in the full text| phenomenon | multineuronal spike sequences in hippocampal CA1— “Sequential activity of multineuronal spiking can be observed during theta and high-frequency ripple oscillations in the hippocampal CA1 region and is linked to experience, but the mechanisms underlying such sequences are unknown.” | |
| claim-type | mechanism— “These results suggest that participation of single neurons and their sequential order in population events are not strictly determined by extrinsic inputs but also influenced by local-circuit properties, including synapses between local neurons and single-neuron biophysics.” | |
| method — evidence | — “We recorded a total of 582 well isolated cells from CA1 of four freely moving and six anesthetized mice.” | |
| object of study — evidence | — “Although the local origin of the ripple oscillations is well demonstrated ( 25 , 26 ), it has been tacitly assumed that the ripple-associated, sequentially ordered firing of CA1 neurons is synaptically driven by the upstream CA3 cell assemblies ( 12 , 15 ), largely because excitatory recurrent collaterals in the CA1 region are sparse” | |
| research question — evidence | — “We tested the “local-circuit” hypothesis by comparing the probability of participation and sequential firing of CA1 neurons during theta oscillations, natural spontaneous ripple events, and “synthetic” ripples induced by local optogenetic activation of pyramidal neurons.” | |
| contribution — evidence | — “Interneuron spiking was crucial for sequence consistency. These results suggest that participation of single neurons and their sequential order in population events are not strictly determined by extrinsic inputs but also influenced by local-circuit properties, including synapses between local neurons and single-neuron biophysics.” | |
| transfer | from nonparametric statistics: rank-order templates with permutation-based significance, used so that sequence order can be tested without assuming timing distributions— “To this end, we rank ordered the spikes of all pyramidal cells and interneurons that occurred in a given event ( Fig. 4 A ), and determined the consistency of multineuronal spiking across events ( Fig. 4 B ); because induced ripples were focal (one site was illuminated at a time; Fig. 2 Ac ), this analysis was done on a site-by-site… | transfers[0] |
| transfer | from optogenetics: direct local activation used specifically to bypass the upstream input whose contribution is in question— “We tested the “local-circuit” hypothesis by comparing the probability of participation and sequential firing of CA1 neurons during theta oscillations, natural spontaneous ripple events, and “synthetic” ripples induced by local optogenetic activation of pyramidal neurons.” | transfers[1] |
| mechanism | Three sources intersect to produce the sequences: patterned drive from CA3, a wide spread of intrinsic cellular excitability, and heterogeneous local connectivity, the last two making neurons respond unequally to the same extrinsic input— “We hypothesize that the intersection of three sources of mechanisms explains the observed spike correlations between spontaneous and synthetic ripples as well as their variability: sequential input drive from CA3, wide distribution of intrinsic cellular properties, and differences in local connectivity (the last two leading to unequal… | mechanisms[0] |
| mechanism | Biophysical heterogeneity across pyramidal cells converts even an identical input ramp into diverse spike patterns and hence into a reproducible sequential order— “Thus, even if every neuron experienced an identical ramp of input current (from the CA3 population during spontaneous ripple events or from the light stimulus during synthetic ripples), diverse spike patterns and sequential activity would still ensue due to intrinsic neuronal/circuit heterogeneity.” | mechanisms[1] |
| mechanism | Each interneuron is driven by a limited set of pyramidal assemblies and silences the competing assemblies, which places it at a fixed point in the sequence and gives pyramidal spiking a temporal scaffold— “Single interneurons are typically controlled by a limited number of pyramidal cell assemblies ( 35 , 36 ) and suppress the competing assemblies, which can explain their orderly presence in the sequential patterns.” | mechanisms[2] |
| mechanism | even if every neuron received an identical ramp of input current, diverse and sequential spiking would still follow from intrinsic neuronal and circuit heterogeneity— “Thus, even if every neuron experienced an identical ramp of input current (from the CA3 population during spontaneous ripple events or from the light stimulus during synthetic ripples), diverse spike patterns and sequential activity would still ensue due to intrinsic neuronal/circuit heterogeneity.” | mechanisms[3] |
| mechanism | interneurons are each controlled by a few pyramidal assemblies and suppress the rest, which is why they appear in orderly positions— “Single interneurons are typically controlled by a limited number of pyramidal cell assemblies ( 35 , 36 ) and suppress the competing assemblies, which can explain their orderly presence in the sequential patterns. In turn, interneuron spiking may provide a scaffold – a temporal backbone – for pyramidal cell spiking.” | mechanisms[4] |
| mechanism | the proposal is a three-way intersection: sequential drive from CA3, spread of intrinsic cellular properties, and differences in local connectivity— “We hypothesize that the intersection of three sources of mechanisms explains the observed spike correlations between spontaneous and synthetic ripples as well as their variability: sequential input drive from CA3, wide distribution of intrinsic cellular properties, and differences in local connectivity (the last two leading to unequal… | mechanisms[5] |
| mechanism | the preexisting order may itself be the residue of earlier experience or of development, which the design cannot separate— “The preexisting sequences may themselves reflect the local circuit configurations shaped by previous experiences, by the developmental genetic program, or any combination thereof.” | mechanisms[6] |
| builds-on | The authors' own earlier demonstration (ref. 26) that local optogenetic stimulation of CA1 pyramidal cells induces fast LFP oscillations resembling spontaneous ripples— “Recently, we demonstrated that local optogenetic stimulation of CA1 pyramidal neurons is sufficient to induce fast LFP oscillations with many properties similar to spontaneously occurring ripples ( 26 ).” | claim_relations[0] |
| contradicts | The prevailing assumption (refs 4, 12, 16, 21, 23) that CA1 sequential firing during ripples and theta is generated in CA3 recurrent networks and inherited synaptically by CA1— “Sequential activity of CA1 pyramidal neurons during ripples and in memory tasks during theta oscillations has been implicitly assumed to be generated in the recurrent excitatory networks of the hippocampal CA3 region and inherited through synaptic activity by the CA1 neuronal population (… | claim_relations[1] |
| replicates | A previous study (ref. 34) of the stability of sequential activation of pyramidal cells and interneurons during neocortical slow oscillations | claim_relations[2] |
| contradicts | the tacit assumption that CA1 ripple sequences are synaptically inherited from CA3 assemblies Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[3] |
| extends | Stark et al. 2014, which showed local optogenetic activation is sufficient to induce ripple-like oscillations Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[4] |
| critiques | the inference from waking-sleep correlation to experience-induced synaptic plasticity Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[5] |
| supports | preplay reports of correlations present before a novel experience Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[6] |
| confirms | neocortical work finding stable pyramidal-interneuron sequences during slow oscillations Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[7] |
| sense | synthetic ripple is the same construct Stark2014 named iHFO and Wu2015 reused - an optically induced high-frequency oscillation, kept terminologically apart from the spontaneous ripple throughout Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[0] |
| sense | sequence consistency here is a RANK correlation between the firing order in one event and a template built from other events, so it measures order and not timing Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[1] |
| sense | self-consistency (order repeats within a class of events) and cross-class consistency (order carries between classes) are different measures, and the paper's claim rests on the second Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[2] |
| sense | spike gain is the same within-unit ratio used in Wu2015 - rate during the event over baseline rate - so the two records are comparable on this measure Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[3] |
| sense | PYR and INT are assigned by a Gaussian mixture model over waveform features, the same classification route as Wu2015 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[4] |
| control | short events under 15 ms discarded and adjacent events with gaps under 15 ms merged, before the sequence analysis — held — rules out one event being counted as two, or noise being counted as an event, in a measure built on counting events Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[0] |
| evidential status | The prevailing assumption (refs 4, 12, 16, 21, 23) that CA1 sequential firing during ripples and theta is generated in CA3 recurrent networks and inherited synaptically by CA1 — the paper's own words: has not been shown Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[1] |
| audit | EVIDENCE CORRECTED (RE-GROUNDED) · INT —causes→ consistency — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its span and kept, but interneurons made a large contribution to sequence consistency; causes is loose. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[1] |
| note | EVIDENCE CORRECTED (RE-GROUNDED) · INT —causes→ consistency — 12% of the units carry the sequence; dropping them sends cross-class consistency to chance Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[1] |
| retracted | EVIDENCE CORRECTED (RE-GROUNDED) · INT —causes→ consistency — RE-GROUNDED. The old span attested 'INT' only inside 'interneurons'. The paper defines INT as its label for interneurons and uses it 46 times; this sentence writes it as a word and states the effect on consistency with its size. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[1] |
| audit | EVIDENCE CORRECTED (RE-GROUNDED) · consistency —operationalised-as→ permutation test — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its span and kept, but sequence consistency was tested with a permutation test; operationalised-as is loose. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[3] |
| note | EVIDENCE CORRECTED (RE-GROUNDED) · consistency —operationalised-as→ permutation test — significance comes from shuffling unit labels, so the null is order-specific rather than rate-specific Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[3] |
| retracted | EVIDENCE CORRECTED (RE-GROUNDED) · consistency —operationalised-as→ permutation test — RE-GROUNDED. The old span described the ranking procedure. This sentence names both and states the test outright - '…CONSISTENCY was determined BY A PERMUTATION TEST, randomly…'. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[3] |
| audit | EVIDENCE CORRECTED (RE-GROUNDED FROM AN INFERENCE TO THE INTERVENTION IT RESTS ON) · CA1 —causes→ spike sequences — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but the span writes 'neuronal sequences' / 'sequential spiking patterns', not 'spike sequences'. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[5] |
| note | EVIDENCE CORRECTED (RE-GROUNDED FROM AN INFERENCE TO THE INTERVENTION IT RESTS ON) · CA1 —causes→ spike sequences — the paper's own claim: local mechanisms contribute, not that CA3 does not Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[5] |
| retracted | EVIDENCE CORRECTED (RE-GROUNDED FROM AN INFERENCE TO THE INTERVENTION IT RESTS ON) · CA1 —causes→ spike sequences — RE-GROUNDED FROM AN INFERENCE TO THE INTERVENTION IT RESTS ON. The old span reports a conclusion - 'These results INDICATE…' that mechanisms in CA1 contribute to ripple- and theta-associated sequences - which names one endpoint and hedges the mechanism (mechanisms confined to CA1). The replacement is the experiment: 'We show that OPTOGENETIC ACTIVATION…' of a small group of CA1 pyramidal cells yields consistent spike sequences. A manipulation and its result, both endpoints named. For a 'causes' edge an intervention is better evidence than an inference drawn from one. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[5] |
| weight | EVIDENCE CORRECTED (RE-GROUNDED FROM AN INFERENCE TO THE INTERVENTION IT RESTS ON) · CA1 —causes→ spike sequences — 0.9 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[5] |
| audit | replay —contrasted-with→ preplay — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its span and kept, but the span is cut before the replay-preplay contrast. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[8] |
| note | replay —contrasted-with→ preplay — the warning this paper leaves the field: a correlation read as learning may predate the learning Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[8] |
| weight | replay —contrasted-with→ preplay — 0.9 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[8] |
| note | PYR —contrasted-with→ INT — the 4.7-fold against 1.8-fold rate rise is the evidence that light drove PYR directly and INT through the circuit Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[9] |
| audit | EVIDENCE CORRECTED (RE-GROUNDED) · theta —contrasted-with→ spontaneous ripples — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its span and kept, but the span compares ripple sequences with theta cycles; contrasted-with is loose. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[10] |
| note | EVIDENCE CORRECTED (RE-GROUNDED) · theta —contrasted-with→ spontaneous ripples — two states with different drivers whose sequences nonetheless match, which is what motivates the local-circuit hypothesis Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[10] |
| retracted | EVIDENCE CORRECTED (RE-GROUNDED) · theta —contrasted-with→ spontaneous ripples — RE-GROUNDED. The old span set up a comparison without naming its terms. This sentence names them as the study's own design - '…during THETA oscillations, SPONTANEOUS RIPPLES, and focal…' - so the contrast is the experiment rather than an observation about it. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[10] |
| audit | INT —causes→ consistency — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its span and kept, but including interneurons doubles cross-class consistency; causes is loose. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[11] |
| note | INT —causes→ consistency — RE-GROUNDS another row of this record:, the endpoint was attested mid-word. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[11] |
| audit | consistency —operationalised-as→ permutation test — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its span and kept, but significance of consistency was determined by permutation; operationalised-as is loose. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[12] |
| note | consistency —operationalised-as→ permutation test — RE-GROUNDS another row of this record: the old span named ONE endpoint. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[12] |
| audit | theta —contrasted-with→ spontaneous ripples — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but the span lists the three conditions the study compared; contrasted-with is loose. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[13] |
| note | theta —contrasted-with→ spontaneous ripples — RE-GROUNDS another row of this record: the old span named ONE endpoint. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[13] |
| weight | CA1 —causes→ spike sequences — 0.9 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[14] |
| outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation) | control — held | controls[0] |
| for which use | limitation — the completeness of every sequence reported: MANY MORE PYRAMIDAL NEURONS TOOK PART IN THE SEQUENTIAL PATTERNING OF ACTIVITY THAN THOSE MONITORED HERE BY THE SILICON PROBES Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[0] |
| for which use | limitation — the local-generation claim: SEQUENCES MAY BE GENERATED BY THE UPSTREAM CA3 REGION OR LOCALLY IN CA1 BUT THESE RESULTS ALONE CANNOT DISAMBIGUATE THE CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE TWO REGIONS Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[1] |
| for which use | limitation — how tightly the sequences repeat: RANK CORRELATIONS WERE WIDELY DISTRIBUTED AND RARELY EXCEEDED VALUES OF 0.5 ... INDICATING RELATIVELY LOOSE SELF- AND CROSS-CLASS CONSISTENCY Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[2] |
| duplicate of | limitation — limitations[1] Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[3] |
| for which use | limitation — the same scope as limitations[1] - CA3 and CA1 origins are not separated by these correlations Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[3] |
| duplicate of | limitation — limitations[0] Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[4] |
| for which use | limitation — the same scope as limitations[0] - larger ensemble recordings are needed to test the hypothesis Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[4] |
| for which use | limitation — the pyramidal-only analysis: THE CORRELATION BETWEEN SPONTANEOUS AND INDUCED OSCILLATIONS WAS NOT SIGNIFICANT. HOWEVER, THIS WAS ALSO THE CASE WHEN SEQUENCE PATTERNS WERE CORRELATED WITHIN THE SAME CONDITIONS Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[5] |
| for which use | limitation — the origin of the preexisting order: THE PREEXISTING SEQUENCES MAY THEMSELVES REFLECT THE LOCAL CIRCUIT CONFIGURATIONS SHAPED BY PREVIOUS EXPERIENCES, BY THE DEVELOPMENTAL GENETIC PROGRAM, OR ANY COMBINATION THEREOF Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[6] |
| evidential status | mechanism — the paper's own words: We hypothesize that Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | mechanisms[0] |
| replication | untested | |
| no type for this | CA3 → CA1 — THE TWO CANNOT BE SEPARATED IN THIS STUDY - the DESIGN form of the negative relation / No edge type can express it: all eight assert that a relation HOLDS. A confounding statement bounds what the paper's own results can mean, and it lives where nothing downstream will find it. THE SAME PAIR DRIEU2019 WAS MIS-READ AS CONTRASTING. 'Sequences may be generated by the upstream CA3 region or locally in CA1 but these results alone cannot disambiguate the contributions of the two regions.' One paper cannot separate them; another paper's glossary was read as distinguishing them. The corpus now holds the inability next to the mistake. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | unhoused_relations[0] |
| limitation | Only a limited number of pyramidal cells could be monitored with silicon probes; larger ensemble recordings are needed to test the hypothesis. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[0] |
| limitation | The theta/ripple correlation results on their own cannot separate a CA3 from a CA1 origin of the sequences. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[1] |
| limitation | The measured sequence consistency is loose - rank correlations were widely spread and rarely above 0.5. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[2] |
| limitation | the theta-ripple correlation alone cannot disambiguate the contributions of CA3 and of CA1 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[3] |
| limitation | far more pyramidal cells probably participate than the probes could record, and larger ensembles are needed Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[4] |
| limitation | with pyramidal cells alone the cross-class correlation is not significant - though the paper notes the same holds within a single condition Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[5] |
| limitation | whether the preexisting order reflects experience or development is not addressed Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[6] |
finding · quantity · variable · definition · key-term — grounded in the full text| finding | Individual neurons' firing rates, their rate modulation, and the order in which pyramidal cells and interneurons fired were all correlated across three different network states: theta oscillations, spontaneous ripples, and optogenetically induced ripples. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[0] |
| finding | Because sequences recur during locally induced ripples that receive no CA3 or entorhinal patterning, the sequential order of CA1 spiking cannot be purely inherited from upstream regions and must partly arise from CA1's own circuitry and single-cell biophysics. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[1] |
| finding | Half of the optogenetically induced spike sequences matched the spontaneous ripple sequence recorded at the same site, with a median rank correlation of 0.13. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[2] |
| finding | Interneurons made up only 12% of the participating units and were only indirectly driven by the light, yet they contributed importantly to sequence consistency in both spontaneous and induced ripples. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[3] |
| finding | With pyramidal cells alone the correlation between theta-cycle and ripple sequence order dropped to chance, so the shared ordering across states depends on including interneurons. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[4] |
| finding | The preferred firing phase of each unit within the ripple cycle was the same for spontaneous and light-induced ripples, so cycle-level spike timing is conserved between the two. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[5] |
| finding | Sequence consistency was real but weak: rank correlations were broadly spread and seldom above 0.5, and the same conclusions followed whether a template or a pairwise comparison method was used. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[6] |
| finding | Under anaesthesia, spontaneous and induced sequences were not consistent with each other. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[7] |
| finding | firing rates during theta and during ripples were correlated neuron by neuron Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[8] |
| finding | sequences recorded during ripples matched those during theta cycles in 10 of 11 sessions Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[9] |
| finding | spike phase within the cycle was preserved between spontaneous and induced ripples Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[10] |
| finding | pyramidal cells fired about 1.8 ms before interneurons on each ripple cycle Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[11] |
| finding | sequences repeated across spontaneous ripple events at 23 of 27 recording sites Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[12] |
| finding | half the induced sequences matched their own site's spontaneous sequences Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[13] |
| finding | theta sequences and induced-ripple sequences also matched, at 10 of 25 sites Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[14] |
| finding | with interneurons alone, sequences stayed consistent across classes Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[15] |
| finding | interneurons are 12% of the units and carry the consistency Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[16] |
| finding | in the pyramidal-only session analysis three sessions were consistent and three were REVERSED, so the group mean describes neither Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[17] |
| finding | CONTROL NULL: illumination of an opsin-free mouse produced no spikes, no oscillations and no artefact Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[18] |
| finding | CONTROL: induced-ripple rates track spontaneous rates, so the induced pattern is not set by opsin level or distance from the light Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[19] |
| finding | spontaneous and induced ripples occurred predominantly in the same brain state Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[20] |
| finding | SCOPE TO CHECK: the main text reports similar results under anaesthesia, and the supplementary caption it cites states cross-class sequences are NOT consistent there Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[21] |
| finding | SCOPE TO CHECK, second half: the supplementary figure caption states plainly that spontaneous and induced sequences are not consistent under anaesthesia Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[22] |
| quantity | 5.1-fold — increase in pyramidal cell firing rate during spontaneous ripples, versus 4.1-fold for interneurons Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[0] |
| quantity | 582 — total well-isolated CA1 cells recorded across freely moving and anaesthetized mice Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[1] |
| quantity | 56 — recording sites that met the criteria for sequence analysis, across 16 sessions Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[2] |
| quantity | 0.28 — median rank correlation quantifying self-consistency of multineuronal sequences during spontaneous ripples (85% of sites significant) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[3] |
| quantity | 3.4 times — factor by which cross-class rank correlations dropped when interneurons were excluded and only pyramidal cells were used Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[4] |
| quantity | 156 ± 1.7°, 254 ± 6.7° — mean preferred ripple-cycle phases of pyramidal cells and interneurons, a 1.8 ms lag Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[5] |
| quantity | 13 of 26 (50%) — induced-ripple sequences that were consistent with the spontaneous ripple sequence at the same site Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[6] |
| quantity | 268 and 37 — pyramidal cells and interneurons recorded from four freely moving mice Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[7] |
| quantity | 12% — share of participating units that are interneurons, which nonetheless carry the sequence Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[8] |
| quantity | 1.8 ms — lead of pyramidal over interneuron spiking within a ripple cycle Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[9] |
| quantity | 4.7-fold vs 1.8-fold — rate increase of pyramidal cells against interneurons during induced ripples - the signature of direct versus indirect drive Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[10] |
| quantity | 3 and 3 — sessions with consistent and with reversed pyramidal-only sequences, out of eleven Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[11] |
| variable | light stimulation (independent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[0] |
| variable | rank correlation (dependent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[1] |
| variable | light intensity (control) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[4] |
| variable | consistency Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[5] |
| variable | spike gain Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[6] |
| variable | phase Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[7] |
| definition | synthetic ripples Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[1] |
| definition | gain Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[2] |
| definition | cross-class consistency Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[3] |
| definition | threshold intensity Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[4] |
| definition | spike gain Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[5] |
| definition | consistency Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[6] |
| definition | synthetic ripples Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[7] |
| definition | preplay Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[8] |
| key-terms | spike sequences, synthetic ripples, spontaneous ripples, theta, PYR, INT, CA3, CA1, replay, preplay, spike gain, permutation test |
| rank correlation | as written: rank correlations Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[0] |
| permutation test P | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[1] |
| Wilcoxon signed-rank test P | as written: Wilcoxon’s signed-rank paired test Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[2] |
| binomial test P | as written: exact Binomial test Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[3] |
| Mann-Whitney U test P | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[4] |
| Kruskal-Wallis test P | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[5] |
| circular correlation χ 2 | as written: circular–circular correlation coefficient Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[6] |
| chi-squared test χ 2 | as written: χ 2 test Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[7] |
| cross-validation | as written: cross-validated template method Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[8] |
| Gaussian mixture model | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[9] |
| principal component analysis | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[10] |
| significance level α | as written: α level Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[11] |
| permutation test | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[12] |
| rank correlation | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[13] |
| Wilcoxon | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[14] |
| exact Binomial test | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[15] |
| Rayleigh test | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[16] |
| Mann-Whitney U test | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[17] |
| claim type | mechanism — a second reading reaching the same value; recorded: mechanism Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | alternatives.claim_type |
| method | simultaneous multi-site recording with per-shank light delivery in freely moving and anaesthetised mice, with rank-order sequence templates and permutation tests — a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value; recorded: electrophysiology Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | alternatives.method |
| phenomenon | recurring order of firing across a population of CA1 neurons within an oscillatory event — a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value; recorded: multineuronal spike sequences in hippocampal CA1 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | alternatives.phenomenon |
When we have changed our mind. Some entries in the table begin with a word in capitals and the reason for it. EVIDENCE CORRECTED — the finding still stands, but we had quoted the wrong sentence from the paper, and the quotation has been replaced with the right one. RETRACTED — the entry itself was wrong; it stays on the page, marked, with the reason, rather than being deleted. WITHDRAWN AND REPLACED — the entry was wrong, and a corrected version of it appears in the entries below. Each mark carries its own reason, in brackets, because the reasons differ from one entry to the next. An entry we have WITHDRAWN is removed from this page and kept in the record, with its reason. A line reading Audit and a date is a later re-reading of the entry against its whole sentence: DOUBTFUL means it was kept, and the reason says what is loose about it. Quotation marks inside the tagger's sentence. Where a tag is the tagger's own sentence, a phrase in quotation marks inside it is borrowed from the paper — the tagger's wording around it is not. The paper's own sentence is the evidence quote for that row; on this page it is withheld with the article, and the article is at its publisher. Nothing inside quotation marks anywhere on this page is ours: if it is quoted, it is the paper's. Whose words a concept carries. A concept entry records a term the paper itself uses, so the term, the sense given for it, and its evidence are the paper's own words, quoted where the paper fixes them. This is the opposite of a sense entry in the tag table, which is the tagger's sentence about how the paper uses a term. Where a concept entry could not be grounded in the paper's words, the entry says so on its own row.
Tag layer © the Meta-Tagging Project, CC BY 4.0. The paper text is © its authors/publisher
and is linked, not reproduced. Excerpts shown are short quotations for identification and verification.
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