phenomenon · claim-type · cross-domain-transfer · mechanism · claim-relation · replication-status · limitation — grounded in the full text| phenomenon | single-neuron coding in the human medial temporal lobe during perception and episodic memory— “The medial temporal lobe (MTL) is central to episodic memory, yet the neuronal code underlying translation from sensory information to memory remains unclear.” | |
| claim-type | existence— “Recent evidence illustrates several striking response properties of MTL neurons.” | |
| method — evidence | — “In the current review, we summarize recent data afforded by key methodological advancements in human single neuron data acquisition and analysis ( Figure 1 , see Box 1 ).” | |
| object of study — evidence | — “The medial temporal lobe (MTL) is central to episodic memory, yet the neuronal code underlying translation from sensory information to memory remains unclear.” | |
| research question — evidence | — “The medial temporal lobe (MTL) is central to episodic memory, yet the neuronal code underlying translation from sensory information to memory remains unclear.” | |
| contribution — evidence | — “Recent evidence illustrates several striking response properties of MTL neurons. Responses are selective yet invariant, associated with conscious perception, can be internally generated and modulated, and spontaneously retrieved. Representation of information by these neurons is highly explicit, suggesting abstraction of information for… | |
| transfer | from rodent hippocampal physiology: the place cell, transferred twice - literally to human virtual navigation, and metaphorically to concept coding in a cognitive multidimensional space— “The invariant responses to individual persons and landmarks observed in the human MTL may be compared to the striking place fields in rodents, which appear to encode particular locations in the animal’s environment” | transfers[0] |
| transfer | from rodent optogenetics: reactivation of a fear memory by stimulating specific hippocampal neurons, held up as the model for a causal human approach— “Since the pioneering observations of Wilder Penfield, focal electrical stimulation of MTL circuits has been shown to evoke old memories or the feeling of déjà” | transfers[1] |
| mechanism | MTL neurons transform novel percepts into sparse, abstracted-yet-detailed representations, and it is this abstraction that later allows the representation to be summoned by either internal or external cues, producing conscious episodic recall— “Given the critical role of these regions in episodic memory, we posit that these responses are central in the transformation of novel stimuli to representations that can be later consciously retrieved as episodic memories.” | mechanisms[0] |
| mechanism | Representations must carry both detail and abstraction (loss of detail) so that a partial internal or external cue is sufficient to reactivate them— “As such, these representations need to possess detail but also abstraction (i.e. the loss of detail), so that they can be later summoned by internal as well as external cues.” | mechanisms[1] |
| mechanism | Entorhinal stimulation enhances memory by resetting the phase of the hippocampal theta rhythm, aligning encoding with a favourable oscillatory phase— “Interestingly stimulation of the entorhinal area reset the phase of the theta rhythm in the hippocampus, providing a possible mechanism for memory enhancement.” | mechanisms[2] |
| mechanism | the hippocampus sits at the top of a multisensory hierarchy, receiving object information via perirhinal and spatial information via parahippocampal cortex— “Results were consistent with the anatomical hierarchy within the MTL; the highest percentage of neurons with modality-independent invariant responses was found in the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex as compared to the amygdala or parahippocampal cortex” | mechanisms[3] |
| mechanism | invariance crosses sensory modality: the same neuron responds to a concept presented as image, sound or written word— “Recently, it was shown that this invariance crosses modalities, meaning that MTL neurons may exhibit a selective and “invariant” response to a particular stimulus out of 100 images and do so independent of the sensory modality (visual image, audio, or written iconic representations) through which the stimulus was presented” | mechanisms[4] |
| mechanism | selective responses appear only when the subject consciously recognises the stimulus, and are near-silent when recognition fails— “Using flash suppression and backward masking paradigms it has been shown that selective MTL responses are mainly triggered when accompanied by the participants’ conscious perception or recognition of the stimulus [ 37 – 38 ]. When varying the display time of an image between 33 to 256 msec, MTL neurons selective for an image significantly… | mechanisms[5] |
| mechanism | imagining a stimulus recruits the same neuron that fires when it is seen, and subjects can steer a display by modulating two such neurons— “Subjects were able to successfully control which image was projected by altering the firing rate of two independently selective neurons independent of the visual input of the stimulus on the screen ( Figure 3 ). These results highlight the power of internal representation to override sensory input.” | mechanisms[6] |
| mechanism | hippocampal and entorhinal neurons reactivate just before a spontaneous verbal report of recall, and only those regions do— “While sustained selective responses during viewing of episodes was present in neurons of other brain regions such as amygdala and frontal cortex, the specific reactivation prior to reported recall was only present in the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex” | mechanisms[7] |
| mechanism | firing-rate correlation across successive time points within an episode grows with repetition and predicts later recall, proposed as temporal binding— “Furthermore, the degree of correlation of hippocampal neuronal firing rate across successive time points within an episode increased over subsequent repetitions of the same episode, and predicted subjects’ future recall performance [ 59 ]. These observations suggest a possible… | mechanisms[8] |
| mechanism | entorhinal white-matter stimulation enhances memory and resets hippocampal theta phase, offered as the mechanism | mechanisms[9] |
| cites | Gelbard-Sagiv et al. on hippocampal reactivation before free recall - a paper independently tagged in this corpus | claim_relations[0] |
| supports | the view that MTL neurons code concepts explicitly and invariantly Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[1] |
| qualifies | the inference from selective responses to necessity for conscious perception Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[2] |
| supports | the account of hippocampus as tracking memory strength rather than distinguishing recollection from familiarity Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[3] |
| extends | rodent place-cell physiology, by proposing concept cells as place cells in a cognitive space Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[4] |
| sense | invariant here means invariant across physical form AND across sensory modality - image, sound, written name - not merely across viewpoint Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[0] |
| sense | place cell is used twice over: literally for rodent and human spatial cells, and metaphorically for concept cells as place cells in a cognitive multidimensional space Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[1] |
| sense | recollection versus familiarity is a behavioural distinction operationalised by whether spatial position is also recalled; the hippocampal data are read as tracking memory strength instead Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[2] |
| sense | declarative memory is defined here by what the SUBJECT can report, which is why the paper argues the question belongs to humans Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[3] |
| sense | ultra sparse coding, asserted for MTL - note that Rigotti2013 reports PFC representations are rather dense, a different region and the opposite value of the same construct Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[4] |
| audit | EVIDENCE CORRECTED (RE-GROUNDED) · recollection —contrasted-with→ familiarity — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its span and kept, but the span says the hippocampus does not differentiate recollection from familiarity; contrasted-with is loose. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[2] |
| note | EVIDENCE CORRECTED (RE-GROUNDED) · recollection —contrasted-with→ familiarity — and the hippocampal data are read as NOT respecting the distinction Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[2] |
| retracted | EVIDENCE CORRECTED (RE-GROUNDED) · recollection —contrasted-with→ familiarity — RE-GROUNDED. The old span named neither. This clause names both and sets them as the two mechanisms a recognition task can run on. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[2] |
| audit | EVIDENCE CORRECTED (RE-GROUNDED) · theta —causes→ episodic memory — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its span and kept, but theta-linked spiking predicted subsequent memory; causes overstates a prediction. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[4] |
| evidential status | EVIDENCE CORRECTED (RE-GROUNDED) · theta —causes→ episodic memory — PREDICTIVE, NOT DEMONSTRATED CAUSAL. The span reports that the tighter spike-theta coordination PREDICTED which memories succeeded; nothing was manipulated, so the direction of the arrow is an inference the paper does not test. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[4] |
| note | EVIDENCE CORRECTED (RE-GROUNDED) · theta —causes→ episodic memory — predictive rather than demonstrated causal; the weight carries that Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[4] |
| retracted | EVIDENCE CORRECTED (RE-GROUNDED) · theta —causes→ episodic memory — RE-GROUNDED. The old span described the coordination without naming episodic memory. This sentence names both and states the claim the edge records - 'implicate A DIRECT ROLE FOR theta-linked spiking activity…' - which is a stronger causal reading than the old span supported. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[4] |
| weight | EVIDENCE CORRECTED (RE-GROUNDED) · theta —causes→ episodic memory — 0.7 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[4] |
| note | recollection —contrasted-with→ familiarity — RE-GROUNDS another row of this record: the relation was always stated, the endpoint names were not in the span. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[5] |
| note | theta —causes→ episodic memory — RE-GROUNDS another row of this record: the old span named ONE endpoint. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[6] |
| weight | theta —causes→ episodic memory — 0.7 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[6] |
| for which use | limitation — the evidence base for human single-neuron work: THE DATA PRESENTED ARE RARE AND LIMITED BY CLINICAL OPPORTUNITIES Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[0] |
| for which use | limitation — any generalisation beyond the implanted population: STUDIES ARE DONE ONLY IN SPECIAL CIRCUMSTANCES WHERE ELECTRODES ARE PLACED IN THE BRAIN FOR SPECIFIC CLINICAL REASONS Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[1] |
| for which use | limitation — anterior-posterior comparisons along the hippocampal axis: SYSTEMATIC ANTERIOR-POSTERIOR ANALYSIS IN THE HIPPOCAMPAL AXIS WILL HAVE TO AWAIT FUTURE STUDIES Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[2] |
| for which use | limitation — the proposed hippocampal/perirhinal dissociation: HUMAN SINGLE NEURON STUDIES TO DATE HAVE NOT RECORDED FROM PERIRHINAL NEURONS, so FUTURE STUDIES ARE NEEDED TO INVESTIGATE THIS DISSOCIATION Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[3] |
| for which use | limitation — necessity claims specifically: THE CORRELATION OF SINGLE NEURON RESPONSES IN THE MTL WITH SPECIFIC CONSCIOUS PERCEPTS DOES NOT IMPLY THAT THESE REGIONS ARE NECESSARY FOR CONSCIOUS PERCEPTS Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[4] |
| for which use | limitation — the studies that used familiar stimuli, and the familiarity reading of their responses: THEY OFTEN USED STIMULI THAT WERE HIGHLY FAMILIAR TO THE PARTICIPANT (E.G. A FAMILY MEMBER OR FAMOUS PERSON/LANDMARK) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[5] |
| for which use | limitation — single-memory claims: THE RESPONSES IN THE PREVIOUSLY DISCUSSED STUDIES WERE NOT SPECIFIC TO INDIVIDUAL STIMULI AND THUS DO NO NECESSARILY REPRESENT SINGLE MEMORIES Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[6] |
| for which use | limitation — the same scope as limitations[3] - the hippocampal/perirhinal recollection-familiarity dissociation, untested because no human perirhinal neurons have been recorded Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[7] |
| for which use | limitation — real-world navigation studies: PATIENTS LIMITED TO THEIR HOSPITAL ROOM WHO CANNOT NAVIGATE A REAL ENVIRONMENT DURING RECORDINGS Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[8] |
| for which use | limitation — any population-level claim: THE ACTIVITY OF LESS THAN 100 NEURONS ARE SIMULTANEOUSLY RECORDED AND THESE NEURONS MAY BE DISTRIBUTED ACROSS SEVERAL BRAIN AREAS, WHICH NEED TO BE CLINICALLY SAMPLED Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[9] |
| for which use | limitation — single-neuron claims in dense structures: SPIKES DETECTED ON A SINGLE MICROELECTRODE MOST LIKELY ORIGINATE FROM SEVERAL NEIGHBORING NEURONS, ESPECIALLY WITHIN BRAIN AREAS THAT HAVE DENSELY PACKED CELLULAR STRUCTURES, SUCH AS THE HIPPOCAMPUS Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[10] |
| duplicate of | limitation — limitations[2] Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[11] |
| for which use | limitation — the same scope as limitations[2] - the anterior-posterior axis, unanalysable while recordings are ANTERIOR AND MIDDLE only Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[11] |
| for which use | limitation — any localisation finer than the bundle: BUNDLES OF MICROELECTRODES CAN BE LOCALIZED TO AREAS AS SMALL AS 1mm, ALTHOUGH SEPARATION OF A SINGLE MICROELECTRODE FROM ITS BUNDLED NEIGHBORING ELECTRODES IS STILL A CHALLENGE Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[12] |
| replication | untested | |
| limitation | The human single-neuron dataset is rare and constrained by what clinical circumstances permit. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[0] |
| limitation | Recordings are only possible where electrodes are implanted for clinical reasons, restricting the tasks and settings that can be studied. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[1] |
| limitation | Sampling is biased to anterior and middle hippocampus, so anterior-posterior comparisons cannot yet be made. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[2] |
| limitation | No human perirhinal neurons have been recorded, so the proposed hippocampus/perirhinal recollection-familiarity dissociation cannot be tested. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[3] |
| limitation | correlation of single-neuron responses with conscious percepts does not establish that the region is necessary for them Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[4] |
| limitation | most stimuli used were highly familiar to the participant, so the responses may partly reflect familiarity Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[5] |
| limitation | the recognition-related responses were not stimulus-specific and so need not represent single memories Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[6] |
| limitation | no human single-neuron study has recorded from perirhinal cortex, leaving the key dissociation untested Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[7] |
| limitation | recordings come only from patients confined to a hospital room who cannot navigate a real environment Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[8] |
| limitation | fewer than 100 neurons are recorded at once, scattered across regions chosen on clinical grounds Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[9] |
| limitation | spikes on one microelectrode probably come from several neighbouring neurons, especially in densely packed hippocampus Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[10] |
| limitation | recordings are almost all anterior and middle hippocampus, so the anterior-posterior axis cannot yet be analysed Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[11] |
| limitation | electrode bundles can be localised to about 1 mm but individual electrodes within a bundle cannot be separated Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[12] |
finding · quantity · variable · definition · key-term — grounded in the full text| finding | The selective responses of human MTL neurons are invariant not only across different pictures of the same concept but across sensory modality, firing to the spoken name, written name or image of the same entity. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[0] |
| finding | Selective and invariant MTL responses have relatively long latencies, often 300-500 ms. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[1] |
| finding | MTL neurons selective for an image significantly increase firing only if the subject recognises it, even at 33 ms exposure. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[2] |
| finding | Subjects can volitionally drive the firing of individual MTL neurons to determine which of two competing images is displayed, overriding the actual visual input on the screen. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[3] |
| finding | Hippocampal and entorhinal neurons selectively active during the initial viewing of a film episode were reactivated just before the subject verbally reported recalling it. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[4] |
| finding | Tighter phase coordination between hippocampal spiking and the theta LFP during encoding predicts whether that particular image will later be remembered. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[5] |
| finding | Growing correlation of a hippocampal neuron's firing across successive time points within an episode, built up over repetitions, predicts later recall of that episode. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[6] |
| finding | Single hippocampal neurons distinguished new from old stimuli after a single trial, independently of whether spatial position was recalled. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[7] |
| finding | Deep-brain stimulation of the entorhinal white matter during learning enhances later recall, whereas stimulation of the hippocampus itself does not. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[8] |
| finding | MTL neurons respond to a concept across radically different images and even its written name Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[9] |
| finding | the invariance holds across sensory modality - image, audio, written word Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[10] |
| finding | selective responses are late, 300-500 ms, and longer than those seen in animal studies Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[11] |
| finding | a neuron fires for its concept only when the subject reports recognising it, even at 33 ms exposure Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[12] |
| finding | imagining a stimulus recruits the same neuron as seeing it Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[13] |
| finding | subjects steered a display by modulating two independently selective neurons, overriding the visual input Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[14] |
| finding | hippocampal and entorhinal neurons reactivate before a spontaneous report of recall; amygdala and frontal cortex do not Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[15] |
| finding | the reactivation was visible in a single free-recall trial in a single neuron Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[16] |
| finding | new selective responses to experimenters formed over hours or days Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[17] |
| finding | several rodent cell types - grid, border, head-direction, time - have not yet been characterised in humans Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[18] |
| quantity | 300 msec - 500 msec — typical latency range of selective, invariant MTL single-neuron responses Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[0] |
| quantity | 33 to 256 msec — range of image display durations used to dissociate conscious recognition from stimulus presence Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[1] |
| quantity | 3–8Hz — frequency band of the theta LFP oscillation implicated in human memory Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[2] |
| quantity | 30–100 Hz — frequency band of the gamma oscillation linked to the recall-predicting theta amplitude Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[3] |
| quantity | 100 images (50 old and 50 new stimuli) — size and composition of the recognition-memory test set in the spike-theta encoding study Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[4] |
| quantity | 7 out of 8 — trials on which one example subject successfully faded the target actor's image by controlling neuronal firing Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[5] |
| quantity | less than 100 — number of neurons that can currently be recorded simultaneously in a human depth-electrode setup Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[6] |
| quantity | 300 to 500 ms — latency of selective invariant responses Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[7] |
| quantity | 33 to 256 ms — the display-time range over which recognition gates the response Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[8] |
| quantity | 3 to 8 Hz theta — the oscillation predicting encoding success Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[9] |
| quantity | fewer than 100 neurons simultaneously — the ceiling of the human recording setup Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[10] |
| quantity | about 1 mm — the precision to which an electrode bundle can be localised Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[11] |
| variable | display time (independent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[0] |
| variable | firing rate (dependent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[1] |
| variable | spike-field coherence (dependent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[2] |
| variable | subsequently remembered versus forgotten Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[4] |
| definition | Episodic memory Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[0] |
| definition | Medial temporal lobe (MTL) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[1] |
| definition | Spikes Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[2] |
| definition | Local field potentials (LFPs) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[3] |
| definition | Recollection vs. familiarity Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[4] |
| definition | invariant response Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[5] |
| definition | declarative memory Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[6] |
| definition | spike sorting Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[7] |
| key-terms | medial temporal lobe, episodic memory, declarative memory, invariant, conscious perception, concept, place cells, grid cells, hippocampus, entorhinal, perirhinal, parahippocampal, amygdala, theta, local field potentials, spike sorting, free recall, recollection, familiarity, sparse |
| spike-field coherence | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[0] |
| claim type | existence — a second reading reaching the same value; recorded: existence Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | alternatives.claim_type |
| method | narrative review of intracranial single-neuron recordings in epilepsy patients implanted for clinical reasons — a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value; recorded: review Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | alternatives.method |
| phenomenon | concept-level coding in the human medial temporal lobe — a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value; recorded: single-neuron coding in the human medial temporal lobe during perception and episodic memory Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | alternatives.phenomenon |
When we have changed our mind. Some entries in the table begin with a word in capitals and the reason for it. EVIDENCE CORRECTED — the finding still stands, but we had quoted the wrong sentence from the paper, and the quotation has been replaced with the right one. RETRACTED — the entry itself was wrong; it stays on the page, marked, with the reason, rather than being deleted. WITHDRAWN AND REPLACED — the entry was wrong, and a corrected version of it appears in the entries below. Each mark carries its own reason, in brackets, because the reasons differ from one entry to the next. An entry we have WITHDRAWN is removed from this page and kept in the record, with its reason. A line reading Audit and a date is a later re-reading of the entry against its whole sentence: DOUBTFUL means it was kept, and the reason says what is loose about it. Quotation marks inside the tagger's sentence. Where a tag is the tagger's own sentence, a phrase in quotation marks inside it is borrowed from the paper — the tagger's wording around it is not. The paper's own sentence is the evidence quote for that row; on this page it is withheld with the article, and the article is at its publisher. Nothing inside quotation marks anywhere on this page is ours: if it is quoted, it is the paper's. Whose words a concept carries. A concept entry records a term the paper itself uses, so the term, the sense given for it, and its evidence are the paper's own words, quoted where the paper fixes them. This is the opposite of a sense entry in the tag table, which is the tagger's sentence about how the paper uses a term. Where a concept entry could not be grounded in the paper's words, the entry says so on its own row.
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