phenomenon · claim-type · cross-domain-transfer · mechanism · claim-relation · replication-status · limitation — grounded in the full text| phenomenon | time scales of memory, learning, and synaptic plasticity— “Psychology and physiology have found and described many different memory mechanisms, and these mechanisms indeed use different time scales.” | |
| claim-type | mechanism— “The strategy of the nervous system to overcome these limitations apparently is to use different time scales in the memorization process.” | |
| method — evidence | — “In this prospect we review these mechanisms with respect to their time scale and propose relations between mechanisms in learning and memory and their underlying physiological basis.” | |
| mechanism | Forgetting on finite, graded storage times acts as an implicit compression algorithm, holding down both the capacity needed and the time to retrieve an item— “Hence, the nervous system is implicitly performing an algorithm by means of its finite storage time (i.e., by forgetting meaningless items) to more efficiently store and access data.” | mechanisms[0] |
| mechanism | New memories overwrite and interfere with old ones, which lowers the network's capacity demand but destroys important items - the cost that multiple time scales exist to avoid— “Another possibility is the permanent overwriting or interference with old memories, which in turn reduces the capacity requirements of the network [see, e.g., (Mézard et al. 1986; Sikström 2002) for Hopfield models] but also deletes important memories.” | mechanisms[1] |
| mechanism | Hebbian potentiation feeds back on itself - a strengthened synapse drives the postsynaptic neuron harder, which strengthens it further - producing runaway weight growth unless a counteracting mechanism is present— “Independently of the interpretation of Hebbian plasticity this mechanism results in divergent dynamics: if an input drives the firing of a postsynaptic neuron, then plasticity potentiates the synaptic weight and, in this way, causes a stronger input drive, which in turn generates more potentiation, and so on.” | mechanisms[2] |
| mechanism | An organism evolves a given memory time scale only if its lifespan and environment exert evolutionary pressure for correlations at that scale— “For example, an organism that lives only for a few weeks will never “feel” the evolutionary pressure to develop long-term memories for planning food harvesting for the winter season.” | mechanisms[3] |
| mechanism | Spike-triggered calcium influx into the presynaptic terminal raises release probability (facilitation) while use depletes the vesicle pool (depression), giving synapses a seconds-long memory— “The arrival of spikes at the synapse leads to a calcium influx into the presynaptic terminal and, thus, to an increase in the release probability (synaptic facilitation).” | mechanisms[4] |
| builds-on | Martin et al. (2000) four criteria for relating plasticity to learning and memory— “Nevertheless, to guarantee the correctness of these links, all of them must be tested according to the four criteria proposed by Martin et al. (2000) (detectability, mimicry, and anterograde and retrograde alteration).” | claim_relations[0] |
| contradicts | Hebb (1949) proposed link between long-term memory and long-term plasticity— “In summary, it is interesting to note that there exist experimental support for links between (1) working memory and activity and (2) long-term memory and structural plasticity, but the very early proposed link between long-term memory and long-term plasticity (Hebb 1949) is still under debate” | claim_relations[1] |
| sense | a time scale - THREE DIFFERENT SPANS UNDER ONE EXPRESSION: working memory milliseconds to minutes, short-term memory minutes to days, long-term memory up to what the authors put in scare quotes as 'infinity'; the phrase that organises the whole review denotes a different quantity in each of its three sections— “Whereas the time scale of working memory is from milliseconds to minutes, short-term memory stores items on a time scale of minutes to days” | senses[0] |
| sense | long-term memory's upper bound - IN THE AUTHORS' OWN SCARE QUOTES: given as up to 'infinity', with the immediate qualification that it is still under debate how items can be stored for such a long time, so the widest value in the review is the one marked as least settled— “Although the time scale of long-term memory could be up to “infinity,” it is still under debate how items can be stored for such a long time” | senses[1] |
| sense | an eligibility trace - A MODELLING DEVICE WITHOUT ITS PHYSIOLOGY: named in 1943 and used in many learning-algorithm approaches to bridge time gaps, while the physiological basis of the longer traces is stated to be unclear, so the algorithms assume a mechanism the review declines to underwrite— “These so-called eligibility traces (Hull 1943; Rall 1967) are used in many approaches [e.g., Sutton (1988); Sutton and Barto (1998); Suri and Schultz (1999); Porr and Wörgötter (2003)] to bridge time gaps in learning algorithms, but the physiological basis of longer traces is unclear” | senses[2] |
| differs in | working memory —contrasted-with→ short-term memory — the span each covers: milliseconds to minutes, versus minutes to days— “Whereas the time scale of working memory is from milliseconds to minutes, short-term memory stores items on a time scale of minutes to days”— “the time scale of working memory is from milliseconds to minutes, short-term memory stores items on a time scale of minutes to days” | concept_edges[0] |
| for which use | limitation — the review's coverage: TO AVOID THIS, ONLY KEY FINDINGS ARE DISCUSSED— “To avoid this, only key findings are discussed.” | limitations[0] |
| for which use | limitation — every mechanism-to-behaviour link the review draws: BECAUSE IT IS NOT CLEAR WHICH MECHANISM IS RESPONSIBLE FOR WHICH BEHAVIOR, WE DISCUSSED POSSIBLE LINKS— “Because it is not clear which mechanism is responsible for which behavior, we discussed possible links.” | limitations[1] |
| for which use | limitation — the set of links the review treats at all: UP TO THIS POINT WE HAVE ONLY DISCUSSED LINKS FOR WHICH THERE IS ALREADY EXPERIMENTAL SUPPORT OR THEORETICAL MODELING— “Up to this point we have only discussed links for which there is already experimental support or theoretical modeling.” | limitations[2] |
| for which use | limitation — any use of 'time scale' across these memory terms: working memory is given a range of milliseconds to minutes and short-term memory one of minutes to days, so the expression names different spans for adjacent categories— “Whereas the time scale of working memory is from milliseconds to minutes, short-term memory stores items on a time scale of minutes to days” | limitations[3] |
| for which use | limitation — any account of memory transfer drawn from this review: the interaction between short- and long-term memory is said to remain unclear, and whether an item must pass through short-term memory first is asked rather than answered— “The interaction between short- and long-term memory remains unclear (McGaugh 2000). Does a memory item have to be stored in short-term memory before it is transferred to longterm memory” | limitations[4] |
| for which use | limitation — any physiological reading of eligibility traces: they are used in many learning-algorithm approaches to bridge time gaps, and the authors state the physiological basis of longer traces is unclear— “These so-called eligibility traces (Hull 1943; Rall 1967) are used in many approaches [e.g., Sutton (1988); Sutton and Barto… | limitations[5] |
| replication | contested | |
| no type for this | consolidation → retrieval — THE TWO CANNOT BE SEPARATED IN THIS STUDY - the DESIGN form of the negative relation / No edge type can express it: all eight assert that a relation HOLDS. Recorded here because a confounding statement BOUNDS WHAT THE PAPER'S OWN RESULTS CAN MEAN, and it lives in a methods paragraph where nothing downstream will find it. A memory deficit cannot be attributed to either of the two processes the field distinguishes - so the distinction survives in the vocabulary while being unusable on the data. | unhoused_relations[0] |
| limitation | The review is selective rather than exhaustive; only key findings are discussed for each link. | limitations[0] |
| limitation | The mapping from physiological mechanism to behaviour is not established, so the links presented are possibilities rather than established correspondences. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[1] |
| limitation | Only links with existing experimental or modelling support are treated; missing links are flagged as open questions rather than covered. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[2] |
| limitation | The review's two neighbouring memory categories are given non-overlapping time ranges. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[3] |
| limitation | The ordering between the two categories is stated to be unresolved and posed as a question. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[4] |
| limitation | A construct used throughout the learning-algorithm literature has no established physiology for its longer form. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[5] |
finding · quantity · variable · definition · key-term — grounded in the full text| finding | Working memory spans milliseconds to minutes, while short-term memory stores items over minutes to days. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[0] |
| finding | Having different storage time scales could avoid the deletion of important information. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[1] |
| finding | Robot experiments show that when different time scales interact, more complex behaviour can be obtained. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[2] |
| finding | Caenorhabditis elegans shows synaptic plasticity but no experience-based structural plasticity. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[3] |
| finding | Of the proposed memory-physiology links, working memory-to-activity and long-term-memory-to-structural-plasticity have experimental support, whereas the classic long-term-memory-to-long-term-plasticity link is still disputed. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[4] |
| finding | So far, mimicry cannot be experimentally induced. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[5] |
| finding | Rats in enriched environments build significantly more dendritic spines than controls. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[6] |
| finding | Adding synaptic scaling with a quadratic weight dependence to a generic plasticity rule can be shown mathematically to stabilise weight development. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[7] |
| finding | Structural plasticity is modelled only computationally because no analytical models of network topology change exist yet. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[8] |
| finding | Whether the exact human forgetting curve is exponential or a power law remains unsettled. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[9] |
| quantity | about 10 days — how quickly the nervous system's storage capacity would be exhausted if every bit of input were stored Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[0] |
| quantity | four and seven — the number of items working memory can hold Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[1] |
| quantity | tens of milliseconds — the time scale of the postsynaptic potential, the shortest memory-like physiological trace Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[2] |
| quantity | μ = 0.01 corresponds to 100 ms — how the alpha-function time-scale parameter maps onto the filter's temporal duration Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[3] |
| quantity | four — the number of criteria Martin et al. proposed for establishing that plasticity underlies learning and memory (detectability, mimicry, anterograde and retrograde alteration) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[4] |
| quantity | milliseconds to seconds — the time scale of short-term plasticity Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[5] |
| quantity | hours to several days — the time scale on which structural plasticity rewires the network Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[6] |
| definition | working memory Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[0] |
| definition | long-term memory Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[1] |
| definition | chunking Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[2] |
| definition | detectability Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[3] |
| definition | retrograde alteration Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[4] |
| definition | structural plasticity Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[5] |
| definition | eligibility traces Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[6] |
| definition | intrinsic plasticity Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[7] |
| definition | synaptic tagging Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[8] |
| definition | reservoir computing Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[9] |
| definition | synaptic scaling Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[10] |
| concept | working memory Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[0] |
| concept | short-term memory Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[1] |
| concept | long-term memory Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[2] |
| concept | eligibility traces Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[3] |
| concept | time scale Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[4] |
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