phenomenon · claim-type · cross-domain-transfer · mechanism · claim-relation · replication-status · limitation — grounded in the full text| phenomenon | spatial navigation in rodents— “The navigational system of the mammalian cortex comprises a number of interacting brain regions.” | |
| claim-type | mechanism— “We hypothesize that the essential contribution of the PPC is the translation of the animal's position from a world-centered coordinate system generated by place cells and grid cells into the body-based coordinates of locomotor actions.” | |
| method — evidence | — “A large body of work, involving rats, monkeys, and humans, has consistently supported the conclusion that PPC is essential for key aspects of spatial representation ( 35 ).” | |
| object of study — evidence | — “To traverse the environment, animals must be able to translate coordinate information from spatial maps in the entorhinal cortex and hippocampus into body-centered representations that can be used to direct locomotion. How this is done remains an enigma.” | |
| research question — evidence | — “However, the entorhinal-hippocampal circuit alone cannot be sufficient for implementing the full array of computations necessary for spatial behavior. In addition to possessing a universal map of space, animals must also be able to convert the spatial information into goal-oriented motor output.” | |
| contribution — evidence | — “We propose here that this translation involves a transformation of output from the MEC circuit into body-based coordinates in parietal cortex, and that this transformation, aided by strong connections from parietal cortex to motor and premotor cortex ( 33 , 34 ), is necessary for guiding locomotor output during goal-oriented navigation.” | |
| transfer | from primate electrophysiology of reaching and saccades: the multiplicative gain-field mechanism for coordinate transformation, imported as the account of how a rodent map becomes motor output— “Such a multiplicative mechanism is exactly what is needed to translate the allocentric entorhinal representation into goal-directed movements.” | transfers[0] |
| transfer | from human neuropsychology: the dorsal and ventral stream distinction and the deficits of parietal patients, used to motivate PPC's spatial role— “The dorsal stream, which provides the PPC with its visual input, has been described as being critical for spatial perception, enabling the representation of the locations of objects in space” | transfers[1] |
| mechanism | Output of the medial entorhinal grid-cell circuit is transformed into body-based coordinates in parietal cortex, and parietal projections to motor and premotor cortex then convert those coordinates into locomotor commands.— “We propose here that this translation involves a transformation of output from the MEC circuit into body-based coordinates in parietal cortex, and that this transformation, aided by strong connections from parietal cortex to motor and premotor cortex ( 33 , 34 ), is necessary for guiding locomotor output during goal-oriented navigation.” | mechanisms[0] |
| mechanism | World-referenced and body-referenced signals converge multiplicatively on single PPC neurons, and this conjunctive (gain-field) coding is what performs the allocentric-to-egocentric conversion.— “These studies indicate that world-referenced and body-referenced signals come together in PPC neurons that respond specifically to conjunctions of the two types of input. Visual representations of objects and scenes in PPC thus contain spatial information that can be used in accurately guiding specific actions, such as targeting and grasping.… | mechanisms[1] |
| mechanism | PPC neurons multiply world-referenced by body-referenced signals, which is what a coordinate transformation requires— “Such a multiplicative mechanism is exactly what is needed to translate the allocentric entorhinal representation into goal-directed movements.” | mechanisms[2] |
| mechanism | grid cells are argued to rest on path integration because a periodic firing pattern persists through constantly changing speed and direction— “The expression of a strongly periodic spatial firing pattern in the presence of constantly changing running speed and running direction suggests that the grid must rely on path integration computations ( 16 , 19 , 20 ), where changes in velocity and direction are integrated over time to allow a constant representation of space” | mechanisms[3] |
| mechanism | grids keep their relative geometry across environments, unlike place fields which remap— “Unlike place cells in the hippocampus, grid cells are activated in a stereotypic manner across environments, irrespective of the particular landmarks of the environment. Two cells in different parts of MEC whose grid fields are shifted and rotated 30° relative to each other in one environment will show the same relative shift and rotation in… | mechanisms[4] |
| mechanism | path integration drifts without recalibration against landmarks, which is why both mechanisms are needed— “Conversely, path integration can be used to build a metric representation of the animal's position in the environment, but without regular calibration against perceived or recalled landmarks and geometric boundaries, errors will accumulate and the representation will drift.” | mechanisms[5] |
| mechanism | self-motion generates the firing but external cues anchor where it occurs— “The continued firing of place cells and grid cells in the absence of environmental cues does not mean they are not normally anchored to extrinsic inputs. Spatial representations in both the hippocampus and MEC rotate in accordance with the displacement of distal visual cues ( 6 , 7 , 16 ), firing fields in both regions can be transformed by… | mechanisms[6] |
| mechanism | PPC delay activity tracks the movement to be made rather than the target location, switching when the required effector changes | mechanisms[7] |
| extends | previous models in which parietal cortex mediates translation between external and first-person spatial representations (ref. 32) | claim_relations[0] |
| builds-on | O'Keefe and Dostrovsky (1971) (ref. 4) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[1] |
| contradicts | the study reporting that rats with partial hippocampal lesions returned to the start position (ref. 30) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[2] |
| extends | models proposing that parietal cortex translates between external and first-person spatial representations Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[3] |
| qualifies | the study reporting intact path integration after partial hippocampal lesions Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[4] |
| supports | the cognitive map account of hippocampal place cells Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[5] |
| supports | the intention account of primate PPC delay activity Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[6] |
| sense | parietal cortex is defined in the first line of the definition box by an overlying BONE, then immediately refined by cytoarchitecture, myeloarchitecture, neurochemistry and connectivity Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[0] |
| sense | PPC is delimited by what it is between and by which thalamic inputs it lacks - a definition by exclusion and by neighbours rather than by intrinsic property Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[1] |
| sense | place cells remap between environments while grid cells keep their relative geometry - the distinction that makes one a map of a place and the other a metric Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[2] |
| sense | the primate PPC literature shifted from a general spatial framework to multiple action-specific representations, so PPC function means something different before and after that shift Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[3] |
| differs in | grid cells —distinct-from→ place cells — THE AXIS IS DEPENDENCE ON THE PARTICULAR ENVIRONMENT. 'Unlike place cells in the hippocampus, grid cells are activated in a stereotypic manner across environments, irrespective of the particular landmarks of the environment.' Both are spatially tuned; only one re-maps, so a result obtained in a single environment cannot distinguish them at all - the distinction exists only across environments. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[1] |
| note | grid cells —distinct-from→ place cells — grids keep relative geometry across environments; place fields do not Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[1] |
| note | PPC —distinct-from→ somatosensory cortex — distinguished by which thalamic inputs it LACKS, plus callosal connections - definition by exclusion Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[3] |
| for which use | limitation — the central proposal of the review: WHETHER THEY DO REMAINS OPEN; AT PRESENT, THE EVIDENCE IS AMBIGUOUS Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[0] |
| for which use | limitation — the anatomical route the account depends on: THIS CONNECTION IS RELATIVELY WEAK, AND IT IS UNCERTAIN WHETHER IT IS ABLE TO CONVEY LOCATION INFORMATION Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[1] |
| for which use | limitation — the link from grid-cell coding to action preparation: IT HAS NOT BEEN DETERMINED WHETHER THE MEDIAL ENTORHINAL OUTPUT targets the relevant PPC neurons Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[2] |
| for which use | limitation — any claim identifying which pathway carries the signal: THE RELATIVE CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE VARIOUS PATHWAYS REMAIN UNCERTAIN Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[3] |
| for which use | limitation — the maturity of the whole account: WE ARE JUST BEGINNING TO SCRATCH THE SURFACE OF THIS MULTITUDE OF NAVIGATIONAL CONTROL PATHWAYS Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[4] |
| for which use | limitation — every lesion-based navigation claim cited: THE IMPAIRMENTS IN NAVIGATION CAN UNFORTUNATELY NOT BE DISTINGUISHED FROM EFFECTS ON MEMORY Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[5] |
| for which use | limitation — every result attributed to rodent PPC: AN EXACT ANATOMICAL DEFINITION FOR THE PPC IN RODENTS REMAINS A SUBJECT OF DEBATE - the region quantified over is not agreed Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[6] |
| for which use | limitation — the extent of that region specifically: WHETHER OR NOT TO INCLUDE PARTS OF OC2 IN THE PPC ... IS STILL CONTROVERSIAL Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[7] |
| for which use | limitation — the transfer of the primate PPC findings to navigation: MOVEMENT RESTRICTIONS INHERENT TO THE HEAD-RESTRAINED SYSTEM PREVENT AN ANALYSIS during free locomotion Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[8] |
| for which use | limitation — the standing of the evidence against the path-integration hypothesis: WE SUGGEST THAT THE STUDY IS NOT DECISIVE IN NEGATING THE HYPOTHESIS, on the stated ground that odour trails may have been available Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[9] |
| evidential status | mechanism — the paper's own words: We propose here that Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | mechanisms[0] |
| replication | untested | |
| limitation | Whether PPC deficits actually reflect a failure to transform self-location into locomotor action is not established by the existing evidence. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[0] |
| limitation | The direct medial entorhinal projection to PPC is weak and may not carry usable location information. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[1] |
| limitation | It is unknown whether medial entorhinal output actually targets the PPC neurons involved in action preparation. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[2] |
| limitation | Which of the candidate hippocampal-entorhinal to PPC routes actually carries the signal is unresolved. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[3] |
| limitation | The whole account is at an early stage. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[4] |
| limitation | in most lesion studies navigation impairments cannot be separated from memory impairments Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[5] |
| limitation | the exact anatomical definition of rodent PPC remains a subject of debate Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[6] |
| limitation | whether to include parts of Oc2 is still controversial Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[7] |
| limitation | head restraint in the primate work prevents any analysis of PPC during free locomotion Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[8] |
| limitation | a study contradicting the hippocampal path-integration account is set aside on the grounds that a dragged food cup may have left odour trails Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[9] |
finding · quantity · variable · definition · key-term — grounded in the full text| finding | The paper's central claim is that the posterior parietal cortex converts the world-centred position signal carried by place cells and grid cells into the body-centred coordinates that locomotion requires. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[0] |
| finding | Rats with PPC lesions cannot return directly to a refuge on a curtained circular arena on the basis of their outbound movements. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[1] |
| finding | Rat PPC cells fire for conjunctions of a particular movement with a particular place - for instance only during outward forward running, or only during left turns at the end of an arm. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[2] |
| finding | PPC firing fields rescale with the size of a maze segment even when hippocampal place fields do not, a dissociation implying PPC does not code perceived space. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[3] |
| finding | No direct connections reach PPC from dentate gyrus, hippocampus or subiculum; the dorsal lateral band of medial entorhinal cortex projects to it directly. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[4] |
| finding | Retrosplenial cortex damage causes strong, lasting disruption of spatial navigation, in the water maze and in path integration back to a home base in darkness. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[5] |
| finding | the entorhinal-hippocampal circuit alone cannot convert spatial information into goal-oriented motor output Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[6] |
| finding | a multiplicative mechanism is what is needed to translate the allocentric entorhinal representation into goal-directed movement Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[7] |
| finding | PPC cells are thought to form a distributed representation of movement plans or intentions toward specific goal locations Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[8] |
| finding | 77% of neurons in a medial PPC region responded to conjunctions of movement and location during virtual navigation Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[9] |
| finding | grid fields keep their relative shift and rotation across environments, unlike place fields Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[10] |
| finding | place and grid firing persists without external cues but is anchored by them Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[11] |
| quantity | 77% — proportion of medial-PPC neurons in monkeys responding to conjunctions of specific movements with specific locations during virtual navigation Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[0] |
| quantity | ≈2–6 mm posterior to bregma and 2–5 mm lateral — stereotaxic extent of the rat cortical area targeted in most PPC lesion studies Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[1] |
| quantity | about 2 to 6 mm posterior to bregma and 2 to 5 mm lateral — where most rat PPC lesion studies have focused - compare Bucci2009, which gives 3.5 to 5.0 posterior and 1.0 or 1.5 to 5.0 lateral for the same region Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[2] |
| quantity | four published delineations, in red, yellow, magenta and blue — the number of incompatible published boundaries for rat parietal cortex, drawn on one brain in Figure 3 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[3] |
| quantity | 77% — neurons responding to movement-location conjunctions in virtual navigation Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[4] |
| quantity | four areas 7a, b, m and ip — the macaque subdivision whose applicability to rat is disputed Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[5] |
| variable | error in initial heading Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[1] |
| definition | grid cell Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[1] |
| definition | cognitive map Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[2] |
| definition | posterior parietal cortex (PPC) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[3] |
| definition | path integration Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[4] |
| definition | parietal cortex Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[5] |
| definition | PPC Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[6] |
| definition | place field Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[7] |
| definition | grid Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[8] |
| key-terms | posterior parietal cortex, grid cells, place cells, path integration, medial entorhinal cortex, cognitive map, allocentric, body-based coordinates, head direction, cytoarchitecture, myeloarchitecture, pulvinar, bregma, somatosensory cortex, dorsal stream, saccade, reach, firing fields, hippocampus, navigation |
| claim type | mechanism — a second reading reaching the same value; recorded: mechanism Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | alternatives.claim_type |
| method | narrative review across rodent and primate literatures, with an explicit proposal and a boxed treatment of how the target region is defined — a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value; recorded: review Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | alternatives.method |
| phenomenon | path integration and goal-directed navigation — a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value; recorded: spatial navigation in rodents Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | alternatives.phenomenon |
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