phenomenon · claim-type · cross-domain-transfer · mechanism · claim-relation · replication-status · limitation — grounded in the full text| phenomenon | optogenetic light delivery and recording in deep brain structures of freely moving animals— “Despite the rapid advancement of optogenetics in recent years, supporting technology to reliably deliver light to and record electrical signals from deep brain structures in freely moving animals is not readily available.” | |
| claim-type | method— “This work describes an innovative solution to enhance both spatial resolution and scalability of optogenetic stimulation and recording probes.” | |
| method — evidence | — “We fabricated and implanted the four-shank probes, each integrated with 12 μLEDs and 32 recording sites, into the CA1 pyramidal layer of anesthetized and freely moving mice.” | |
| object of study — evidence | — “Despite the rapid advancement of optogenetics in recent years, supporting technology to reliably deliver light to and record electrical signals from deep brain structures in freely moving animals is not readily available.” | |
| research question — evidence | — “We report a scalable method to monolithically integrate microscopic light emitting diodes (μLEDs) and recording sites onto silicon neural probes for optogenetic applications in neuroscience. Each μLED and recording site has dimensions similar to a pyramidal neuron soma, providing confined emission and electrophysiological recording of action… | |
| contribution — evidence | — “We demonstrate that these “μLED probes” enable control of spiking of single neurons and induce field oscillations of neuronal activity in the intact brain of freely moving mice with unprecedented resolution, so that optical stimulation of a very specific neural circuit is no longer limited by the light delivery methodology, but rather is… | |
| transfer | from semiconductor device engineering (InGaN LED microfabrication on silicon): monolithic on-silicon LED fabrication technology is carried over into implantable neural probes for systems neuroscience— “The monolithically integrated μLED probes described in this work are expected to bridge the gap between the technological advances in semiconductors and advanced applications in systems neuroscience.” | transfers[0] |
| transfer | from bioheat transfer physics: the Pennes bioheat equation, with a blood-perfusion term, is imported to simulate brain tissue heating around the probe— “Heat transfer physics in the brain with consideration of the μLED heat source and dissipation due to blood perfusion is governed by Penne’s equation” | transfers[1] |
| transfer | from semiconductor manufacturing: monolithic integration and lithographic patterning, applied so that light sources and electrodes share one substrate— “We report a scalable method to monolithically integrate microscopic light emitting diodes (μLEDs) and recording sites onto silicon neural probes for optogenetic applications in neuroscience. Each μLED and recording site has dimensions similar to a pyramidal neuron soma, providing confined emission and electrophysiological recording of action… | transfers[2] |
| transfer | from optics: etendue, used as the argument for abandoning waveguide coupling altogether— “While LEDs are available at much lower cost and in various wavelengths as compared to laser diodes, the coupling efficiency between an integrated waveguide to the Lambertian emission profile of LEDs is severely limited by the principle of etendue” | transfers[3] |
| transfer | from heat transfer engineering: finite-element bio-heat modelling, used to set an operating envelope before any animal was implanted— “To build a conservative model, we assumed that all electrical input power is converted into heat. In addition, we only analyzed the temperature increase caused by the most distal μLED (LED1 in Figure S2A ). As illustrated in Figure S2B , the thermal energy generated at the μLED is most effectively dissipated through the thermally conductive… | transfers[4] |
| mechanism | light reaching non-somatic (dendritic) ChR2 recruits the neuron even when the micro-LED is far from its soma, which smooths the gain-versus-distance relation into a graded rather than step-like profile— “suggesting that the graded profile of the gain-distance curves ( Figures 4C and S5 ) is due to activation of non-somatic ChR2.” | mechanisms[0] |
| mechanism | current flow through the micro-LED raises the voltage of the continuous n-GaN cathode layer, which capacitively couples into the recording interconnects running above it and produces the rectified artifact on all channels— “we attribute this effect to capacitive coupling from the μLED n-GaN layer to the recording interconnects above: the μLED cathode will experience a finite voltage increase only when there is current.” | mechanisms[1] |
| mechanism | excitatory drive arriving at stratum radiatum from CA3 recruits a faster and spatially tighter ripple-generating network than drive arriving at stratum oriens from entorhinal cortex/amygdala— “suggest that excitatory input at the stratum radiatum (arriving mainly from the CA3) can recruit a faster, more confined network than input to stratum oriens” | mechanisms[2] |
| mechanism | coupling an LED into a waveguide is capped by etendue, which is why the light source is put at the site instead of piped to it— “While LEDs are available at much lower cost and in various wavelengths as compared to laser diodes, the coupling efficiency between an integrated waveguide to the Lambertian emission profile of LEDs is severely limited by the principle of etendue” | mechanisms[3] |
| mechanism | silicon is chosen for three separate reasons at once: it can be micromachined into needles, it conducts heat five times better than sapphire, and being opaque it confines emission to one face— “In contrast to previous approaches using sapphire as the LED microfabrication substrate ( Kim et al., 2013 ; McAlinden et al., 2013 ; Zhang et al., 2003 ), we have designed a process that can monolithically integrate InGaN μLEDs onto silicon substrate to achieve minimally invasive, needle-like shank structures using precise silicon… | mechanisms[4] |
| mechanism | heat leaves through the shank toward the proximal end, so the most distal LED is the worst case and is the one modelled— “To build a conservative model, we assumed that all electrical input power is converted into heat. In addition, we only analyzed the temperature increase caused by the most distal μLED (LED1 in Figure S2A ). As illustrated in Figure S2B , the thermal energy generated at the μLED is most effectively dissipated through the thermally conductive… | mechanisms[5] |
| mechanism | the graded fall-off of drive with distance implies light is acting on dendrites, not only somata— “Yet the soma of a single neuron located close to the probe shank is expected to receive very different illumination by distinct neuron-size μLEDs, suggesting that the graded profile of the gain-distance curves ( Figures 4C and S5 ) is due to activation of non-somatic ChR2.” | mechanisms[6] |
| mechanism | the artefact has two physically distinct sources - voltage coupling on the board and capacitive coupling from the continuous n-GaN layer - and each has its own fix | mechanisms[7] |
| builds-on | Wu et al., 2013 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[0] |
| extends | Kim et al., 2013; McAlinden et al., 2013 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[1] |
| extends | Stark et al., 2014 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[2] |
| extends | Stark et al. 2014, by inducing high-frequency oscillations with focal rather than fibre illumination Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[3] |
| critiques | fibre-coupled optogenetic probes, whose resolution is set by the bulk of the implanted fibre Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[4] |
| critiques | sapphire-substrate microLED probes, which scatter light and cannot be machined into needles Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[5] |
| critiques | injectable polymer LED devices, too wide for cellular resolution and hard to mount on a microdrive Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[6] |
| confirms | activation thresholds reported for manually assembled diode probes Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[7] |
| distinguishes-from | two-photon holographic and intracellular methods, which cannot reach deep structures in freely moving animals Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[8] |
| sense | spiking gain here = firing rate during light divided by the same neuron's rate without light, so it is a within-neuron ratio and not a comparison across cells Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[0] |
| sense | plug efficiency = optical power out over electrical power in; the paper gives both a measured value (0.87%) and a value derived from the loss chain (1.1%), so the measurement is checkable Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[1] |
| sense | iHFO is used exactly as Stark2014 defined it - an induced high-frequency oscillation - and is treated here as a proxy for somatic drive because population synchrony averages out dendritic effects Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[2] |
| sense | direct versus indirect activation is a CLASSIFICATION, assigned by a Gaussian mixture model over waveform features, not an observation Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[3] |
| sense | the safe threshold is a 1 degree rise, defined by these authors for want of a field standard and described by them as loose Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[4] |
| control | recording during μLED voltage bias in saline and in wild-type animals — held Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. — rules out that the time-locked artifacts in the wide-band traces are neural responses driven by the light, rather than electrical artifacts of the μLED drive itself Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[0] |
| differs in | fibre-coupled optogenetic probes, whose resolution is set by the bulk of the implanted fibre — THE AXIS IS THE PHYSICAL BULK OF THE LIGHT DELIVERY. 'Early work involving in vivo optogenetics relied on manual assembly of commercially available recording components such as metal electrodes or passive high-density probes (STARK ET AL., 2012) with optical fibers, which are bulky and may suffer from misalignment errors. Moreover, the spatial resolution of fiber-based optogenetic devices is limited by the bulk of the [fibre].' Note the citation: this criticises the very device whose own paper names heat, a 60 um recording radius and over-precision as its limits. FOUR DIFFERENT AXES ON ONE INSTRUMENT, THREE OF THEM FROM ITS OWN AUTHORS. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[4] |
| differs in | sapphire-substrate microLED probes, which scatter light and cannot be machined into needles — THE AXIS IS THE SUBSTRATE MATERIAL, AND IT COSTS TWICE. 'light scattering from the transparent sapphire substrate and having the recording sites on a separate silicon probe can limit the spatial resolution of the stimulation and recording. In addition, sapphire wafers cannot be micromachined accurately to form needle-like probe structures for minimal insertion damage.' One material choice degrades the measurement AND the tissue - so the comparison is not between two devices' performance but between what each material permits. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[5] |
| differs in | two-photon holographic and intracellular methods, which cannot reach deep structures in freely moving animals — THE AXIS IS WHETHER THE METHOD REACHES A FREELY MOVING ANIMAL. 'Such high spatial resolution control over spiking has been previously possible only by intra-cellular current injection or by two-photon microscopy combined with optogenetics. Intracellular methods are not yet scalable in freely moving animals.' The resolution is granted to the existing methods; what they lack is the preparation - so a claim about what is achievable needs the animal state attached. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[8] |
| audit | μLED —part-of→ silicon — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its span and kept, but the uLEDs are fabricated monolithically on silicon; part-of is loose. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[0] |
| note | μLED —part-of→ silicon — monolithic integration is the whole claim: the light source is built on the probe rather than coupled to it Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[0] |
| audit | silicon —contrasted-with→ sapphire — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but the span lists limits of a sapphire substrate beside a silicon probe; contrasted-with is loose. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[1] |
| note | silicon —contrasted-with→ sapphire — CRITERION: three at once - machinable into needles, five times the thermal conductivity, and opaque so emission stays on one face Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[1] |
| audit | gain —operationalised-as→ spiking — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but spiking 'gain' is DEFINED as a ratio of spiking rates; operationalised-as is loose. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[5] |
| note | gain —operationalised-as→ spiking — direction is measure-to-phenomenon; the ratio is within-neuron, so it cannot be compared across cells of different baseline Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[5] |
| note | PYR —contrasted-with→ INT — CRITERION: PYR are taken as directly driven and INT as circuit-driven, and PYR jitter is lower at every distance Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[6] |
| note | stratum radiatum —contrasted-with→ stratum oriens — illumination below or at the layer drives spiking better than above it, attributed to dendritic geometry or expression bias Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[8] |
| note | ChR2 —causes→ spiking — shown by absence in wild-type controls under the same illumination Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[10] |
| outcome | control — held Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[0] |
| for which use | limitation — the recorded signal during stimulation: A LIMITATION OF THE CURRENT VERSION OF uLED PROBES IS THE LOW-FREQUENCY ARTIFACTS INDUCED DURING PERIODIC ACTIVATION Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[0] |
| for which use | limitation — the achievable spatial resolution: THE FINAL LIMITATION TO THE CURRENT UTILITY OF THE uLED PROBES RELATES TO THE AVAILABLE OPSIN TECHNOLOGIES Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[1] |
| for which use | limitation — what the probe can report at all: IT ONLY PROVIDES INFORMATION ABOUT SPIKING (AND NOT ABOUT INTRACELLULAR CALCIUM, Vm, OR TRANSMEMBRANE CURRENTS) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[2] |
| for which use | limitation — the heating test on spike waveforms: HIGH-POWER ILLUMINATION WAS OCCASIONALLY ACCOMPANIED BY HIGH-FREQUENCY (2 kHz) OSCILLATIONS, LIMITING THE INTERPRETATIONAL POWER OF THESE OBSERVATIONS Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[3] |
| for which use | limitation — the light budget: APPROXIMATELY 50% OF THE PHOTONS ARE EMITTED TOWARD THE SUBSTRATE AND ARE ABSORBED AT THE GaN/SILICON INTERFACE Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[4] |
| for which use | limitation — the same scope as limitations[0] - the artefact is present in opsin-free animals and removed by filtering, not absent Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[5] |
| for which use | limitation — every safety claim about the device: AS THERE IS NO ACCEPTED THRESHOLD TEMPERATURE FOR THE SAFE OPERATION OF IMPLANTABLE NEURAL DEVICES, WE LOOSELY DEFINE THE THRESHOLD AS 1 degree - the criterion is the authors' own Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[6] |
| for which use | limitation — operation above 3.85 V: THE PEAK TEMPERATURE CAN TRANSIENTLY REACH 38 DEGREES C; HOWEVER, WHETHER A FEW MILLISECONDS OF HEATING BEYOND 38 DEGREES C HAS ADVERSE EFFECT ON THE ADJACENT NEURAL NETWORK IS UNKNOWN Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[7] |
| for which use | limitation — the same scope as limitations[2] - spiking only, offered as complementary rather than replacement Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[8] |
| for which use | limitation — the same scope as limitations[1]: NON-SOMATIC OPSIN EXPRESSION FACILITATED MULTILAYERED CONTROL BUT ALSO REDUCED the achievable resolution Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[9] |
| replication | untested | |
| limitation | Driving the μLEDs induces low-frequency electrical artifacts on the recording channels. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[0] |
| limitation | Non-somatic opsin expression, not the light source, now caps the achievable spatial resolution of spiking control. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[1] |
| limitation | The probe reports spiking only, so it complements rather than replaces intracellular and all-optical methods. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[2] |
| limitation | The indirect test of heating effects on spike waveforms is weakened by concurrent high-frequency oscillations at high power. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[3] |
| limitation | photon extraction is poor by construction: 33% internal efficiency, half the light lost into the substrate, most of the rest trapped by total internal reflection Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[4] |
| limitation | periodic driving injects a low-frequency artefact into the recordings, present in opsin-free animals and removed only by offline filtering Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[5] |
| limitation | there is no accepted safe-temperature standard for implanted devices, so the 1 degree threshold used here is the authors' own Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[6] |
| limitation | whether a few milliseconds above 38 degrees harms the adjacent network is stated as unknown Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[7] |
| limitation | the probe reports spiking only, not calcium, membrane potential or currents, and is offered as complementary rather than superior Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[8] |
| limitation | spatial resolution is now limited by where the opsin is expressed rather than by where the light goes Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[9] |
finding · quantity · variable · definition · key-term — grounded in the full text| finding | Sub-microwatt light (60 nW) from a single integrated micro-LED was enough to drive spiking, and microwatt-range power drove fast population oscillations. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[0] |
| finding | The probe achieved independent optical control of neurons roughly 50 micrometres apart and of separate somatic versus dendritic compartments of single neurons. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[1] |
| finding | Illuminating pyramidal cell bodies and apical dendrites in stratum radiatum drove spiking more effectively than illuminating stratum oriens. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[2] |
| finding | Where the light entered the layer changed the induced ripples: infra- and intra-layer illumination produced the fastest and most vertically compact oscillations, while supra-layer illumination produced slower and more widespread ones. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[3] |
| finding | Spiking gain of directly driven pyramidal cells increased with light power and decreased with the distance between the micro-LED and the cell soma. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[4] |
| finding | Directly light-driven pyramidal cells spiked with lower temporal jitter (median 29 ms) than indirectly driven interneurons (46 ms), at every distance bin. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[5] |
| finding | Thermal simulation indicated that every drive condition below 3.4 V is safe even under ten seconds of continuous operation. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[6] |
| finding | 60 to 120 nW of light drove time-locked spiking in neurons next to a single LED Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[7] |
| finding | two LEDs 60 microns apart controlled distinct neurons independently in freely moving mice Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[8] |
| finding | spiking gain rose with light power and fell with LED-to-soma distance for both directly and indirectly driven cells Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[9] |
| finding | directly driven pyramidal cells had lower spike jitter than indirectly driven interneurons at every distance Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[10] |
| finding | illumination inside or below the layer produced faster and more compact induced ripples than illumination above it Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[11] |
| finding | the graded gain-distance profile implies light is recruiting dendritic opsin, not only somatic Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[12] |
| finding | spiking was sometimes driven more strongly from stratum oriens than by direct somatic illumination Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[13] |
| finding | the measured peak plug efficiency was around 0.87% Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[14] |
| finding | CONTROL NULL: in opsin-free mice the same illumination changed no action potentials, so the effects are not thermal Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[15] |
| finding | DECLARED INCONCLUSIVE: the waveform-distortion test of heating was confounded by 2 kHz oscillations at high power Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[16] |
| finding | the low-frequency artefact appeared in wild-type animals too and was removed offline rather than at source Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[17] |
| quantity | 60 nW — light power sufficient to induce time-locked spiking in nearby neurons Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[0] |
| quantity | 150 μm 2 — light-emitting area of a single micro-LED, comparable to a pyramidal soma cross-section Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[1] |
| quantity | 12 μLEDs and 32 recording sites — components integrated on each implanted four-shank probe Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[2] |
| quantity | 4,096 (2 12 ) — number of distinct on/off combinations of the twelve micro-LEDs that can be programmed at any moment Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[3] |
| quantity | 0.87% — measured peak wall-plug (optical out over electrical in) efficiency of a micro-LED Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[4] |
| quantity | 3.33% — photon extraction efficiency of the on-silicon micro-LED Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[5] |
| quantity | 93 — well-isolated single units recorded from CA1 across six mice Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[6] |
| quantity | 53 μW — saturated optical output of a micro-LED at high (~13 mA) injection current Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[7] |
| quantity | PYR: 29 ms; INT: 46 ms — median spike-timing jitter of directly driven pyramidal cells versus indirectly driven interneurons Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[8] |
| quantity | 60 nW — light power sufficient to induce spiking in nearby neurons Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[9] |
| quantity | 150 μm 2 — LED emission area, matched to a pyramidal soma cross-section Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[10] |
| quantity | 0.87% against 1.1% — measured plug efficiency against the value derived from the loss chain Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[11] |
| value source note | quantity — THE VALUE DRAWS ON THE PAPER BEYOND THIS QUOTE: part of it is printed elsewhere in the paper, not in this quote ('measured peak plug efficiency is around 0.87% ( Figure 3C )…'). | content_tags.quantities[11] |
| quantity | 33%, 3.33% — internal quantum efficiency and photon extraction efficiency of the on-silicon LED Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[12] |
| quantity | 1 degree — the temperature-rise threshold the authors adopted for want of a field standard Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[13] |
| quantity | 2°C–3°C — how much brain temperature moves on its own between rest and activity Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[14] |
| quantity | 4,096 — programmable on-off combinations across twelve LEDs Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[15] |
| quantity | less than 8 μA — current needed to reach the intensity that activates ChR2 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[16] |
| quantity | 1 MΩ at 1 kHz — impedance of the integrated recording electrodes Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[17] |
| variable | voltage command (independent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[0] |
| variable | input site (independent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[1] |
| variable | spiking gain (dependent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[2] |
| variable | temporal jitter (dependent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[3] |
| variable | locus of maximal iHFO power (dependent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[4] |
| variable | gain Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[6] |
| variable | jitter Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[7] |
| variable | plug efficiency Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[8] |
| definition | threshold temperature Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[0] |
| definition | spiking gain Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[1] |
| definition | spike phase Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[2] |
| definition | temporal jitter Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[3] |
| definition | gain Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[4] |
| definition | plug efficiency Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[5] |
| definition | etendue Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[6] |
| definition | internal quantum efficiency Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[7] |
| definition | iHFOs Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[8] |
| key-terms | μLED, silicon, sapphire, InGaN, ChR2, plug efficiency, etendue, iHFOs, ripple, gain, jitter, opsin expression |
| rank correlation | as written: rank correlations Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[0] |
| permutation test p | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[1] |
| Mann-Whitney U test p | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[2] |
| binomial test p | as written: exact Binomial test Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[3] |
| partial correlation | as written: partial rank correlation Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[4] |
| principal component analysis | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[5] |
| Gaussian mixture model | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[6] |
| significance level α | as written: significance threshold α = 0.05 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[7] |
| rank correlation | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[8] |
| permutation test | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[9] |
| Mann-Whitney U test | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[10] |
| Gaussian Mixture Model | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[11] |
| Binomial test | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[12] |
| claim type | method — a second reading reaching the same value; recorded: method Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | alternatives.claim_type |
| method | monolithic fabrication of InGaN LEDs on silicon, bio-heat modelling, and in vivo recording from CA1 of anaesthetised and freely moving mice with opsin-free controls — a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value; recorded: system-or-tool-building Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | alternatives.method |
| phenomenon | optogenetic control of spiking at cellular spatial resolution in the intact brain — a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value; recorded: optogenetic light delivery and recording in deep brain structures of freely moving animals Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | alternatives.phenomenon |
When we have changed our mind. Some entries in the table begin with a word in capitals and the reason for it. EVIDENCE CORRECTED — the finding still stands, but we had quoted the wrong sentence from the paper, and the quotation has been replaced with the right one. RETRACTED — the entry itself was wrong; it stays on the page, marked, with the reason, rather than being deleted. WITHDRAWN AND REPLACED — the entry was wrong, and a corrected version of it appears in the entries below. Each mark carries its own reason, in brackets, because the reasons differ from one entry to the next. An entry we have WITHDRAWN is removed from this page and kept in the record, with its reason. A line reading Audit and a date is a later re-reading of the entry against its whole sentence: DOUBTFUL means it was kept, and the reason says what is loose about it. Quotation marks inside the tagger's sentence. Where a tag is the tagger's own sentence, a phrase in quotation marks inside it is borrowed from the paper — the tagger's wording around it is not. The paper's own sentence is the evidence quote for that row; on this page it is withheld with the article, and the article is at its publisher. Nothing inside quotation marks anywhere on this page is ours: if it is quoted, it is the paper's. Whose words a concept carries. A concept entry records a term the paper itself uses, so the term, the sense given for it, and its evidence are the paper's own words, quoted where the paper fixes them. This is the opposite of a sense entry in the tag table, which is the tagger's sentence about how the paper uses a term. Where a concept entry could not be grounded in the paper's words, the entry says so on its own row.
Tag layer © the Meta-Tagging Project, CC BY 4.0. The paper text is © its authors/publisher
and is linked, not reproduced. Excerpts shown are short quotations for identification and verification.
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