phenomenon · claim-type · cross-domain-transfer · mechanism · claim-relation · replication-status · limitation — grounded in the full text| phenomenon | thirst motivational state— “We investigated these questions in the context of thirst, a motivational drive that is essential for survival, is modulated on a rapid time scale, and is implemented by well-characterized neural circuitry.” | |
| claim-type | mechanism— “Thus, motivational states specify initial conditions that determine how a brainwide dynamical system transforms sensory input into behavioral output.” | |
| method — evidence | — “While mice performed this task, we used high-density Neuropixels microelectrode arrays ( 24 ) to acutely record single units from many brain regions (listed in table S1 ) distributed across the mouse forebrain and midbrain ( Fig. 1, B and F ).” | |
| object of study — evidence | — “However, it is unclear how the activity of these hypothalamic neurons activates and coordinates other brain systems involved in sensation, decision-making, and action in order to produce the appropriate goal-directed behavior. The cellular dynamics of brainwide states underlying basic survival drives have heretofore remained… | |
| research question — evidence | — “However, the mechanisms regulating this sensory modulation remain unclear, as does the neural representation of the motivational drive itself.” | |
| contribution — evidence | — “Water-predicting sensory cues elicited activity that rapidly spread throughout the brain of thirsty animals. These dynamics were gated by a brainwide mode of population activity that encoded motivational state. After satiation, focal optogenetic activation of hypothalamic thirst-sensing neurons returned global activity to the pre-satiation… | |
| transfer | from dynamical systems theory: initial conditions, trajectories and an energetic barrier used as the description of a motivational state— “Our results suggest that the aversive thirst motivational state sets a landscape of “initial conditions,” spread across many brain regions, that determine subsequent sensory stimuli–evoked brainwide neural dynamics.” | transfers[0] |
| transfer | from invertebrate and larval whole-brain imaging: the low dimensionality and pervasiveness of brainwide cellular activity during behavior, established in Caenorhabditis elegans and larval zebrafish— “Our results comport with the low dimensionality and pervasiveness of brainwide cellular activity during behavior in both Caenorhabditis elegans ( 39 ) and larval zebrafish” | transfers[1] |
| mechanism | The thirst state sets a brainwide landscape of initial conditions, so the same sensory perturbation launches a different activity trajectory depending on the state the brain starts in— “Our results suggest that the aversive thirst motivational state sets a landscape of “initial conditions,” spread across many brain regions, that determine subsequent sensory stimuli–evoked brainwide neural dynamics.” | mechanisms[0] |
| mechanism | Thirst imposes persistent pre-cue activity that modulates local circuitry in parallel across the brain, gating whether sensory input is transformed into motor output— “Through imposing this brain-wide state, thirst establishes persistent activity that exists prior to the animal sensing a water-predicting cue and can then modulate local circuitry in parallel throughout the brain to gate the subsequent transformation of sensory input into motor output in a state-dependent manner.” | mechanisms[1] |
| mechanism | Hypothalamic thirst-neuron activity is broadcast to downstream circuits through successive fast synaptic transmission and/or neuromodulator release— “This broadcast may proceed through multiple levels of fast synaptic transmission and/or via neuromodulators, which feature prominently in the regulation of other brainwide arousal states ( 44 ).” | mechanisms[2] |
| mechanism | the thirst neuron activity is broadcast to downstream circuits, possibly through multiple levels of fast synaptic transmission or via neuromodulators— “The brainwide activity mode we identify appears to represent the direct effects of this thirst neuron activity that is broadcast to downstream circuits. This broadcast may proceed through multiple levels of fast synaptic transmission and/or via neuromodulators, which feature prominently in the regulation of other brainwide arousal… | mechanisms[3] |
| mechanism | sensory regions keep responding to the cue whatever the state; what satiety removes is the propagation of that signal past them to motor circuits— “Although initial sensory regions continue to respond to stimuli with high fidelity regardless of satiety state, the gating conferred by satiety greatly diminishes the propagation of sensory information beyond sensory regions, preventing the activation of motor circuits.” | mechanisms[4] |
| mechanism | the state is described as a landscape of initial conditions spread across many regions that determines the trajectory a stimulus sets off— “Our results suggest that the aversive thirst motivational state sets a landscape of “initial conditions,” spread across many brain regions, that determine subsequent sensory stimuli–evoked brainwide neural dynamics.” | mechanisms[5] |
| mechanism | in the sated animal an energetic barrier stops the same stimulus from driving the dynamics down the path to behaviour— “When the animal is sated, an “energetic barrier” throughout the brain prevents the same stimulus from pushing the dynamics down the same trajectory that leads to behavior.” | mechanisms[6] |
| mechanism | satiety does not turn down all cue-responsive neurons together; it acts on particular subclasses of them— “Satiety state–dependent modulation prior to the onset of behavior is therefore not manifested as a broad change in responsiveness across all cue-responsive neurons, but in fact it specifically modulates the activity of certain subclasses of those neurons” | mechanisms[7] |
| builds-on | prior brainwide cellular-activity studies in Caenorhabditis elegans (ref 39) and larval zebrafish (ref 40)— “Our results comport with the low dimensionality and pervasiveness of brainwide cellular activity during behavior in both Caenorhabditis elegans ( 39 ) and larval zebrafish ( 40 ).” | claim_relations[0] |
| builds-on | a previous large-scale mouse neocortex study using the same task (ref 23)— “As was shown in a previous study of large-scale activity during the same task in the mouse neocortex ( 23 ), it is likely that only a subset of brain regions are necessary for task performance, at least in the simplest task conditions.” | claim_relations[1] |
| contradicts | the account in which satiety modulates cue responses as a broad change in responsiveness across all cue-responsive neurons— “Satiety state–dependent modulation prior to the onset of behavior is therefore not manifested as a broad change in responsiveness across all cue-responsive neurons, but in fact it specifically modulates the activity of certain subclasses of those neurons” | claim_relations[2] |
| extends | recordings in hungry animals showing gating of responses to food-predicting stimuli in a variety of brain regions— “A prevalent model is that motivational states regulate behavior by amplifying, in a state-dependent manner, the salience of specific sensory signals that predict reward ( 4 ). Neural recordings in hungry animals found “gating” of responses to food-predicting stimuli, such that responses to these stimuli were greatly diminished when animals… | claim_relations[3] |
| supports | the classical drive-reduction model of water-seeking behaviour— “water consumption reduces SFO and MnPO activity ( 19 , 20 ) via activation of local MnPO interneurons ( 21 ), implementing a… | claim_relations[4] |
| builds-on | whole-brain cellular recordings in C. elegans and larval zebrafish showing low-dimensional pervasive dynamics | claim_relations[5] |
| distinguishes-from | the view that a widespread activity pattern is thereby a necessary one | claim_relations[6] |
| sense | the State mode is not a discovered variable but an axis constructed to maximally separate thirsty from sated during the baseline epoch, and the Cue and Behavior modes are defined the same way from their own epochs Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[0] |
| sense | the mode names are declared impure by the authors themselves: the Cue mode may carry decision and motor-preparation signals, so the label names the epoch it was defined in, not the content it holds Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[1] |
| sense | near-orthogonality of the three axes is MEASURED before it is imposed - 82, 84 and 65 degrees prior to orthogonalisation Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[2] |
| sense | a single unit here is an identity maintained across an hours-long session by drift-tracking software, not by a stable observation Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[3] |
| sense | the brain-region label on every neuron is derived from the maximal channel on the probe and a registration to a common atlas, so region membership is an inference rather than an observation Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[4] |
| sense | gating here means diminished propagation beyond sensory regions, not diminished sensory response - the sensory regions themselves keep their fidelity Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[5] |
| control | spike sorting run through a framework with EXPLICIT DRIFT TRACKING AND CORRECTION — held — rules out electrode drift across the session being read as a change in a neuron's firing - the probe moves relative to the tissue, so the same unit sorted early and late may not be the same unit Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[0] |
| differs in | the view that a widespread activity pattern is thereby a necessary one — THE AXIS IS WIDESPREAD AGAINST NECESSARY. 'Although this activity was extremely widespread, the functional relevance of these global activity patterns remains to be determined. As was shown in a previous study ..., it is likely that only a subset of brain regions are necessary for task performance.' The paper's own headline observation is separated from the inference a reader would draw from it, BY THE PAPER, before anyone else can draw it. Extent is measured; necessity is not, and the two are different experiments. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[6] |
| evidential status | the view that a widespread activity pattern is thereby a necessary one — the paper's own words: remains to be determined Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[6] |
| note | satiety state —operationalised-as→ State mode — the state is read off one axis of population activity that persists before odour onset Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[0] |
| note | State mode —contrasted-with→ Cue mode — CRITERION: the State mode stays elevated through both trial types while the Cue mode discriminates them and collapses on satiety Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[1] |
| note | Cue mode —distinct-from→ Behavior mode — the authors declare the separation imperfect: both may carry reward anticipation, so the names are epoch labels, not content labels Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[2] |
| weight | Cue mode —distinct-from→ Behavior mode — 0.7 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[2] |
| audit | odor epoch —operationalised-as→ Cue mode — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but the Cue mode is DEFINED over the odor epoch; operationalised-as runs from the epoch and is loose. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[3] |
| note | odor epoch —operationalised-as→ Cue mode — each mode is defined by the epoch it maximally separates in - the definition is temporal, not anatomical Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[3] |
| audit | baseline epoch —operationalised-as→ State mode — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but the State mode is DEFINED over the baseline epoch; operationalised-as runs from the epoch and is loose. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[4] |
| audit | gating —causes→ motor circuits — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its span and kept, but satiety gating diminishes propagation to motor circuits; causes is loose and unsigned. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[5] |
| note | gating —causes→ motor circuits — SIGN: negative - the gating prevents the activation of motor circuits Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[5] |
| note | PIR —part-of→ sensory regions — and correspondingly PIR keeps decoding odour identity in all four blocks Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[7] |
| note | Nos1+ —part-of→ SFO — the causal handle is a genetically specified subset, not a region Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[8] |
| audit | single units —part-of→ brain region — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but single units were recorded FROM many brain regions; part-of is loose. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[12] |
| audit | thirst —operationalised-as→ Go/No-Go — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its span and kept, but a thirst-motivated Go/No-Go task was used; operationalised-as is loose. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[16] |
| note | thirst —operationalised-as→ Go/No-Go — thirst is measured by whether the mouse still works for water in this task Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[16] |
| outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation) | control — held | controls[0] |
| for which use | limitation — the brainwide activity result: ALTHOUGH THIS ACTIVITY WAS EXTREMELY WIDESPREAD, THE FUNCTIONAL RELEVANCE OF THESE GLOBAL ACTIVITY PATTERNS REMAINS TO BE DETERMINED Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[0] |
| for which use | limitation — any necessity claim from the imaging: IT IS LIKELY THAT ONLY A SUBSET OF BRAIN REGIONS ARE NECESSARY FOR TASK PERF[ormance] Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[1] |
| for which use | limitation — the thirst-specificity of the mode: IT REMAINS TO BE SEEN WHETHER ... THE THIRST-RELATED MODE WE OBSERVE REPRESENTS A MORE GENERAL FORM [of arousal] Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[2] |
| for which use | limitation — the same scope as limitations[0] - the existence is the headline, the relevance is open Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[3] |
| for which use | limitation — which regions are NECESSARY, as against where activity is found - a narrower scope than item 3: the authors expect only a subset of brain regions to be required for the task, so brainwide activity is not brainwide necessity Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[4] |
| for which use | limitation — the names on the two modes, which are hypotheses about what loaded onto them: THE CUE MODE WAS DESIGNED TO CAPTURE ACTIVITY RELATED TO THE SENSORY RESPONSE BUT COULD ALSO INCLUDE SIGNALS RELATED TO REWARD ANTICIPATION, DECISION-MAKING, AND MOTOR PREPARATION Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[5] |
| duplicate of | limitation — limitations[2] Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[6] |
| for which use | limitation — the same scope as limitations[2] - whether other need states use different modes, or whether this one is general arousal, is left open Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[6] |
| for which use | limitation — the completeness of the state restoration: SEVERAL OF THE HIGHEST-LEVEL CORTICAL REGIONS [medial prefrontal and retrosplenial] CONTINUED TO DECODE THAT THE ANIMAL WAS SATED Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[7] |
| replication | untested | |
| limitation | The functional relevance of the widespread activity patterns is not established Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[0] |
| limitation | Probably only a subset of the responsive regions is actually necessary for the task Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[1] |
| limitation | Whether the identified mode is thirst-specific or a general arousal signal is unresolved Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[2] |
| limitation | the functional relevance of the brainwide activity is left undetermined even though its existence is the headline Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[3] |
| limitation | the authors expect only a subset of brain regions to be necessary for the task, so widespread activity is not widespread necessity Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[4] |
| limitation | the Cue and Behavior modes are named for one thing but may carry reward anticipation, decision-making and motor preparation as well Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[5] |
| limitation | whether other need states use different modes, or whether this one is general arousal, is left open Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[6] |
| limitation | stimulation did not restore the thirsty reading everywhere: medial prefrontal and retrosplenial cortex went on decoding sated Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[7] |
finding · quantity · variable · definition · key-term — grounded in the full text| finding | EVIDENCE CORRECTED (RE-GROUNDED - THE POINTER WAS WRONG, NOT THE CLAIM) · About 24,000 neurons were recorded across 34 brain regions during thirst-motivated choice, over 87 sessions from 21 mice. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[0] |
| retracted | finding — RE-GROUNDED - THE POINTER WAS WRONG, NOT THE CLAIM. The old evidence was verbatim, anchored and correctly cut, and it contained NONE of this claim's numbers (000, 24, 34). The paper states the claim in one sentence elsewhere and the tagger did not use it. the project, 2026-08-23: 'WE HAVE SPENT THE DAY VERIFYING THAT QUOTES ARE REAL AND NONE OF IT ASKS WHETHER THEY ARE RELEVANT.' Confirmed by reading the claim, the old span and the candidate together; the candidate carries every number AND the claim's own content words. | content_tags.findings[0] |
| finding | The rewarded odour cue triggered a wave of activity that started in olfactory regions about 150 ms after odour onset and reached every recorded brain region within about 300 ms. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[1] |
| finding | Satiety gated the wave: once mice were sated the identical odour cue produced only a brief transient change in firing and no licking. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[2] |
| finding | Spontaneous pre-stimulus baseline firing, not just cue-evoked firing, shifted with satiety state in neurons across many brain regions. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[3] |
| finding | In sated mice, odour decoding fell to near chance across much of the brain. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[4] |
| finding | Single neurons were specialised: each mostly encoded one task aspect (state, cue, or behaviour), while every brain region held a mixture of all these neuron types. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[5] |
| finding | Optogenetic stimulation of hypothalamic thirst neurons in sated mice pushed behaviour, within-trial brainwide dynamics, and single-neuron satiety correlates back to their thirsty-state values. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[6] |
| finding | Re-creating the thirst representation in only a subset of brain regions was enough to restore thirst-motivated sensory processing, behaviour and the associated brainwide dynamics. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[7] |
| finding | the Go cue produced a wave of activity that began in olfactory regions within about 150 ms and reached every recorded region within about 300 ms Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[8] |
| finding | the initial onset and the brainwide propagation of the activity wave both preceded the onset of licking; first licks were measured at 0.86 s after odor onset Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[9] |
| finding | a large fraction of units in every brain region, 54% of total or 12,986, were modulated by the task Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[10] |
| finding | in sated mice the cues still produced a diminished transient response but no persistent activity after the cue period Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[11] |
| finding | 35 percent of neurons had spontaneous baseline firing correlated with satiety state, in every brain region Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[12] |
| finding | satiety modulation was not a broad change across all cue-responsive neurons but acted on particular subclasses Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[13] |
| finding | state-related clusters were barely modulated by the cue and were active throughout the trial on thirsty or on sated trials Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[14] |
| finding | most neurons in most regions were selective for only one of state, cue or behaviour Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[15] |
| finding | the three modes together captured about half the trial-averaged task-related variance across the brain Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[16] |
| finding | ASSUMPTION MEASURED BEFORE IT WAS IMPOSED: the three axes were already near-orthogonal before orthogonalisation, at 82, 84 and 65 degrees Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[17] |
| finding | the State mode stayed elevated through Go and No-Go trials alike while the animal was thirsty Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[18] |
| finding | ROBUSTNESS: the same mode dynamics appeared with only 20 neurons subsampled per region and in each animal separately Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[19] |
| finding | on rare thirsty Go trials without a reward the Cue and State dynamics were normal and only the Behavior mode was reduced Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[20] |
| finding | in sated mice odour decoding fell to near chance across much of the brain, significantly so in 18 of 29 regions Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[21] |
| finding | optogenetic stimulation of the thirst neurons restored the behaviour of natural thirst, and ending it returned the animals to sated Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[22] |
| finding | REVERSIBILITY BUILT INTO THE DESIGN: a washout block with the stimulation switched off follows every stimulation block Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[23] |
| finding | CONTROL NULL: the Hit rate was not significantly different between Thirsty and Stim conditions, 97 versus 94 percent, P = 0.67 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[24] |
| finding | stimulation globally restored the within-trial firing patterns of task-modulated neurons, and stopping it immediately returned them to sated dynamics Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[25] |
| finding | about two thirds of state-modulated neurons reversed their satiety-related change in baseline firing under stimulation Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[26] |
| finding | stimulation moved global activity specifically along the naturally defined State mode Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[27] |
| finding | the restored State mode level matched the natural level near the end of the thirsty block rather than its maximum Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[28] |
| finding | AMBIGUOUS AGGREGATE, STATED AS A FORK: a State mode matching the natural level toward the end of the thirsty trials was said to mean either a submaximal thirst state throughout the brain or a full thirst state in only a subset of regions Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[29] |
| finding | THE FORK IS RESOLVED BY DISAGGREGATION: per-region decoders trained on natural thirsty and sated data were applied to the stimulation trials Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[30] |
| finding | orbitofrontal, agranular insular and secondary motor cortex decoded the stimulated animal as very likely thirsty Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[31] |
| finding | medial prefrontal and retrosplenial cortex went on decoding sated, which the authors attribute to contextual or working-memory access to recent drinking Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[32] |
| finding | the answer to the fork: recapitulating thirst in a subset of regions is sufficient to restore the behaviour and the brainwide dynamics Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[33] |
| finding | piriform and olfactory cortex kept decoding odour identity accurately in all four blocks even as their state decoding shifted Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[34] |
| finding | 23,881 single units were recorded from 34 regions across 87 sessions in 21 mice Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[35] |
| finding | DESIGN CONSTRAINT: one probe per session and each region recorded at most once per mouse, so tracks map unambiguously to sessions Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[36] |
| quantity | ~24,000 — neurons whose activity was recorded, spanning 34 brain regions, 87 sessions and 21 mice Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[0] |
| quantity | 23,881 — exact number of single units isolated, about 255 recorded simultaneously per session Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[1] |
| quantity | 54% of total; 12,986 — proportion and count of recorded units whose firing was modulated by the task Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[2] |
| quantity | N = 8395,35% of total — count and proportion of neurons whose baseline firing correlated with satiety state Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[3] |
| quantity | ~50% — share of trial-averaged task-related variance captured by the three orthogonal activity modes together Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[4] |
| quantity | 82° and 84° — angles between the State axis and the Cue and Behavior axes before orthogonalisation (65° between Cue and Behavior) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[5] |
| quantity | 1195 of 1781,67% — share of neurons that lowered their baseline rate on satiation and then raised it again under optogenetic thirst stimulation Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[6] |
| quantity | 97 ± 1% versus 94 ± 2% — hit rate during natural thirst versus during optogenetic stimulation of thirst neurons, statistically indistinguishable Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[7] |
| quantity | ~24,000 neurons in 34 brain regions — scale of the recording behind every brainwide claim Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[8] |
| quantity | 54% of total; 12,986 — share of recorded units modulated by the task Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[9] |
| quantity | N = 8395,35% of total — share of units whose spontaneous baseline firing tracked satiety state Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[10] |
| quantity | ~150 ms to ~300 ms — onset in olfactory regions and spread to every recorded region Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[11] |
| quantity | 0.86 ± 0.04 s — first lick after odour onset, the bound that makes the wave pre-motor Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[12] |
| quantity | 82° and 84°, and 65° — angles between the three activity axes before orthogonalisation was imposed Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[13] |
| quantity | ~50% — trial-averaged task-related variance captured by the three modes together Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[14] |
| quantity | 97 ± 1% versus 94 ± 2%, P = 0.67 — hit rate thirsty against stimulated, the null supporting behavioural restoration Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[15] |
| quantity | 1195 of 1781,67% — state-modulated neurons that reversed their satiety change under stimulation Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[16] |
| quantity | 18/29 regions — regions with significantly reduced odour decoding when sated Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[17] |
| variable | optogenetic stimulation (independent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[0] |
| variable | single units (dependent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[2] |
| variable | licking behavior (dependent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[3] |
| variable | satiety state Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[4] |
| variable | State mode Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[5] |
| variable | decoding Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[6] |
| definition | motivational drive Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[1] |
| definition | State mode Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[2] |
| definition | drive reduction Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[3] |
| definition | initial conditions Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[4] |
| definition | Go/No-Go Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[5] |
| definition | Cue mode Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[6] |
| definition | Behavior mode Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[7] |
| key-terms | thirst, satiety state, State mode, Cue mode, Behavior mode, gating, brainwide, Neuropixels, single units, decoding, initial conditions, drive reduction, Go/No-Go, SFO |
| Wilcoxon signed-rank test P | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[0] |
| Wilcoxon rank-sum test P | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[1] |
| chi-squared test χ 2 | as written: χ 2 test Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[2] |
| t-test with false-discovery-rate correction P | as written: two-tailed t test, FDR correction Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[3] |
| correlation against shuffled data with Bonferroni correction R | as written: absolute R value compared with shuffled data, Bonferroni correction Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[4] |
| linear decoder (classification analysis) | as written: linear decoding approach Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[5] |
| unsupervised clustering | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[6] |
| held-out test data (out-of-sample validation) | as written: held-out test data Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[7] |
| standard error of the mean SEM | as written: mean ± SEM Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[8] |
| Wilcoxon signed-rank test | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[9] |
| two-tailed t test | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[10] |
| false discovery rate (FDR) correction | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[11] |
| method | high-density extracellular recording across many brain regions during a Go/No-Go task, with population-mode decomposition, linear decoding and optogenetic stimulation — a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value; recorded: electrophysiology Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | alternatives.method |
| phenomenon | state-dependent gating of a water-predicting cue: the same odour produces a brainwide wave when thirsty and only a transient when sated — a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value; recorded: thirst motivational state Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | alternatives.phenomenon |
When we have changed our mind. Some entries in the table begin with a word in capitals and the reason for it. EVIDENCE CORRECTED — the finding still stands, but we had quoted the wrong sentence from the paper, and the quotation has been replaced with the right one. RETRACTED — the entry itself was wrong; it stays on the page, marked, with the reason, rather than being deleted. WITHDRAWN AND REPLACED — the entry was wrong, and a corrected version of it appears in the entries below. Each mark carries its own reason, in brackets, because the reasons differ from one entry to the next. An entry we have WITHDRAWN is removed from this page and kept in the record, with its reason. A line reading Audit and a date is a later re-reading of the entry against its whole sentence: DOUBTFUL means it was kept, and the reason says what is loose about it. Quotation marks inside the tagger's sentence. Where a tag is the tagger's own sentence, a phrase in quotation marks inside it is borrowed from the paper — the tagger's wording around it is not. The paper's own sentence is the evidence quote for that row; on this page it is withheld with the article, and the article is at its publisher. Nothing inside quotation marks anywhere on this page is ours: if it is quoted, it is the paper's. Whose words a concept carries. A concept entry records a term the paper itself uses, so the term, the sense given for it, and its evidence are the paper's own words, quoted where the paper fixes them. This is the opposite of a sense entry in the tag table, which is the tagger's sentence about how the paper uses a term. Where a concept entry could not be grounded in the paper's words, the entry says so on its own row.
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