UniProt: a worldwide hub of protein knowledge — TEI-tagged view

The UniProt Consortium · 2018 · genetics · doi:10.1093/nar/gky1049 · TEI xml · tagged edition · index · concepts · authors
Where this record's text came from. 2026-08-20 schema-0.3 pass: every quote verified as an exact substring of the staged text and anchored at merge time; concept terms verified present; every edge endpoint an existing node.
Tags on this paper every tag the record carries, whether or not the words occur in the text below — a number is how many papers in the corpus carry that tag; a tag with no number is unique to this paper
UniProtKB annotations3 evidences expert biocuration CAUTION UniParc2 redundancy removal InterPro2 GO annotation2 UPCLASS UniFire2 curatable literature METTL14 METTL32 MAGs2 system-or-tool-building173
Method, as described: expert biocuration into Swiss-Prot, rule-based automatic annotation into TrEMBL, redundancy removal into an archive rather than deletion, and evidence tags on every claim from either route

Our tag layer for this paper

Cross-disciplinary analysis
content-tags & facets: phenomenon · claim-type · cross-domain-transfer · mechanism · claim-relation · replication-status · limitation — grounded in the full text
phenomenonthe gap between what has been sequenced and what has been read - 120 million entries against half a million with curated annotation, and expert curation reaching 35-50% of the curatable literature— “We have previously demonstrated that UniProtKB expert biocuration captures between 35 and 45% of the curatable literature for any given species, rising to 50% of the curatable literature for Homo sapiens”
claim-typemethod— “UniProt has developed two complementary rule-based prediction systems, UniRule and the Statistical Automatic Annotation System (SAAS) to automatically annotate UniProtKB/TrEMBL in an efficient and scalable manner with a high degree of accuracy.”
method — evidence— “The UniProt Knowledgebase (UniProtKB) combines reviewed UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot entries, to which data have been added by our expert biocuration team, with the unreviewed UniProtKB/TrEMBL entries which are annotated by automated systems including our rule-based systems.”
object of study — evidence— “The UniProt Knowledgebase is a collection of sequences and annotations for over 120 million proteins across all branches of life. Detailed annotations extracted from the literature by expert curators have been collected for over half a million of these proteins. These annotations are supplemented by annotations provided by rule based…
research question — evidence— “Our challenge is to capture the growing depth and breadth of information and make it easily available and interpretable to our users.”
contribution — evidence— “The UniProt Knowledgebase is a collection of sequences and annotations for over 120 million proteins across all branches of life. Detailed annotations extracted from the literature by expert curators have been collected for over half a million of these proteins. These annotations are supplemented by annotations provided by rule based…
mechanismannotation propagation why one wrong curated record matters far beyond itself: functional data is computationally transferred from Swiss-Prot to sequence-related but less studied proteins in TrEMBL, so a correction upstream stops misleading data being added to orthologues on the strength of an over-predictive signature— “The correct annotation on the UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot entry will ensure that misleading data is not computationally added to orthologous proteins in UniProtKB/TrEMBL on the basis of an over-predictive protein signature, again highlighting the importance of expert biocuration.”mechanisms[0]
mechanismredundancy from near-identical strains the growth problem is not more biology but more of the same: 90% of proteins have over 90% identity because sequencing is driven by very similar strains of the same species— “The continuing growth of sequenced genomes is a challenge for databases as much of this growth is being driven by sequencing of very similar and almost identical strains (90% of proteins have >90% identity) of the same species.”mechanisms[1]
mechanismdomain architecture the premise of the DAAC predictor - that function depends not only on WHICH domains a protein has but on their arrangement and order, so two proteins with the same domain set can do different things— “UniProt has developed two complementary rule-based prediction systems, UniRule and the Statistical Automatic Annotation System (SAAS) to automatically annotate UniProtKB/TrEMBL in an efficient and scalable manner with a high degree of accuracy.”mechanisms[2]
mechanismconservative propagation how a cluster-level GO term is earned: it is assigned only when every annotated member carries it, or when it is a common ancestor of at least one term from each - agreement across the cluster rather than a majority— “A GO term is assigned to a cluster when it is found in every UniProtKB member that has GO annotation in this cluster, or when it is a common ancestor of at least one GO term from each such member.”mechanisms[3]
contradicts the initial characterisation of METTL14 as a methyltransferase, based on reported activity and MT-A70 family membership— “Subsequent structural studies have now shown that that only one protein, METTL3, constitutes the catalytic subunit ( 20–22). The other subunit, METTL14, has a degenerate active site that is unable to accommodate donor and acceptor substrates and plays a non-catalytic role in maintaining complex integrity and substrate RNA binding”claim_relations[0]
extends the UniProt Consortium's own previous database update, published in the same journal in 2017— “The UniProt Knowledgebase is a collection of sequences and annotations for over 120 million proteins across all branches of life. Detailed annotations extracted from the literature by expert curators have been collected for over half a million of these proteins. These annotations are supplemented by annotations provided by rule based…claim_relations[1]
builds-on InterPro and its member databases PROSITE, SMART and Pfam, whose predictive signatures classify sequences and predict domains for the unreviewed records— “InterPro is used to classify sequences at superfamily, family and subfamily levels and to predict the occurrence of functional domains and important sites. InterPro integrates predictive models of protein…claim_relations[2]
predicts the authors of future papers, who are asked to write protein mentions as (UniProtKB: P68369) so curators and text-mining tools can connect their workclaim_relations[3]
builds-on the specialist resources this data is contributed to and re-imported from - the IMEx Consortium, the Complex Portal and the Gene Ontology
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claim_relations[4]
sensereviewed versus unreviewed - NOT A QUALITY GRADE BUT A PROVENANCE CLASS, and the two are wildly different sizes. `Reviewed` means a curator assimilated multiple lines of evidence from a paper's text and figures; `unreviewed` means a rule fired. Half a million against 120 million. A user filtering to `reviewed` is not filtering out errors, they are filtering to the fraction a person has read
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senses[0]
senseevidence, in UniProt - A SOURCE TAG ON EVERY INDIVIDUAL CLAIM, not a citation on the record. Each piece of knowledge carries where it came from, and automatic annotations carry which system produced them. This is the same commitment this corpus makes with its `evidence` field, made by a database three orders of magnitude larger
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senses[1]
senseCAUTION - A COMMENT TYPE THAT SAYS A PUBLISHED FINDING IS UNSAFE. When structural work showed METTL14 has a degenerate active site, the earlier reported methyltransferase activity was not deleted and not silently overwritten: a CAUTION comment was added to tell users the initial report is `an unsafe observation`. THE RECORD CARRIES BOTH THE CLAIM AND THE DOUBT
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senses[2]
senseremoved, of a proteome - MOVED TO AN ARCHIVE, NOT DELETED. Redundancy removal has taken about 38% of complete proteomes out of UniProtKB and placed their sequences in UniParc, which holds a complete set of known sequences including historical obsolete ones. A withdrawal convention at the scale of 241 million proteins
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senses[3]
senseprediction precision, of the UniRef GO propagation - MEASURED AGAINST ITS OWN EARLIER OUTPUT. The >97% figure comes from comparing sequences that newly acquired a GO annotation with ones the same system annotated in previous releases. That is self-consistency across releases, which is worth knowing and is not external validation against experiment
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senses[4]
sensecuratable literature - THE DENOMINATOR THEY MEASURE THEMSELVES AGAINST, and it is not the literature. Coverage of 35-45%, rising to 50% for humans, is a share of the papers judged curatable for a species, so a paper outside that judgement is not counted as missed
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senses[5]
controlan evidence tag on every individual piece of captured knowledge, naming its source — held
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— rules out a claim in the database being untraceable to where it came from - and it is not restricted to the curated half: automatic annotations carry which system produced them
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controls[0]
controla CAUTION comment recording that a previously reported activity is an unsafe observation, kept on the entry alongside the annotation — held
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— rules out a superseded finding either persisting silently or disappearing without trace - the reader gets the claim, the doubt and the reason together
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controls[1]
controlredundancy removal that moves ~38% of complete proteomes out of UniProtKB and into UniParc, which retains historical obsolete sequence — held
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— rules out growth in near-identical strains swamping the knowledgebase - WITHOUT losing the sequences, which is the difference between a withdrawal and a deletion
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controls[2]
controlassigning a GO term to a UniRef cluster only when EVERY annotated member has it, or when it is a common ancestor of at least one term from each — held
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— rules out a single member's annotation propagating to a whole cluster - the rule requires unanimity or a shared ancestor, not a majority
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controls[3]
controlpublishing UPCLASS's precision, recall and F-score before applying it at scale — partial
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— rules out the classifier's error rate being invisible to users of the 32 million pairs it classified - PARTIAL, because knowing recall is 0.62 does not tell a user WHICH third is missing
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controls[4]
controlprioritising for curation exactly what computational prediction gets WRONG - proteins a signature would place in an enzyme family but which are non-functional through the loss of specific residues — held
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— rules out human effort being spent where the automatic systems already succeed, and leaves the curators on the cases where a prediction would be confidently wrong
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controls[5]
controladmitting metagenome-assembled genomes only when they show high completeness and low contamination, and removing segmented viruses missing one or more segments — held
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— rules out partial or contaminated assemblies entering the knowledgebase as if they were whole proteomes
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controls[6]
controlre-importing curated data from the domain-specific resources it was contributed to - IMEx, the Complex Portal, GO - rather than duplicating their maintenance — held
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— rules out the same fact diverging between UniProt and the specialist database that owns it; each is stored and maintained where it belongs and flows back
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controls[7]
notethe initial characterisation of METTL14 as a methyltransferase, based on reported activity and MT-A70 family membership — 'contradicts' is right here and it was not for cruz-jentoft2018's mass criterion. The paper does not demote the earlier claim, it reports that structural work showed the active site is degenerate and cannot accommodate the substrates - the earlier finding is not narrowed, it is wrong, and UniProt flags it as unsafe rather than deleting it
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claim_relations[0]
notethe authors of future papers, who are asked to write protein mentions as (UniProtKB: P68369) so curators and text-mining tools can connect their work — an instruction to a literature that does not exist yet, and the paper defers to any journal that already has its own format - a standard proposed with its own exception attached
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claim_relations[3]
edgeannotations —part-of→ UniProtKB
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concept_edges[0]
auditevidences —part-of→ annotations — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but the span writes 'every piece of knowledge we capture is associated with evidences', not 'annotations'.
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concept_edges[1]
noteevidences —part-of→ annotations — RETYPED IN THE AUDIT from 'annotations --operationalised-as--> evidences', where my own note conceded it was not a measurement relation. The quote says every piece of knowledge is ASSOCIATED WITH evidences, which is attachment - and attachment is what 'part-of' says
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concept_edges[1]
weightevidences —part-of→ annotations — 0.95
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concept_edges[1]
auditCAUTION —part-of→ annotations — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but the span writes 'a CAUTION comment to the METTL14 entry', not 'annotations'.
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concept_edges[2]
noteCAUTION —part-of→ annotations — a comment type carried on an entry beside its annotation - the mechanism by which a record holds a claim and a doubt about that claim at the same time
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concept_edges[2]
weightCAUTION —part-of→ annotations — 0.9
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concept_edges[2]
noteMETTL3 —distinct-from→ METTL14 — and the distinction is the whole point: they are both MT-A70 family members and both were reported to have methyltransferase activity. Only one has a working active site
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concept_edges[3]
auditredundancy removal —causes→ UniProtKB — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but endpoint by anaphora: 'this process' = the redundancy removal process (previous sentences).
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concept_edges[4]
effect directionredundancy removal —causes→ UniProtKB — reduces
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concept_edges[4]
noteredundancy removal —causes→ UniProtKB — and the reduction is the point - the paper reports that it made growth scalable rather than merely smaller
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concept_edges[4]
weightredundancy removal —causes→ UniProtKB — 0.9
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concept_edges[4]
outcomecontrol — held
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controls[0]
outcomecontrol — held
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Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher.
controls[1]
outcomecontrol — held
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Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher.
controls[2]
outcomecontrol — held
Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher.
Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher.
controls[3]
outcomecontrol — partial
Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher.
Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher.
controls[4]
outcomecontrol — held
Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher.
controls[5]
outcomecontrol — held
Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher.
Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher.
controls[6]
outcomecontrol — held
Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher.
Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher.
controls[7]
no type for thisCAUTION → METTL14 — A RECORD HOLDING A CLAIM AND A DOUBT ABOUT THAT CLAIM AT ONCE. The entry keeps the reported methyltransferase activity AND a comment saying the report is an unsafe observation. There is no edge type for 'this annotation is flagged as unreliable' - all eight assert that a relation holds, and the whole content of a CAUTION is that something asserted elsewhere should not be relied on. This is the project's quine1951 finding with a WORKING IMPLEMENTATION on the other side: UniProt can write it and we cannot
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unhoused_relations[0]
no type for thisexpert biocuration → curatable literature — A COVERAGE RATIO, WHICH IS A RELATION BETWEEN AN ACTIVITY AND WHAT IT HAS NOT REACHED. Curation captures 35-45% of the curatable literature per species, 50% for humans. 'part-of' is wrong, 'causes' is wrong, and there is no type for 'X covers this fraction of Y' - which is the single most useful thing a knowledge base can say about itself and the thing our own corpus has never stated about its own coverage
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unhoused_relations[1]
limitationexpert biocuration reaches only 35-45% of the curatable literature for a species, 50% for humans - the coverage gap is measured and published rather than left implicit
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limitations[0]
limitationcuration is labour intensive and the authors defend it anyway as the most efficient way to get everything out of a paper - which is a statement about what automation has NOT replaced
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limitations[1]
limitationkeeping a record current is hard because knowledge of protein function evolves and new techniques produce results that may appear to contradict earlier observations
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limitations[2]
limitationMECHANISMS TO IDENTIFY AND HIGHLIGHT CONTRADICTORY INFORMATION IN EXISTING ENTRIES ARE A FUTURE PLAN, NOT A CAPABILITY - a 120-million-record knowledge base with per-claim evidence still cannot systematically surface where its own entries disagree
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limitations[3]
limitationredundancy removal is not applied to viruses at all, because their small genomes carry too many variants - a stated exemption with a stated reason
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limitations[4]
limitationUPCLASS, the classifier applied to 32 million accession-PMID pairs, has a published recall of 0.62 - so roughly a third of the classifications it should make, it does not
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limitations[5]
limitationthe categorisation of computationally mapped bibliography by source database is described by the authors as not optimal for all literature, which is why the classifier was brought in
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limitations[6]
Content tags
content-observations: finding · quantity · variable · definition · key-term — grounded in the full text
finding120 million protein entries, of which just over half a million carry annotations extracted from the literature by expert curators
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content_tags.findings[0]
findingexpert biocuration reaches 35-45% of the curatable literature per species, 50% for humans
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content_tags.findings[1]
findingRedundancy removal has taken about 38% of all complete proteomes (about 241 million proteins) out of UniProtKB.
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content_tags.findings[2]
findingVirus reference proteomes stood at 428 at the previous publication, about an order of magnitude below the 4405 known viral species.
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content_tags.findings[3]
findingStructural studies showed only METTL3 is catalytic; METTL14 has a degenerate active site and a non-catalytic role.
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content_tags.findings[4]
findingthe bibliography layer adds 902,956 unique papers over 363,591 entries, and 36,147,401 accession-PMID pairs
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content_tags.findings[5]
findingUniProt data moved to a CC-BY 4.0 licence to make reuse easier - stated in the paper itself
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content_tags.findings[6]
variablerule-based prediction systems
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content_tags.variables[1]
definitionUniProt Knowledgebase
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content_tags.definitions[0]
definitionevidences
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content_tags.definitions[1]
definitionCAUTION comment
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content_tags.definitions[2]
definitionUniProt Archive
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content_tags.definitions[3]
Concepts
terms this paper carries, each with the sentence it was cut from — the layer that joins one paper to another. Terms with no quote yet are on CONCEPTS.html.
conceptUniProtKB
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concepts[0]
conceptannotations
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concepts[1]
conceptevidences
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concepts[2]
conceptexpert biocuration
Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher.
concepts[3]
conceptCAUTION
Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher.
concepts[4]
conceptUniParc
Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher.
concepts[5]
conceptredundancy removal
Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher.
concepts[6]
conceptInterPro
Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher.
concepts[7]
conceptGO annotation
Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher.
concepts[8]
conceptUPCLASS
Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher.
concepts[9]
conceptUniFire
Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher.
concepts[10]
conceptcuratable literature
Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher.
concepts[11]
conceptMETTL14
Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher.
concepts[12]
conceptMETTL3
Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher.
concepts[13]
conceptMAGs
Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher.
concepts[14]
Statistics — cross-field join keys
field-invariant statistical terms, used in their statistical sense (gated on a number / symbol / test). A p-value or a standard deviation means the SAME thing in physics, biology, psychology and sociology — so these are the strongest cross-field join keys. Grounded verbatim.
Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher.
content_tags.statistics[0]
Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher.
content_tags.statistics[1]
Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher.
content_tags.statistics[2]

When we have changed our mind. Some entries in the table begin with a word in capitals and the reason for it. EVIDENCE CORRECTED — the finding still stands, but we had quoted the wrong sentence from the paper, and the quotation has been replaced with the right one. RETRACTED — the entry itself was wrong; it stays on the page, marked, with the reason, rather than being deleted. WITHDRAWN AND REPLACED — the entry was wrong, and a corrected version of it appears in the entries below. Each mark carries its own reason, in brackets, because the reasons differ from one entry to the next. An entry we have WITHDRAWN is removed from this page and kept in the record, with its reason. A line reading Audit and a date is a later re-reading of the entry against its whole sentence: DOUBTFUL means it was kept, and the reason says what is loose about it. Quotation marks inside the tagger's sentence. Where a tag is the tagger's own sentence, a phrase in quotation marks inside it is borrowed from the paper — the tagger's wording around it is not. The paper's own sentence is the evidence quote for that row; on this page it is withheld with the article, and the article is at its publisher. Nothing inside quotation marks anywhere on this page is ours: if it is quoted, it is the paper's. Whose words a concept carries. A concept entry records a term the paper itself uses, so the term, the sense given for it, and its evidence are the paper's own words, quoted where the paper fixes them. This is the opposite of a sense entry in the tag table, which is the tagger's sentence about how the paper uses a term. Where a concept entry could not be grounded in the paper's words, the entry says so on its own row.

Tag layer © the Meta-Tagging Project, CC BY 4.0. The paper text is © its authors/publisher and is linked, not reproduced. Excerpts shown are short quotations for identification and verification. · back to index · concepts · authors · עברית
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