phenomenon · claim-type · cross-domain-transfer · mechanism · claim-relation · replication-status · limitation — grounded in the full text| phenomenon | simultaneous increase of strength, ductility and toughness as temperature falls, against the usual strength-toughness compromise— “Although in most materials the achievement of strength and toughness is invariably a compromise—high strength is often associated with lower toughness and vice versa—it has become increasingly apparent that the presence of twinning as the dominant deformation mechanism serves to ‘defeat this conflict', specifically by providing a steady… | |
| claim-type | existence— “Significantly, we find here that the fracture toughness properties of the three-component CrCoNi MEA are even better than those of the five-component CrMnFeCoNi HEA, and are further enhanced with decrease in temperature between 293 and 77 K, making it one of the toughest metallic materials reported to date.” | |
| method — evidence | — “To seek the origins of such strength, ductility and fracture resistance between 293 and 77 K, we conducted detailed SEM analysis of the vicinity of the propagated crack; this was performed on samples sliced in two through the thickness to ensure that deformation conditions had been in fully plane strain (Fig. 3a).” | |
| object of study — evidence | — “Here we examine an equiatomic medium-entropy alloy containing only three elements, CrCoNi, as a single-phase face-centred cubic solid solution, which displays strength-toughness properties that exceed those of all high-entropy alloys and most multi-phase alloys.” | |
| research question — evidence | — “Although this excellent combination of properties can be related to progressively increasing strain hardening with hardening exponents above 0.4 (refs), it remains unclear why this particular combination of elements with very different crystal structures produces a single-phase microstructure, whereas many others with comparable… | |
| contribution — evidence | — “With respect to high-entropy alloys in general, by comparing the CrCoNi and CrMnFeCoNi alloys, the current work does lend credence to our belief that it is the nature of elements in complex solid solutions that is more important than their mere number.” | |
| transfer | from steel metallurgy: the twinning-induced plasticity mechanism, recognised first in Hadfield manganese steels and copper thin films and applied here to explain an entropy-named alloy— “In addition to the high- and medium-entropy alloys, there are now several other materials known to benefit from twinning, including copper thin films and 11–15 wt.% (Hadfield) Mn-steels (used in the mining industry for rock crushers because of their hardness and fracture resistance) and their modern variant known as twinning-induced… | transfers[0] |
| mechanism | earlier onset of deformation nano-twinning the three-element alloy twins at room temperature where the five-element one deforms by slip alone, and the extra deformation mode arrives before the strength penalty does— “We did not observe deformation nano-twinning at room temperature in the five-component alloy, where deformation at 293 K is solely carried by dislocation slip, specifically, involving the rapid movement of partial dislocations and the much slower planar slip of undissociated dislocations, although as with the present three-component alloy… | mechanisms[0] |
| mechanism | twinning defeats the strength-toughness compromise twinning supplies steady strain hardening, which delays plastic instability by necking, and adds a second way to accommodate strain besides dislocation motion— “Although in most materials the achievement of strength and toughness is invariably a compromise—high strength is often associated with lower toughness and vice versa—it has become increasingly apparent that the presence of twinning as the dominant deformation mechanism serves to ‘defeat this conflict', specifically by providing a steady… | mechanisms[1] |
| contradicts | the premise that maximised configurational entropy is what stabilises a single-phase multi-element solid solution— “In fact, a relatively small number of the reported multi-element high-entropy alloys are simple solid solutions. Cantor et al. produced an alloy with 20 elements in equal atomic ratios that crystallized as a very… | claim_relations[0] |
| extends | the CrMnFeCoNi Cantor alloy and its reported cryogenic damage tolerance Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[1] |
| qualifies | the belief that useful new alloys lie near the centres rather than the corners of phase diagrams Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[2] |
| sense | 'high-entropy alloy' = FIVE OR MORE elements at high concentration, crystallising as a single phase Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[0] |
| sense | 'medium-entropy alloy' = the same thing with THREE - the two categories differ by an element count and nothing else Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[1] |
| sense | the same class is called high-entropy alloys, multi-component alloys OR compositionally complex alloys - three names, one referent Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[2] |
| sense | high configurational entropy BY ITSELF does not suppress intermetallics - a twenty-element equiatomic alloy came out brittle and multi-phase Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[3] |
| sense | equiatomic composition maximises configurational entropy and does NOT minimise Gibbs free energy - the two come apart Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[4] |
| control | the five-element CrMnFeCoNi alloy, tested by the same group over the same temperature range, as the comparison — held Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. — rules out a cryogenic toughness attributed to medium-entropy composition when the five-element alloy from the same laboratory over the same range is the thing it must beat Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[0] |
| control | that the specimens were in fully plane strain, checked by slicing through the thickness — held Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. — rules out a fracture toughness inflated by a specimen that was not in plane strain, which the standard requires and which thickness alone does not guarantee Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[1] |
| control | that the alloy is genuinely single-phase, checked by XRD, backscattered electron imaging and the ternary phase diagram — held Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. — rules out a second phase supplying the strength that is being attributed to the single-phase solid solution Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[2] |
| control | single-phase character at the atomic scale, checked by three-dimensional atom probe tomography - on the FIVE-element alloy, not this one — absent-stated-about-other Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. — rules out fine-scale segregation hidden below the resolution of diffraction - established by atom probe tomography for the FIVE-component alloy, and not for this one Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[3] |
| note | the premise that maximised configurational entropy is what stabilises a single-phase multi-element solid solution — the corpus holds gild2016, which rests on that premise. This paper supplies the counterexample - a twenty-element equiatomic alloy that came out brittle and multi-phase - and concludes for element identity over element count Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[0] |
| weight | the premise that maximised configurational entropy is what stabilises a single-phase multi-element solid solution — 0.95 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[0] |
| note | the CrMnFeCoNi Cantor alloy and its reported cryogenic damage tolerance — same group, same tests, two elements removed - and the smaller alloy wins Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[1] |
| weight | the CrMnFeCoNi Cantor alloy and its reported cryogenic damage tolerance — 0.95 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[1] |
| weight | the belief that useful new alloys lie near the centres rather than the corners of phase diagrams — 0.85 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[2] |
| differs in | medium-entropy alloy —distinct-from→ High-entropy alloys — the number of principal elements - three against five or more, with no other criterion separating them Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[0] |
| weight | medium-entropy alloy —distinct-from→ High-entropy alloys — 0.95 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[0] |
| effect direction (stated by the tagger, no quotation) | nano-twinning —causes→ strain hardening — increases | concept_edges[2] |
| weight | nano-twinning —causes→ strain hardening — 0.95 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[2] |
| outcome | control — held Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[0] |
| outcome | control — held Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[1] |
| outcome | control — held Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[2] |
| outcome | control — absent-stated-about-other Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[3] |
| limitation | why this particular combination of elements forms a single phase while others of comparable configurational entropy do not remains unexplained Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[0] |
| limitation | the dislocation glide mechanism is presumed from the five-element alloy rather than observed directly in this one Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[1] |
finding · quantity · variable · definition · key-term — grounded in the full text| finding | the three-element alloy has better fracture toughness than the five-element one, and improves as temperature falls Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[0] |
| finding | nano-twinning begins at room temperature in the three-element alloy and only at 77 K in the five-element one Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[1] |
| finding | high configurational entropy alone does not suppress intermetallic formation Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[2] |
| finding | it is one of the toughest materials in any materials class ever reported Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[3] |
| quantity | room temperature: tensile strength near 1 GPa, failure strain about 70%, KJIc above 200 MPa m1/2 — Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[0] |
| quantity | at cryogenic temperature: above 1.3 GPa, failure strain up to 90%, KJIc 275 MPa m1/2 — Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[1] |
| quantity | crack-growth toughness exceeding 430 MPa m1/2 at liquid-nitrogen temperature — Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[2] |
| quantity | twenty elements in equal atomic ratios produced a brittle multi-phase microstructure — Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[3] |
| quantity | the Cantor alloy: tensile strength 763 to 1,280 MPa and ductility 0.5 to 0.7 between room temperature and 77 K — Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[4] |
| quantity | strain-hardening exponents of the order of 0.4 — Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[5] |
| variable | fracture toughness Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[0] |
| variable | configurational entropy Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[1] |
| definition | High-entropy alloys Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[0] |
| definition | medium-entropy alloy Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[1] |
| concept | High-entropy alloys — not defined in this paper's own words; multi-element single-phase systems containing five or more elements at high concentration Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[0] |
| concept | medium-entropy alloy — not defined in this paper's own words; the same idea at three elements - the category boundary is an element COUNT Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[1] |
| concept | configurational entropy — not defined in this paper's own words; what the category is named for, and what this paper argues does not do the work Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[2] |
| concept | Cantor alloy — not defined in this paper's own words; the five-element CrMnFeCoNi benchmark this alloy is measured against Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[3] |
| concept | nano-twinning — not defined in this paper's own words; the deformation mode whose earlier onset the paper credits for the damage tolerance Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[4] |
| concept | strain hardening — not defined in this paper's own words; steady hardening that delays necking, so ductility survives high strength Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[5] |
| concept | solid solution — not defined in this paper's own words; the single mixed phase whose formation the entropy argument is supposed to explain Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[6] |
| concept | intermetallic phases — not defined in this paper's own words; what high entropy is meant to suppress and, at twenty elements, did not Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[7] |
| concept | twinning-induced plasticity steels — not defined in this paper's own words; the named comparison class outside these alloys that benefits from the same mechanism Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[8] |
| strain-hardening exponent | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[0] |
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