phenomenon · claim-type · cross-domain-transfer · mechanism · claim-relation · replication-status · limitation — grounded in the full text| phenomenon | plastic particles absorbed across membranes and present in circulating blood, at a rate exceeding whatever removes them— “This indicates that at least some of the plastic particles humans come in contact with can be bioavailable and that the rate of elimination via e.g. the biliary tract, kidney or transfer to and deposition in organs is slower than the rate of absorption into the blood.” | |
| claim-type | existence— “This pioneering human biomonitoring study demonstrated that plastic particles are bioavailable for uptake into the human bloodstream. An understanding of the exposure of these substances in humans and the associated hazard of such exposure is needed to determine whether or not plastic particle exposure is a public health risk.” | |
| method — evidence | — “Our study was concerned with plastic particles that can be absorbed across membranes in the human body. Our operationally defined method targeted particles that could be retained on a filter with pore size of 700 nm, i.e. particles ≥700 nm in dimension. The inner diameter of the needle used for venipuncture (0.514 mm) can be considered the… | |
| object of study — evidence | — “‘Microplastic’ is a term for plastic particles for which no universally established definition exists. In the literature, microplastic is often defined as plastic particles up to 5 mm in dimensions with no defined lower size limit (e.g. Arthur et al., 2009, GESAMP, 2015, ECHA, 2019). ‘Nanoplastic’ is a term for plastic particles in the… | |
| research question — evidence | — “Measurement of plastic particle exposure is essential for HRA, yet validated methods sensitive enough to detect trace amounts of especially the small (<10 µm) size fractions of plastic particles in biological tissues have been lacking.” | |
| contribution — evidence | — “In this study of a small set of donors, the mean of the sum quantifiable concentration of plastic particles in blood was 1.6 µg/ml, showing a first measurement of the mass concentration of the polymeric component of plastic in human blood.” | |
| transfer | from air pollution and human risk assessment: the PM2.5/PM10 convention of reporting an operationally defined mass concentration per unit volume is adopted wholesale as the way to quantify plastic in blood— “One approach to quantifying plastic particles in the nascent field of plastic particle HRA is based on mass concentrations of polymers from plastic present as particles, analogous to PM10 for instance. ### 1.3.” | transfers[0] |
| mechanism | THE INFERENCE THE NUMBER LICENSES IS A RATE COMPARISON, NOT A QUANTITY: finding particles in blood `indicates that ... the rate of elimination via e.g. the biliary tract, kidney or transfer to and deposition in organs is slower than the rate of absorption into the blood`. A standing concentration is evidence about two rates and about neither one alone— “This indicates that at least some of the plastic particles humans come in contact with can be bioavailable and that the rate of elimination via e.g. the biliary tract, kidney or transfer to and deposition in organs is slower than the rate of absorption into the blood.” | mechanisms[0] |
| mechanism | and the paper is careful about what the blood compartment is: it `remains to be determined whether plastic particles are present in the plasma or are carried by specific cell types`. `In blood` is a location, and the mechanism of carriage is not in evidence— “It remains to be determined whether plastic particles are present in the plasma or are carried by specific cell types” | mechanisms[1] |
| mechanism | blood is the transport route: it irrigates the organs, so a particle that enters it can reach tissues, and its fate is renal or biliary elimination or deposition in liver, spleen or other organs— “Blood as a compartment makes up 6–7% of body weight in humans.” | mechanisms[2] |
| mechanism | capillary diameter sets a physical ceiling on what can circulate, and anything at that size would itself affect microvascular flow— “Considering capillaries are typically only 5–8 µm in diameter, this forms a limit to particle sizes that can be expected in circulation in these microvessels, and any particles present would likely have an impact on microvascular fluid dynamics.” | mechanisms[3] |
| mechanism | particles may be localised in immune cells, stuck to proteins, lipids, each other or the vessel wall - so a mass concentration can be real while duplicates disagree— “Some are likely to be localized in immune cells, while others may be adhered to proteins, lipid particles, other plastic particles or the vascular endothelium.” | mechanisms[4] |
| extends | Leslie and Depledge's and Vethaak and Legler's position that a human health risk assessment for plastic particles is not currently possible for want of exposure data— “A human health risk assessment (HRA) for plastic particle pollution is currently not possible due to lack of data on both toxicological hazard and human exposure” | claim_relations[0] |
| sense | `plastic particles` - A TERM THE AUTHORS COIN FOR THEIR OWN USE, because the field's two names will not hold still: `To circumvent the ambiguity of the terms microplastic and nanoplastic particles in this article we will refer to plastic particles and where appropriate define the size or size range`. The remedy for an unstable term is to stop using it and carry the number instead— “To circumvent the ambiguity of the terms microplastic and nanoplastic particles in this article we will refer to ‘plastic particles’ and where appropriate define the size or size range.” | senses[0] |
| sense | `microplastic` - `no universally established definition exists`, and the common one - up to 5 mm - has NO LOWER BOUND AT ALL. A term whose extension is open at one end— “‘Microplastic’ is a term for plastic particles for which no universally established definition exists. In the literature, microplastic is often defined as plastic particles up to 5 mm in dimensions with no defined lower size limit (e.g. Arthur et al., 2009, GESAMP, 2015, ECHA, 2019). ‘Nanoplastic’ is a term for plastic particles in the… | senses[1] |
| sense | `nanoplastic` - <1 um in this literature, `<100 nm` IN THE NANOTECHNOLOGY FIELD. ONE NAME, TWO FIELDS, A TENFOLD DIFFERENCE IN THE THRESHOLD, and the paper reports both rather than choosing— “‘Microplastic’ is a term for plastic particles for which no universally established definition exists. In the literature, microplastic is often defined as plastic particles up to 5 mm in dimensions with no defined lower size limit (e.g. Arthur et al., 2009, GESAMP, 2015, ECHA, 2019). ‘Nanoplastic’ is a term for plastic particles in the… | senses[2] |
| sense | `a plastic particle in blood`, AS OPERATIONALISED HERE - anything retained on a 700 nm filter and small enough to pass a 0.514 mm needle. THE CONSTRUCT IS BOUNDED BY A FILTER PORE AND A NEEDLE BORE, in the authors' own words, and the phrase they use is `operationally defined`— “Our study was concerned with plastic particles that can be absorbed across membranes in the human body. Our operationally defined method targeted particles that could be retained on a filter with pore size of 700 nm, i.e. particles ≥700 nm in… | senses[3] |
| sense | `under the limits of quantification` - what the paper reports for polypropylene, and the one phrase in the record that cannot be read as a fact about blood. It is a fact about the assay | senses[4] |
| control | the size window is fixed and declared before any measurement - a 700 nm filter pore below, a 0.514 mm needle bore above — held Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. — rules out any reading of the number as a total; it is the mass of what falls inside two physical limits, and the paper states both Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[0] |
| control | whether polypropylene is absent from blood or below the assay's threshold — failed Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. — rules out nothing, and the sentence cannot be made to: 'Polypropylene was analysed but values were under the limits of quantification' Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[1] |
| control | whether the measurement supports a risk claim — held Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. — rules out the risk reading, explicitly and in both directions: 'no statements about risk or no risk can be made' without measured internal exposure data - which this study provides for the first time and which is still only the precondition Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[2] |
| control | drawing blood through a closed all-glass vacutainer system with a steel needle and no plastic tubing or reservoir — held Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. — rules out plastic contamination introduced by the sampling equipment itself, which would manufacture the very finding being sought Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[3] |
| control | identifying the rubber vacutainer seal by ATR-FTIR to establish which polymer it is — held Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. — rules out the possibility that the one unavoidable non-glass component contributes to the targeted polymers Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[4] |
| control | running the entire sampling system as a field blank before any sample — held Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. — rules out background contamination attributable to the collection apparatus rather than the donor Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[5] |
| control | duplicate extraction and measurement of each sample where volume allowed, with multiple procedural blanks per series — held Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. — rules out single-measurement artefacts and uncorrected background drift between series Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[6] |
| weight | Leslie and Depledge's and Vethaak and Legler's position that a human health risk assessment for plastic particles is not currently possible for want of exposure data — 0.7 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[0] |
| edge | plastic particles —operationalised-as→ pore size of 700 nm Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[0] |
| outcome | control — held Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[0] |
| outcome | control — failed Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[1] |
| outcome | control — held Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[2] |
| outcome | control — held Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[3] |
| outcome | control — held Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[4] |
| outcome | control — held Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[5] |
| outcome | control — held Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[6] |
| limitation | THE CONSTRUCT'S BOUNDS ARE TWO PHYSICAL OBJECTS AND THE PAPER SAYS SO BEFORE REPORTING A NUMBER: `Our operationally defined method targeted particles that could be retained on a filter with pore size of 700 nm ... The inner diameter of the needle used for venipuncture (0.514 mm) can be considered the upper size limit`. Everything below a filter pore and above a needle bore is outside the finding by construction Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[0] |
| limitation | AND THE INSTRUMENT DECIDES WHAT EXISTS: `Polypropylene was analysed but values were under the limits of quantification`. Absent from the blood and absent from the instrument are the same sentence here, and the study cannot separate them Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[1] |
| limitation | the two available names for the object DO NOT HAVE SETTLED DEFINITIONS: `microplastic` has `no universally established definition` and is `often defined as ... up to 5 mm with no defined lower size limit`, while `nanoplastic` means <1 um in this literature and `<100 nm` IN THE NANOTECHNOLOGY FIELD. ONE WORD, TWO FIELDS, TWO THRESHOLDS Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[2] |
| limitation | the sample is 22 donors and the paper calls it what it is - `a small set of donors` - in the same sentence as the headline concentration Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[3] |
| limitation | and the result is explicitly NOT a risk statement: `no absorption models can be validated and no statements about risk or no risk can be made` without measured internal exposure data. The measurement is a precondition for the question, not an answer to it Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[4] |
finding · quantity · variable · definition · key-term — grounded in the full text| finding | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[0] |
| finding | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[1] |
| finding | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[2] |
| finding | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[3] |
| finding | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[4] |
| finding | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[5] |
| finding | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[6] |
| finding | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[7] |
| finding | most available data covers particles above 10 or 50 micrometres Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[8] |
| finding | earlier FTIR analysis of human faeces showed that micro-sized plastic particles can be excreted via the gut Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[9] |
| finding | no one method fits all, so a combination of methods is required Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[10] |
| quantity | nanometres - the filter pore that is the lower bound of the construct Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[0] |
| quantity | millimetres - the venipuncture needle's inner diameter, and the upper bound Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[1] |
| quantity | micrograms per millilitre, mean sum quantifiable concentration in 22 donors Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[2] |
| value source note | quantity — THE DESCRIPTION DRAWS ON THE PAPER BEYOND THIS QUOTE: the 22 donors are stated in the abstract ('in human whole blood from 22 healthy volunteers'). | content_tags.quantities[2] |
| quantity | the proportion of body weight made up by blood Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[3] |
| quantity | capillary diameter, which bounds the particle size that can circulate Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[4] |
| quantity | the number of volunteers and the collection protocol Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[5] |
| definition | plastic particles Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[0] |
| definition | microplastic Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[1] |
| concept | plastic particles — not defined in this paper's own words; the term coined here to avoid 'microplastic' and 'nanoplastic', always carried with an explicit size or size range Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[0] |
| concept | microplastic — not defined in this paper's own words; a term with no universally established definition; commonly up to 5 mm with no lower bound Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[1] |
| concept | nanoplastic — not defined in this paper's own words; submicron in this literature, under 100 nm in the nanotechnology field Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[2] |
| concept | pore size of 700 nm — not defined in this paper's own words; the filter that fixes the lower bound of what this study can call a plastic particle Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[3] |
| concept | limits of quantification — not defined in this paper's own words; the threshold below which polypropylene was reported as absent - a property of the assay Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[4] |
| concept | human health risk assessment — not defined in this paper's own words; the procedure this measurement is a precondition for, and which the paper says is still not possible Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[5] |
| concept | protein corona — not defined in this paper's own words; the protein layer that forms on a particle's surface and mediates how it interacts with biological systems - a property of the particle IN the body, not of the plastic Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[6] |
| concept | Py-GC/MS — not defined in this paper's own words; double-shot pyrolysis gas chromatography/mass spectrometry - measures POLYMER MASS by destroying the particle, so it cannot count particles Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[7] |
| concept | procedural blank — not defined in this paper's own words; a blank run through the whole extraction alongside the samples, used to correct measured concentrations for background contamination Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[8] |
| concept | particulate matter — not defined in this paper's own words; PM2.5 and PM10 - the air-pollution sum parameters this paper takes as its model for reporting plastic as a mass concentration Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[9] |
| concept | field sampling blank — not defined in this paper's own words; the whole sampling system - needle and vials - run for background before any blood is drawn Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[10] |
| limits of quantification | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[0] |
When we have changed our mind. Some entries in the table begin with a word in capitals and the reason for it. EVIDENCE CORRECTED — the finding still stands, but we had quoted the wrong sentence from the paper, and the quotation has been replaced with the right one. RETRACTED — the entry itself was wrong; it stays on the page, marked, with the reason, rather than being deleted. WITHDRAWN AND REPLACED — the entry was wrong, and a corrected version of it appears in the entries below. Each mark carries its own reason, in brackets, because the reasons differ from one entry to the next. An entry we have WITHDRAWN is removed from this page and kept in the record, with its reason. A line reading Audit and a date is a later re-reading of the entry against its whole sentence: DOUBTFUL means it was kept, and the reason says what is loose about it. Quotation marks inside the tagger's sentence. Where a tag is the tagger's own sentence, a phrase in quotation marks inside it is borrowed from the paper — the tagger's wording around it is not. The paper's own sentence is the evidence quote for that row; on this page it is withheld with the article, and the article is at its publisher. Nothing inside quotation marks anywhere on this page is ours: if it is quoted, it is the paper's. Whose words a concept carries. A concept entry records a term the paper itself uses, so the term, the sense given for it, and its evidence are the paper's own words, quoted where the paper fixes them. This is the opposite of a sense entry in the tag table, which is the tagger's sentence about how the paper uses a term. Where a concept entry could not be grounded in the paper's words, the entry says so on its own row.
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