phenomenon · claim-type · cross-domain-transfer · mechanism · claim-relation · replication-status · limitation — grounded in the full text| phenomenon | audiogenic seizures— “Previous studies have shown the functional importance of the inferior colliculus (IC) for the propagation and initiation of audiogenic seizures in several models of epilepsy in rats.” | |
| claim-type | mechanism— “Finally, the use of knife cuts through the midbrain indicated that the ICCN sends an important projection to the external nucleus and that this projection plays a vital role in the propagation of seizure activity from the site of seizure initiation in the ICCN.” | |
| method — evidence | — “This review provides a summary of the data that show a role for the IC in audiogenic seizures.” | |
| mechanism | GABA is taken back up more efficiently in the ICCN of GEPR-9s, so less GABA remains in the synapse to reach postsynaptic GABA receptors, inhibition is weakened, and seizures start in that nucleus despite the extra GABAergic neurons.— “Evidence is accumulating for the hypothesis that the uptake of GABA is more efficient in the ICCN of GEPR- 9s, and thus less GABA is available to interact with postsynaptic GABA receptors.” | mechanisms[0] |
| mechanism | Alternatively, excitation is enhanced in the ICCN through overexpression of glutamate receptors, which would fit the raised glutamate and aspartate levels measured there.— “Another hypothesis to explain the initiation of seizure activity from the ICCN is that excitation is enhanced in the ICCN of GEPR-9s.” | mechanisms[1] |
| mechanism | Seizure activity initiated in the ICCN is carried out of the colliculus along the bilateral ICCN-to-external-nucleus projection and onward to the superior colliculus and pontine reticular formation.— “Both results from our study of lesions in the coronal plane (Ribak et al. 1994) and anatomical studies that show the ICCN projects bilaterally to the EN (Coleman and Clerici 1987; Saldafia and Merchfin 1992) support the hypothesis that this pathway conveys seizure activity.” | mechanisms[2] |
| builds-on | Faingold et al. (1986a) hypothesis that GABA uptake is more efficient in the ICCN of GEPR-9s— “The observations that the GABA transporter, GAT-1, is localized to GABA neurons in several brain regions (Brecha and Weigman 1994) and that increased numbers of GABA neurons exist in the ICCN of GEPR-9s are consistent with this hypothesis, originally proposed by Faingold et al. (1986a).” | claim_relations[0] |
| contradicts | the disinhibition account carried over from hippocampal dentate gyrus findings (Farias et al. 1992; Buckmaster and Schwartzkroin 1994)— “This hypothesis was tested with an electron microscopic analysis in GEPR-9s, but the data were not consistent with it, because the number of axosomatic synapses per soma in the ICCN of GEPR-9s was not different from that of SD rats (Roberts and Ribak 1988).” | claim_relations[1] |
| builds-on | Faye-Lund and Osen's (1985) description of the rat inferior colliculus— “The IC of rats was elegantly described by Faye-Lund and Osen (1985).” | claim_relations[2] |
| sense | GEPR-3 - A STRAIN NAME THAT IS A SCALE SCORE: a rat strain showing moderate seizures is assigned a seizure score of 3 and thereby designated GEPR-3, so a behavioural rating becomes a strain name and then a fixed kind of animal; a later comparison of GEPR-3 with GEPR-9 compares two points on an ordinal scale that have been reified into two categories— “A rat strain that displays moderate seizures (running phase and forelimb/hindlimb clonus) and has an assigned seizure score of 3 (GEPR-3) is also used as an animal model for AGS” | senses[0] |
| sense | the seizure score - A 0-9 ORDINAL WITH BEHAVIOURAL ENDPOINTS: 0 is no seizure and 9 is one fit of wild running with an accompanying tonic seizure, so the scale is anchored in observable behaviour and the number that travels in a strain name is a rank on it— “Genetically epilepsy-prone rats (GEPRs) exhibit convulsions when exposed to sound stimulus, and the seizures are scored on a 0-9 scale (0 being no seizure, and 9 being one fit of wild running and an accompanying tonic seizure, culminating in tonic hind limb extension).” | senses[1] |
| sense | the ICCN cell-type count - OFFERED AS A SUGGESTION: the authors write that these results SUGGEST four of the six major cell types are GABAergic inhibitory neurons, so the census is a reading of the data rather than an enumeration— “These results suggest that of the six major cell types in the ICCN, four are GABAergic inhibitory neurons” | senses[2] |
| differs in | GEPR-3 —is-a→ animal model — what fixes the category: an assigned score of 3 on the 0-9 seizure scale— “A rat strain that displays moderate seizures (running phase and forelimb/hindlimb clonus) and has an assigned seizure score of 3 (GEPR-3) is also used as an animal model for AGS”— “has an assigned seizure score of 3” | concept_edges[0] |
| for which use | limitation — the causal link between the cell-count finding and the pharmacology: IT REMAINS TO BE RESOLVED HOW THE INCREASE IN SMALL GABAergic NEURONS IN THE ICCN IS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE KNOWN PHARMACOLOGICAL DEFECTS OBSERVED AT GABAergic SYNAPSES— “It remains to be resolved how the increase in small GABAergic neurons in the ICCN is responsible for the known pharmacological defects observed at GABAergic synapses.” | limitations[0] |
| for which use | limitation — the seizure-propagation account: FURTHER STUDIES ARE REQUIRED TO DETERMINE THE RELATIONSHIP OF THESE OTHER STRUCTURES TO THE PROPAGATION OF SEIZURE ACTIVITY— “Further studies are required to determine the relationship of these other structures to the propagation of seizure activity in the brain of GEPRs.” | limitations[1] |
| for which use | limitation — the initiation mechanism: TWO HYPOTHESES WILL BE TESTED IN FUTURE STUDIES: (1) INCREASED GABA UPTAKE, AND (2) INCREASED GLUTAMATE RECEPTOR EXPRESSION— “Two hypotheses will be tested in future studies: (1) increased GABA uptake, and (2) increased glutamate receptor expression.” | limitations[2] |
| for which use | limitation — any comparison between GEPR strains: a strain displaying moderate seizures with an assigned seizure score of 3 is designated GEPR-3 and used as an animal model, so the strain name is a position on the rating scale— “A rat strain that displays moderate seizures (running phase and forelimb/hindlimb clonus) and has an assigned seizure score of 3 (GEPR-3) is also used as an animal model for AGS” | limitations[3] |
| for which use | limitation — any seizure score quoted from this literature: the seizures are scored on a 0-9 scale with 0 being no seizure and 9 a fit of wild running with an accompanying tonic seizure— “Genetically epilepsy-prone rats (GEPRs) exhibit convulsions when exposed to sound stimulus, and the seizures are scored on a 0-9 scale (0 being no seizure, and 9 being one fit of wild running and an accompanying tonic seizure, culminating in tonic hind limb extension).” | limitations[4] |
| for which use | limitation — the claim that four of six ICCN cell types are GABAergic: the authors give it as what these results suggest— “These results suggest that of the six major cell types in the ICCN, four are GABAergic inhibitory neurons” | limitations[5] |
| replication | replicated | |
| limitation | How the surplus of small GABAergic neurons produces the observed pharmacological defects at GABAergic synapses is unresolved.— “It remains to be resolved how the increase in small GABAergic neurons in the ICCN is responsible for the known pharmacological defects observed at GABAergic synapses.” | limitations[0] |
| limitation | The contribution of other brainstem structures to seizure propagation has not been established.— “Further studies are required to determine the relationship of these other structures to the propagation of seizure activity in the brain of GEPRs.” | limitations[1] |
| limitation | The two candidate mechanisms offered for seizure initiation remain untested.— “Two hypotheses will be tested in future studies: (1) increased GABA uptake, and (2) increased glutamate receptor expression.” | limitations[2] |
| limitation | The animal strains are named by their assigned score on a 0-9 behavioural rating scale.— “A rat strain that displays moderate seizures (running phase and forelimb/hindlimb clonus) and has an assigned seizure score of 3 (GEPR-3) is also used as an animal model for AGS” | limitations[3] |
| limitation | The rating scale's levels are defined by observed behaviour, and the paper prints them. | limitations[4] |
| limitation | The cell-type census of the region is stated as a suggestion from these results. | limitations[5] |
finding · quantity · variable · definition · key-term — grounded in the full text| finding | Epilepsy-prone GEPR-9 rats have far more GAD-positive neurons in the inferior colliculus than Sprague-Dawley rats. | content_tags.findings[0] |
| finding | Two independent anatomical methods, immunocytochemistry and in situ hybridisation, were used to count GABAergic neurons. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[1] |
| finding | Nissl analysis indicated the increase was not due to non-GABAergic neurons switching to a GABAergic phenotype. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[2] |
| finding | Across GEPR-9s, Sprague-Dawley rats and their crossed offspring, the number of small neurons in the ICCN rises together with the audiogenic response score. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[3] |
| finding | Moderately seizing GEPR-3 rats have significantly more small ICCN neurons than Sprague-Dawley rats, and the count matches the value the correlation line predicted in advance. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[4] |
| finding | Knife cuts placed between the central and external nuclei of the IC block audiogenic seizures, as do lesions of the ICCN itself or of the lateral lemniscus. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[5] |
| finding | The ICCN-to-external-nucleus projection is the route by which seizure activity leaves its site of initiation in the ICCN and propagates. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[6] |
| finding | The number of axosomatic synapses per soma in the ICCN is the same in GEPR-9s and Sprague-Dawley rats, which rules out the idea that the extra GABAergic neurons act by adding inhibitory contacts onto cell bodies. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[7] |
| finding | Audiogenic-seizure susceptibility in GEPRs was indicated to be an autosomal dominant trait. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[8] |
| finding | Electron microscopy indicates that four of the six major cell types of the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus are GABAergic inhibitory neurons. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[9] |
| quantity | 200% — increase in small GAD-positive cells in the IC of GEPR-9s relative to Sprague-Dawley rats (medium cells increased 90%) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[0] |
| quantity | 100% — increase in small Nissl-stained neurons in the ICCN of GEPRs, against a 30% increase for medium-sized neurons Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[1] |
| quantity | 70% — excess of small ICCN neurons in GEPR-9s over SD rats in the 2-micrometre semi-thin section counts, with medium neurons up 30% Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[2] |
| quantity | 25% ... 36% — proportion of small ICCN neurons that are GAD-positive in Sprague-Dawley rats versus GEPR-9s Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[3] |
| quantity | 0.91 — coefficient of linear correlation between audiogenic response score and the number of small ICCN neurons Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[4] |
| quantity | 29.50+2.17 — mean small-neuron count per unit area in the ICCN of GEPR-3 rats Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[5] |
| quantity | 3:1 — minimum ratio of seizure-prone to seizure-resistant offspring in GEPR-9 x Sprague-Dawley crosses Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[6] |
| quantity | 28 rats — number of animals contributing to the correlation between small-neuron number and audiogenic response score Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[7] |
| variable | lesion site (independent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[0] |
| variable | seizure severity (dependent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[1] |
| variable | total number of Nissl-stained cells (dependent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[5] |
| variable | sizes of ICCN neurons (dependent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[6] |
| definition | inferior colliculus (IC) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[0] |
| definition | three subdivisions of the IC Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[1] |
| definition | GEPR-3 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[3] |
| definition | genetically epilepsy-prone rats Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[4] |
| definition | seizure score Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[5] |
| concept | GEPR-3 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[0] |
| concept | seizure score Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[1] |
| concept | animal model Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[2] |
| concept | Genetically epilepsy-prone rats Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[3] |
| concept | GABAergic inhibitory neurons Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[4] |
| correlation | as written: coefficient of linear correlation Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[0] |
| correlation | as written: significant positive correlation Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[1] |
| significance test | as written: Statistically significant increases Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[2] |
| mean | as written: average number ... 29.50+2.17 cells per unit area Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[3] |
| cell counting (stereological-style counts per section) | as written: Counts were made of the total number of Nissl-stained cells Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[4] |
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