| phenomenon | implicit memory— “Implicit memory is revealed when previous experiences facilitate performance on a task that does not require conscious or intentional recollection of those experiences; explicit memory is revealed when performance on a task requires conscious recollection of previous experiences.” |
| claim-type | existence— “It is argued that dissociations between implicit and explicit memory have been documented across numerous tasks and subject populations, represent an important challenge for research and theory, and should be viewed in the context of other dissociations between implicit and explicit expressions of knowledge that have been documented in recent… |
| method — evidence | — “This article presents an historical survey of observations concerning implicit memory, reviews the findings of contemporary experimental research, and delineates the strengths and weaknesses of alternative theoretical accounts of implicit memory.” |
| transfer | from physiology (the attempt to relate it to psychology): the concept of unconscious cerebration, and the interest in implicit memory that followed from it, is traced to a general nineteenth-century attempt to relate physiology and psychology— “Carpenter's concept of unconscious cerebration and consequent interest in implicit memory derived from a more general attempt to relate physiology and psychology.” | transfers[0] |
| builds-on | Graf and Schacter (1985)— “First, I use these terms in the manner suggested by Graf and Schacter (1985).” | claim_relations[0] |
| contradicts | the trace-strength/threshold account of implicit memory (Herbart, 1896; Leibniz, 1916; Korsakoff, 1889; Prince, 1914)— “As will be shown later, recent experimental work has provided grounds for rejecting this view.” | claim_relations[1] |
| sense | THE PAIR IS DEFINED IN ONE SENTENCE BY ONE CRITERION APPLIED BOTH WAYS: `Implicit memory is revealed when previous experiences facilitate performance on a task that does not require conscious or intentional recollection of those experiences; explicit memory is revealed when performance on a task requires conscious recollection of previous experiences.` Both are defined by what the TASK demands, not by what the memory IS. Same move Finkbeiner2011 makes for `subliminal` - the phenomenon is the outcome of a measurement - and it is why this distinction survived while the theories about it did not— “Implicit memory is revealed when previous experiences facilitate performance on a task that does not require conscious or intentional recollection of those experiences; explicit memory is revealed when performance on a task requires conscious recollection of previous experiences” | senses[0] |
| sense | AND THE RECORD DATES ITS OWN VOCABULARY: `Graf and Schacter (1985, 1987; Schacter & Graf, 1986a, 1986b) have labeled this type of memory implicit memory, and have used the term explicit memory to refer to conscious recollection.` A paper that says who named the thing, when, and in which papers - two years before this review, by one of its own authors. Most of this corpus inherits `implicit memory` as vocabulary; this record can tell a reader where it came from, which is what the term-coiner layer exists to do— “have labeled this type of memory implicit memory, and have used the term explicit memory to refer to conscious recollection of recently presented information” | senses[1] |
| sense | AND IT NAMES THE NEGATIVE SPACE IN ITS OWN HISTORY, TWICE. `Locke, Hume, Mill, Brown, Hartley and others discussed memory at considerable length, but their analysis was restricted entirely to the domain of explicit memory; they had virtually nothing to say about implicit memory.` And on the modern literature: `there is a sense in which the entire literature on transfer of training may be perceived as the study of implicit memory, researchers did not view it as such and did not elaborate any distinctions like the one between implicit and explicit.` A densely populated region of research that had no name until somebody drew the line - said by the person who drew it. That is the `missing terms / negative space` argument with a worked historical case attached— “Locke, Hume, Mill, Brown, Hartley and others discussed memory at considerable length, but their analysis was restricted entirely to the domain of explicit memory; they had virtually nothing to say about implicit memory” | senses[2] |
| sense | AND THE ACCOUNT IT REPORTS THE FIELD ABANDONING IS THE OBVIOUS ONE: `The most popular idea was that implicit memory phenomena were produced by memory traces that are TOO WEAK to exceed the threshold of strength or activation needed for EXPLICIT memory.` One dimension, one threshold, implicit memory as sub-threshold explicit memory. A corpus that holds only current accounts cannot show what was given up - and this one is worth holding because the strength account is what every dissociation in this corpus is evidence against, including Bruce1998's dose asymmetry and Kirsner1986's crossover— “The most popular idea was that implicit memory phenomena were produced by memory traces that are too "weak" to exceed the threshold of strength or activation needed for explicit memory” | senses[3] |
| note | implicit memory —distinct-from→ explicit memory — THE DEFINITION IS THE EDGE. One sentence defines both by the same criterion - whether the task requires conscious recollection - applied in opposite directions, so the distinction is constitutive rather than empirical. Weight 0.95: this is the sentence the field took the pair from. Note what it does NOT claim: not that they are separate systems, only that they are separately revealed. The systems argument is elsewhere in the paper and is much weaker, which the fourth sense records.— “Implicit memory is revealed when previous experiences facilitate performance on a task that does not require conscious or intentional recollection of those experiences; explicit memory is revealed when performance on a task requires conscious recollection of previous experiences” | concept_edges[0] |
| weight | implicit memory —distinct-from→ explicit memory — 0.95— “Implicit memory is revealed when previous experiences facilitate performance on a task that does not require conscious or intentional recollection of those experiences; explicit memory is revealed when performance on a task requires conscious recollection of previous experiences” | concept_edges[0] |
| note | implicit memory —distinct-from→ conscious recollection — THE NAMING SENTENCE, AND IT CARRIES THE CONTRAST THE TERM WAS COINED TO MARK. 'implicit memory' was introduced for the case where memory shows without conscious recollection, and 'explicit memory' for the case where it needs it. Weight 0.9 rather than 0.95: the quote reports Graf and Schacter's usage rather than asserting the distinction, and the citation is to four papers this corpus does not hold.— “have labeled this type of memory implicit memory, and have used the term explicit memory to refer to conscious recollection of recently presented information” | concept_edges[1] |
| weight | implicit memory —distinct-from→ conscious recollection — 0.9— “have labeled this type of memory implicit memory, and have used the term explicit memory to refer to conscious recollection of recently presented information” | concept_edges[1] |
| note | repetition priming —part-of→ implicit memory — 'MOST OF' IS IN THE QUOTE AND IT IS THE REASON THIS EDGE MATTERS TO THIS PROJECT. Schacter places nearly the whole cognitive-psychology strand of implicit-memory research inside the repetition-priming paradigm - so a corpus about priming and a corpus about implicit memory are nearly the same corpus, and the two literatures cite each other under different names. Weight 0.9: 'most' is a hedge and the claim is a reviewer's characterisation, but it is the reviewer who named the field.— “Most of the recent work in cognitive psychology that can be characterized as implicit memory research has been concerned with the phenomenon of direct or repetition priming” | concept_edges[2] |
| weight | repetition priming —part-of→ implicit memory — 0.9— “Most of the recent work in cognitive psychology that can be characterized as implicit memory research has been concerned with the phenomenon of direct or repetition priming” | concept_edges[2] |
| replication | untested |
| limitation | The review cannot settle whether implicit and explicit memory rest on one system or several— “The question of whether implicit and explicit memory depend on a single underlying system or on multiple underlying systems is not yet resolved, as will be discussed later in this article.” | limitations[0] |
| limitation | None of the three main theoretical positions surveyed accounts for all the evidence— “The foregoing considerations indicate that although each of the three main theoretical views accommodates certain aspects of the data, no single theoretical position accounts satisfactorily for all of the existing findings concerning implicit memory.” | limitations[1] |
| limitation | There are no firm criteria for deciding between multiple-system and single-system explanations— “Unfortunately, firm criteria for distinguishing between multiple-system and single-system accounts do not exist, although some possibilities have been discussed (cf. Sherry & Schacter, in press; Tulving, 1985a).” | limitations[2] |