phenomenon · claim-type · cross-domain-transfer · mechanism · claim-relation · replication-status · limitation — grounded in the full text| phenomenon | operant down-conditioning of the soleus H-reflex— “To explore the therapeutic application of these protocols, we studied the impact of down-conditioning the soleus H-reflex in people with impaired locomotion caused by chronic incomplete spinal cord injury.” | |
| claim-type | method— “They suggest that operant conditioning protocols could provide a valuable new approach to restoring useful function after spinal cord injuries or in other neuromuscular disorders.” | |
| method — evidence | — “After a baseline period in which soleus H-reflex size was measured and locomotion was assessed, subjects completed either 30 H-reflex down-conditioning sessions (DC subjects) or 30 sessions in which the H-reflex was simply measured [unconditioned (UC) subjects], and locomotion was reassessed.” | |
| object of study — evidence | — “To explore the therapeutic application of these protocols, we studied the impact of down-conditioning the soleus H-reflex in people with impaired locomotion caused by chronic incomplete spinal cord injury.” | |
| research question — evidence | — “This study asked two questions. First, can people with chronic SCI and impaired locomotion decrease the soleus H-reflex in response to an operant conditioning protocol? Second, if so, is H-reflex decrease associated with improved locomotion?” | |
| mechanism | Acquiring the new smaller-reflex behaviour disturbs the post-injury spinal equilibrium and thereby triggers widespread adaptive plasticity that settles into a new equilibrium serving both the new reflex and locomotion— “It apparently triggered widespread adaptive plasticity that produced a new equilibrium that both decreased the H-reflex and improved locomotion.” | mechanisms[0] |
| mechanism | In neurologically normal people, compensatory plasticity protecting already-satisfactory behaviours works against the long-term spinal change, which is why long-term change is smaller in them than in SCI subjects— “For behaviors such as locomotion, which are already satisfactory, these adaptations are likely to impede the long-term plasticity that decreases the H-reflex.” | mechanisms[1] |
| mechanism | Injury to the corticospinal tract, the descending pathway that conditioning depends on, weakens the immediate cortical (task-dependent) component of the reflex change in SCI subjects— “The lesser task-dependent adaptation in subjects with SCI may reflect damage to the corticospinal tract (CST), the spinal cord pathway principally responsible for H-reflex conditioning” | mechanisms[2] |
| mechanism | Better bilateral modulation of ankle muscle activity yields more effective weight bearing and push-off, which in turn raises walking speed— “These bilateral improvements in the modulation of muscle activity controlling movement about the ankle joint probably resulted in more effective weight bearing and push off” | mechanisms[3] |
| mechanism | Conditioned H-reflex change decomposes into a within-session task-dependent adaptation, read as cortical influence, plus an across-session long-term change, read as spinal cord plasticity— “Conditioned H-reflex change is composed of task-dependent adaptation (i.e., within-session difference between the control H-reflex and the conditioned H-reflex) plus long-term change (i.e., across-session change in the control H-reflex) ( Thompson et al., 2009 ).” | mechanisms[4] |
| mechanism | The two components split differently after injury: less task-dependent adaptation, more long-term change, summing to the same total decrease as in normal subjects— “The greater decrease in the control H-reflex in the subjects with SCI combines with their lesser task-dependent adaptation to yield a decrease in the conditioned H-reflex that is identical to that found in normal subjects.” | mechanisms[5] |
| mechanism | Reduced task-dependent adaptation after injury is attributed to damage to the corticospinal tract, on which reflex conditioning depends— “The lesser task-dependent adaptation in subjects with SCI may reflect damage to the corticospinal tract (CST), the spinal cord pathway principally responsible for H-reflex conditioning” | mechanisms[6] |
| mechanism | In an uninjured cord, compensatory plasticity protects behaviours that are already satisfactory and thereby limits the long-term reflex change; after injury there is nothing to protect, so the change proceeds further— “For behaviors such as locomotion, which are already satisfactory, these adaptations are likely to impede the long-term plasticity that decreases the H-reflex.” | mechanisms[7] |
| mechanism | Acquiring the new reflex disturbs the equilibrium the injured cord had settled into, triggering wider plasticity that changes locomotion as a whole rather than one pathway— “It apparently triggered widespread adaptive plasticity that produced a new equilibrium that both decreased the H-reflex and improved locomotion.” | mechanisms[8] |
| mechanism | After injury the long-term change is doubly rewarded - it satisfies the conditioning criterion and it improves walking - which is offered as why it goes further than in normal subjects— “In these SCI rats, as in the subjects of this study, the long-term change in the H-reflex is doubly adaptive: it increases reward probability in the conditioning protocol, and it also improves locomotion.” | mechanisms[9] |
| builds-on | Thompson et al. (2009) human soleus H-reflex conditioning protocol in neurologically normal subjects— “The operant conditioning protocol for the human soleus H-reflex was originally developed in a study of neurologically normal subjects and is described in detail in Thompson et al. (2009)” | claim_relations[0] |
| extends | Chen et al. (2006b) soleus H-reflex conditioning in spinal cord-injured rats— “In rats in which a lateralized spinal cord injury (SCI) had produced a gait asymmetry, appropriate conditioning of the soleus H-reflex on the injured side eliminated the asymmetry and restored more normal locomotion ( Chen et al., 2006b ).” | claim_relations[1] |
| replicates | Chen et al. (2006b) and Segal and Wolf (1994)— “This finding is consistent with results for soleus H-reflex conditioning in spinal cord-injured rats ( Chen et al., 2006b ) and biceps spinal stretch reflex conditioning in people with SCI ( Segal and Wolf, 1994 ).” | claim_relations[2] |
| extends | Thompson et al. 2009, the same conditioning protocol in neurologically normal subjects— “The operant conditioning protocol for the human soleus H-reflex was originally developed in a study of neurologically normal subjects and is described in detail in Thompson et al. (2009) .” | claim_relations[3] |
| extends | Chen et al. 2006b, H-reflex conditioning in spinal cord-injured rats— “In rats in which a lateralized spinal cord injury (SCI) had produced a gait asymmetry, appropriate conditioning of the soleus H-reflex on the injured side eliminated the asymmetry and restored more normal locomotion ( Chen et al., 2006b ).” | claim_relations[4] |
| supports | Wolpaw 2010, the negotiated equilibrium hypothesis— “Wolpaw (2010) hypothesizes that spinal neurons and pathways are maintained in a state of “negotiated equilibrium,” a balance that ensures the satisfactory performance of all the behaviors in the individual's current repertoire ( Nielsen et al., 1993 ; Ozmerdivenli et al., 2002 ; Zehr, 2006 ).” | claim_relations[5] |
| supports | Segal and Wolf 1994, spinal stretch reflex conditioning in people with SCI— “This finding is consistent with results for soleus H-reflex conditioning in spinal cord-injured rats ( Chen et al., 2006b ) and biceps spinal stretch reflex conditioning in people with SCI ( Segal and Wolf, 1994 ).” | claim_relations[6] |
| sense | H-reflex - conditioned: the average over the 225 feedback trials, the reflex the subject was actively trying to change— “This value is called the conditioned H-reflex size (regardless of whether the session is from a DC subject or a UC subject).” | senses[0] |
| sense | H-reflex - control: the average over 20 trials with no feedback and no instruction, which is what shows whether the change persists when the subject is not trying— “In addition, for each session of each subject we determined the average H-reflex size for 20 control trials. This value is called the control H-reflex size.” | senses[1] |
| sense | H-reflex - locomotor: the average across 12 step-cycle bins during walking, a different behavioural context from the standing measurement— “As described above for locomotor EMG analysis, the step cycle was divided into 12 bins of equal duration, and average H-reflex size for each bin was determined. The average of these 12 values defined the average locomotor… | senses[2] |
| sense | H-reflex - maximum (H max): the peak of the recruitment curve, a property of the pathway rather than of a trial | senses[3] |
| sense | success - within a trial: the reflex fell below the current criterion value, shown to the subject as a green bar | senses[4] |
| sense | success - across the study: the last six conditioning sessions differed significantly from baseline, which is the sense in which two-thirds of subjects succeeded | senses[5] |
| sense | modulation - of EMG across the step cycle: how much a muscle varies its own activity, captured by the modulation index Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[6] |
| sense | modulation - of the reflex across the step cycle: how reflex size varies by phase, which should be lowest in swing and becomes so after conditioning Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[7] |
| sense | change - task-dependent adaptation: the within-session difference between control and conditioned reflex, produced immediately on being asked Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[8] |
| control | control trials in which the visual feedback shows only background EMG and nothing about H-reflex size - the weakest entry in this sample, carried by the word SIMPLY — held — rules out prestimulus background EMG differing between control and conditioning trials, so a change in the reflex cannot be a posture or muscle-activation effect Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | controls[0] |
| edge | task-dependent adaptation —part-of→ H-reflex Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[0] |
| edge | long-term change —part-of→ H-reflex Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[1] |
| edge | task-dependent adaptation —contrasted-with→ long-term change Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[2] |
| audit | step-cycle symmetry —operationalised-as→ step cycle — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but the span defines symmetry as a RATIO of intervals within the step cycle; operationalised-as is loose. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[5] |
| audit | spasticity —causes→ swing phase — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but the span says spasticity PROLONGED the swing phase; the direction is not on the edge. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[6] |
| weight | spasticity —causes→ swing phase — 0.9 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[6] |
| audit | hyperreflexia —causes→ locomotion — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its span and kept, but the span says locomotion was impaired by hyperreflexia; the edge carries no direction. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[7] |
| weight | hyperreflexia —causes→ locomotion — 0.9 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[7] |
| audit | corticospinal tract —causes→ task-dependent adaptation — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but the span says the lesser adaptation MAY reflect damage to the CST; hedged. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[9] |
| weight | corticospinal tract —causes→ task-dependent adaptation — 0.6 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[9] |
| audit | soleus —contrasted-with→ tibialis anterior — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its span and kept, but soleus and its antagonist were both recorded; contrasted-with is loose. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[11] |
| outcome (stated by the tagger, no quotation) | control — held | controls[0] |
| for which use | limitation — the transfer of the method to more impaired patients: THEIR SUCCESS RATE WAS NOT SIGNIFICANTLY DIFFERENT FROM THAT OF NORMAL SUBJECTS ... IT WAS LOWER Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[0] |
| for which use | limitation — the control-group baseline drift: THIS MAY HAVE BEEN A NONSPECIFIC EFFECT OF CONTINUED EXPOSURE OVER 30 SESSIONS TO THE BASELINE PROTOCOL Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[1] |
| for which use | limitation — every group-level statistic: 13 AMBULATORY SUBJECTS, of whom only six showed the effect, against a comparison group of four Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[2] |
| for which use | limitation — any extension to more severe injury: THE NEED FOR SUPRASPINAL INPUT WILL REMAIN, and all subjects here retained it Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[3] |
| for which use | limitation — the walking-improvement result, which is not independent of the conditioning result: THE IMPROVEMENT ... DID NOT OCCUR IN PEOPLE IN WHOM THE H-REFLEX DID NOT DECREASE, WHETHER THEY WERE UC SUBJECTS OR UNSUCCESSFUL DC SUBJECTS Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[4] |
| for which use | limitation — the proposed mechanism's sufficiency: IT IS UNLIKELY THAT THE PLASTICITY UNDERLYING A SMALLER SOLEUS H-REFLEX IN ONE LEG COULD ITSELF HAVE SUCH BROAD BENEFICIAL EFFECTS ON WALKING Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[5] |
| for which use | limitation — every comparison against normal values: THE DATA FOR NORMAL DC SUBJECTS ARE FROM THOMPSON ET AL. (2009), not from a concurrent control group Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[6] |
| for which use | limitation — the subjects' own reports of benefit: OVER THE 3 MONTHS OF THE STUDY, THE SUBJECTS WERE NOT ASKED ABOUT THE CURRENT STATE OF THEIR MOTOR FUNCTION - unsolicited and unblinded Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[7] |
| duplicate of | limitation — limitations[1] Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[8] |
| for which use | limitation — the same scope as limitations[1] - the control group's reflex drifted upward over the same period, attributed to nonspecific exposure to the baseline procedure rather than to conditioning Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[8] |
| evidential status | mechanism — the paper's own words: may reflect Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | mechanisms[2] |
| replication | untested | |
| limitation | The success rate, though not significantly below that of normal subjects, was lower, and applicability to more severe impairment is unknown. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[0] |
| limitation | The small H-reflex increase seen in the unconditioned control group may be a nonspecific effect of repeated exposure to the measurement protocol. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[1] |
| limitation | Thirteen subjects, of whom only six showed the effect, and the comparison group has four Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[2] |
| limitation | All subjects were AIS grade C or D, so the protocol is untested in more severe injury and requires surviving supraspinal input Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[3] |
| limitation | The subjects who improved are the same subjects in whom conditioning worked, so improvement and successful conditioning cannot be separated from subject-level differences Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[4] |
| limitation | The breadth of the effect exceeds what the manipulated pathway can explain, and the wider plasticity invoked to cover the gap is inferred rather than measured Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[5] |
| limitation | The normal-subject comparison values are drawn from an earlier study rather than a concurrent control group Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[6] |
| limitation | The subject comments are unsolicited and unblinded, and the subjects knew which protocol they were on Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[7] |
| limitation | The comparison group's reflex drifted upward over the same period, which the authors attribute to nonspecific exposure rather than measure Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[8] |
finding · quantity · variable · definition · key-term — grounded in the full text| finding | Six of the nine people with spinal cord injury successfully down-conditioned the soleus H-reflex, a 67% success rate not significantly below the 89% seen in neurologically normal subjects. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[0] |
| finding | The H-reflex decrease was specific to the conditioning protocol: no unconditioned subject's reflex fell, and the two groups' final reflex sizes differed significantly. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[1] |
| finding | Ten-metre walking speed rose by an average of 59% in the six subjects whose H-reflex decreased. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[2] |
| finding | Gait symmetry moved toward the ideal ratio of 1 in every subject whose H-reflex decreased. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[3] |
| finding | In subjects whose H-reflex did not decrease, gait actually became less symmetrical over the same 30 sessions. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[4] |
| finding | Successful down-conditioning of one leg's soleus reflex increased step-cycle EMG modulation in ankle and knee flexors and extensors of both legs, not just the conditioned leg. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[5] |
| finding | Although the total reflex decrease matched that of normal subjects, its composition differed: SCI subjects showed less immediate task-dependent adaptation (-7% vs -15%) and more long-term across-session change (-24% vs -16%). Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[6] |
| finding | Unprompted positive reports of improved walking clustered almost entirely in the six successfully conditioned subjects (25 of 30 comments). Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[7] |
| finding | The reflex decrease persisted after training stopped, averaging 65% of baseline at one month and 58% at three months. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[8] |
| finding | The reflex reduction carried over into walking itself: the H-reflex elicited during locomotion fell to 59% of its baseline size. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[9] |
| finding | the conditioned H-reflex fell to the same 69% of baseline in SCI subjects as in normal subjects, but by a different mix of components Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[10] |
| finding | task-dependent adaptation was smaller and long-term change larger after injury Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[11] |
| finding | reflex decrease was specific to the down-conditioning protocol and absent in the unconditioned group Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[12] |
| finding | the unconditioned group's reflex rose slightly but significantly over the same period Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[13] |
| finding | walking speed rose 59% on average in the six subjects whose reflex decreased Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[14] |
| finding | gait symmetry improved in every subject whose reflex decreased and worsened in every subject whose did not Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[15] |
| finding | EMG modulation improved bilaterally, not only in the conditioned leg Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[16] |
| finding | the reflex decrease persisted at one and three months in every subject Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[17] |
| finding | unsolicited positive comments appeared only after the conditioned reflex had decreased substantially, from the 12th session on Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[18] |
| finding | two subjects reduced their reliance on a walking aid Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[19] |
| finding | the success rate in SCI subjects was 67%, not significantly below the 89% seen in normal subjects Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[20] |
| finding | stimulus and recording conditions were stable across all sessions, ruling out measurement drift as the source of the reflex change Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[21] |
| quantity | 6/9 or 67% — proportion of SCI subjects in whom down-conditioning succeeded Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[0] |
| quantity | 69 ± 11% and 69 ± 6% — final conditioned H-reflex as a percentage of baseline in SCI subjects and in normal subjects — identical values Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[1] |
| quantity | +59 ± 19% — mean increase in 10 m walking speed among successfully conditioned subjects Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[2] |
| quantity | 74 ±17% to 80 ± 11% — average locomotor EMG modulation index before and after successful down-conditioning Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[3] |
| quantity | 20 control and 225 conditioned — number of H-reflexes elicited per conditioning session for the down-conditioning subjects Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[4] |
| quantity | −7% vs −15% — task-dependent adaptation in SCI subjects compared with neurologically normal subjects Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[5] |
| quantity | 25 of the 30 — positive spontaneous comments contributed by the six successfully conditioned subjects Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[6] |
| quantity | n = 13 — total number of ambulatory subjects with spinal cord injury enrolled Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[7] |
| quantity | 13 subjects — the whole sample, split 9 conditioned and 4 unconditioned Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[8] |
| quantity | 2:1 — the randomisation ratio favouring the conditioned group Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[9] |
| quantity | 30 sessions — the length of the conditioning phase, six more than the 24 needed in normal subjects Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[10] |
| quantity | 225 conditioned H-reflexes — trials per session carrying feedback, against 20 without Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[11] |
| quantity | 50–60% — the success rate the criterion was tuned to produce, keeping the task neither trivial nor hopeless Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[12] |
| quantity | 69 ± 11% — final conditioned H-reflex as a share of baseline in SCI subjects, identical to normals Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[13] |
| quantity | +59 ± 19% — walking speed gain in the subjects whose reflex decreased Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[14] |
| quantity | 0–123% — the full spread of walking speed change across all subjects Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[15] |
| quantity | 30 positive comments and no negative comments — the unsolicited subject reports, 25 of them from the six successful subjects Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[16] |
| quantity | 0.59 to 0.80 m/s — one subject's walking speed before and after, given as the concrete case behind the group mean Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[17] |
| quantity | 8 months to 50 years — time since injury across the sample, a very wide chronicity range for 13 people Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[18] |
| variable | soleus H-reflex size (dependent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[1] |
| variable | walking time (dependent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[2] |
| variable | step-cycle symmetry (dependent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[3] |
| variable | MI (dependent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[4] |
| variable | conditioned H-reflex size (dependent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[7] |
| variable | control H-reflex size (dependent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[8] |
| variable | 10 m walking speed (dependent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[9] |
| variable | modulation index (dependent) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[10] |
| variable | soleus and TA background EMG level (control) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[11] |
| variable | M-wave size (control) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[12] |
| definition | H-reflex size Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[0] |
| definition | conditioned H-reflex size Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[1] |
| definition | modulation index (MI) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[2] |
| definition | step-cycle symmetry Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[3] |
| definition | task-dependent adaptation Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[4] |
| definition | negotiated equilibrium Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[5] |
| definition | control H-reflex size Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[6] |
| definition | modulation index Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[7] |
| definition | negotiated equilibrium Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[8] |
| definition | successful down-conditioning Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[9] |
| key-terms | H-reflex, soleus, operant conditioning, down-conditioning, up-conditioning, spinal cord injury, task-dependent adaptation, spinal cord plasticity, negotiated equilibrium, corticospinal tract, hyperreflexia, spasticity, modulation index, step cycle, locomotion, M-wave, background EMG, clonus |
| t-test | as written: unpaired t test (two tailed) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[0] |
| t-test | as written: paired t test Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[1] |
| ANOVA | as written: repeated-measures ANOVA Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[2] |
| Mann-Whitney U test | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[3] |
| p-value p | as written: p = 0.0027 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[4] |
| standard deviation SD | as written: mean ± SD Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[5] |
| standard error SE | as written: mean ± SE Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[6] |
| t-test | as written: unpaired t test Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[7] |
| t-test | as written: two-tailed t test Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[8] |
| Mann-Whitney U test | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[9] |
| repeated-measures ANOVA | as written: two-way repeated-measures ANOVA Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[10] |
| repeated-measures ANOVA | as written: one-way repeated-measures ANOVA Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[11] |
| standard error | as written: mean ± SE Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[12] |
| standard deviation | as written: mean ± SD Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[13] |
| p-value | as written: p = 0.005 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[14] |
| p-value | as written: p < 0.001 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[15] |
| claim type | method — a second reading reaching the same value; recorded: method Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | alternatives.claim_type |
| method | behavioural-experiment — a second reading reaching the same value; recorded: behavioural-experiment Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | alternatives.method |
| phenomenon | operant down-conditioning of the soleus H-reflex — a second reading reaching the same value; recorded: operant down-conditioning of the soleus H-reflex Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | alternatives.phenomenon |
When we have changed our mind. Some entries in the table begin with a word in capitals and the reason for it. EVIDENCE CORRECTED — the finding still stands, but we had quoted the wrong sentence from the paper, and the quotation has been replaced with the right one. RETRACTED — the entry itself was wrong; it stays on the page, marked, with the reason, rather than being deleted. WITHDRAWN AND REPLACED — the entry was wrong, and a corrected version of it appears in the entries below. Each mark carries its own reason, in brackets, because the reasons differ from one entry to the next. An entry we have WITHDRAWN is removed from this page and kept in the record, with its reason. A line reading Audit and a date is a later re-reading of the entry against its whole sentence: DOUBTFUL means it was kept, and the reason says what is loose about it. Quotation marks inside the tagger's sentence. Where a tag is the tagger's own sentence, a phrase in quotation marks inside it is borrowed from the paper — the tagger's wording around it is not. The paper's own sentence is the evidence quote for that row; on this page it is withheld with the article, and the article is at its publisher. Nothing inside quotation marks anywhere on this page is ours: if it is quoted, it is the paper's. Whose words a concept carries. A concept entry records a term the paper itself uses, so the term, the sense given for it, and its evidence are the paper's own words, quoted where the paper fixes them. This is the opposite of a sense entry in the tag table, which is the tagger's sentence about how the paper uses a term. Where a concept entry could not be grounded in the paper's words, the entry says so on its own row.
Tag layer © the Meta-Tagging Project, CC BY 4.0. The paper text is © its authors/publisher
and is linked, not reproduced. Excerpts shown are short quotations for identification and verification.
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