phenomenon · claim-type · cross-domain-transfer · mechanism · claim-relation · replication-status · limitation — grounded in the full text| phenomenon | auditory brainstem plasticity— “In agreement with activity-dependent changes in human auditory brainstem evoked responses and contrary to the traditional views that early sensory processing is largely hard-wired, recent studies have revealed that the auditory brainstem is a site where robust synaptic and intrinsic plasticity take place.” | |
| claim-type | existence— “However, recent groundbreaking results from animal models and human studies have revealed remarkable evidence for cellular and behavioral mechanisms for learning and memory in the auditory brainstem.” | |
| method — evidence | — “Contrary to traditional views that early stages of sensory processing are not plastic, new studies discussed in this article have established that the auditory brainstem is dynamic.” | |
| object of study — evidence | — “Mechanisms of plasticity have traditionally been ascribed to higher-order sensory processing areas such as the cortex, whereas early sensory processing centers have been considered largely hard-wired. In agreement with this view, the auditory brainstem has been viewed as a nonplastic site, important for preserving temporal information and… | |
| research question — evidence | — “A key question is whether the auditory brainstem in mammals expresses the mechanisms that allow activity-dependent modulation of neural circuits and that could support the learning phenomena observed in human studies.” | |
| contribution — evidence | — “However, recent groundbreaking results from animal models and human studies have revealed remarkable evidence for cellular and behavioral mechanisms for learning and memory in the auditory brainstem.” | |
| transfer | from visual perception / visual cortical processing: The Reverse Hierarchy Theory, first formulated to describe top-down influence of higher visual cortical areas on lower ones, is taken over to explain top-down modulation of auditory processing and extended below cortex to the brainstem.— “Because the top-down mechanism was originally proposed for the impact of higher-order visual cortical areas to lower-order cortical areas, the focus has been primarily on the intracortical feedback pathway.” | transfers[0] |
| transfer | from electrosensory neurobiology of mormyrid electric fish: The adaptive-sensory-processor / 'negative image' account of anti-Hebbian STDP in the cerebellum-like electrosensory lobe is imported as a candidate functional model for the mammalian dorsal cochlear nucleus.— “The auditory system faces a similar task in that it must differentiate spectral changes in a sound introduced by the animal’s own movements from spectral changes introduced by the movement of an external sound source relative to the animal.” | transfers[1] |
| transfer | from electrosensory neuroscience in mormyrid fish: anti-Hebbian STDP building a negative image that cancels the sensory consequences of the animal's own movements, imported as the candidate function of the dorsal cochlear nucleus— “In this way, anti-Hebbian STDP adjusts parallel fiber synaptic weights in order to sculpt a “negative image” of the neural response caused by the fish’s own movements.” | transfers[2] |
| transfer | from visual perception theory: the Reverse Hierarchy Theory, built for higher-to-lower visual cortical areas and extended here to corticofugal control of the brainstem— “The RHT postulates that the performance of a perceptual task is first based on the highest available level of sensory representation. If the task cannot be accomplished at that level (because of poor sensory resolution), it proceeds down the representational hierarchy to obtain more detailed, lower-level cues that participate in generating… | transfers[3] |
| transfer | from cerebellar physiology: the parallel-fiber and climbing-fiber arrangement, used both as the structural analogy for the DCN and as the model for how auditory nerve activity might induce plasticity— “Cerebellum-like structures act as adaptive sensory processors in which the signals conveyed by parallel fibers in the molecular layer predict the patterns of sensory input to the deep layers through a process of associative anti-Hebbian synaptic plasticity” | transfers[4] |
| mechanism | Synapse-specific plasticity simultaneously disinhibits fusiform cells and strengthens their excitatory input, driving the fusiform hyperactivity that underlies tinnitus— “Synapse-specific synaptic plasticity, by decreasing the activity of inhibitory interneurons (disinhibition) and simultaneously increasing excitatory input to fusiform cells, can lead to hyperactivity in fusiform cells, similar to the kind observed in animals with behavioral evidence of tinnitus.” | mechanisms[0] |
| mechanism | Anti-Hebbian STDP reweights parallel-fiber synapses so that inputs predicting incoming sensory activity are weakened, building a 'negative image' that cancels the sensory consequences of the animal's own movements— “In this way, anti-Hebbian STDP adjusts parallel fiber synaptic weights in order to sculpt a “negative image” of the neural response caused by the fish’s own movements.” | mechanisms[1] |
| mechanism | Nitric oxide diffusing out of MNTB principal neurons suppresses postsynaptic Kv3 channels in neighbouring cells, providing intercellular gain control during loud sound— “Diffusion of NO from MNTB principal neurons provides modulatory control of excitability via direct suppression of postsynaptic Kv3 channels” | mechanisms[2] |
| mechanism | Corticofugal (efferent) feedback from higher-order processing levels descends onto brainstem nuclei and is the route by which language and musical experience alter subcortical timing | mechanisms[3] |
| mechanism | the field inferred incapacity from function - a structure optimised for fast reliable signalling was assumed to be ill-suited to plasticity, and the test was not run | mechanisms[4] |
| mechanism | and effort was directed to the cortex instead, which is where the plasticity literature accumulated Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | mechanisms[5] |
| mechanism | the reversal is built from two independent lines that meet in the middle - slice physiology in animals and non-invasive evoked potentials in humans Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | mechanisms[6] |
| mechanism | adding an in-vivo-like feature to the standard slice preparation reversed a standing conclusion about the same nucleus Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | mechanisms[7] |
| mechanism | and the authors generalise the warning rather than confining it to that result Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | mechanisms[8] |
| mechanism | plasticity is shown to be feature-specific rather than a gain change, which is what makes it evidence of learning rather than of arousal Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | mechanisms[9] |
| mechanism | the functional interpretation of the dorsal cochlear nucleus is imported wholesale from the electrosensory lobe of a fish, where anti-Hebbian plasticity cancels self-generated input Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | mechanisms[10] |
| mechanism | the argument that the same job exists in audition is made by matching the problem, not the anatomy - both systems must separate external signals from self-generated ones Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | mechanisms[11] |
| mechanism | human timescales are stacked deliberately: lifelong language and musical experience, then training over weeks, then attention within a session Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | mechanisms[12] |
| mechanism | the same plasticity mechanisms are used to explain a pathology, which converts the review's claim into something testable in tinnitus Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | mechanisms[13] |
| mechanism | a theory built for visual cortex is extended below the cortex, and the extension is flagged as the authors' view rather than an established result Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | mechanisms[14] |
| extends | Reverse Hierarchy Theory (Ahissar and Hochstein, 2004) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[0] |
| contradicts | the traditional view that early sensory processing stages are hard-wired and non-plastic Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[1] |
| critiques | the inference from specialisation for precise timing to incapacity for plasticity Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[2] |
| contradicts | the treatment of the MNTB as a simple and faithful relay nucleus Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[3] |
| builds-on | Krishnan and colleagues, who first showed that language experience alters brainstem pitch encoding Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[4] |
| extends | the Reverse Hierarchy Theory, from intracortical feedback to subcortical processing Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[5] |
| supports | the account of tinnitus as centrally maintained rather than purely cochlear Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | claim_relations[6] |
| sense | STDP - Hebbian at fusiform cells and anti-Hebbian at cartwheel cells; ONE induction protocol producing opposite signs, decided by cell type Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[0] |
| sense | the auditory brainstem - as a hard-wired relay optimised for timing versus as a plastic, experience-modified structure; the paper is the transition between the two readings Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[1] |
| sense | plasticity - synaptic (changed connection strength) versus intrinsic (changed excitability through ion channels); the review insists a circuit needs one or the other Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[2] |
| sense | experience effects - as a generalised gain change versus as feature-specific alteration; only the second counts as learning Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[3] |
| sense | the MNTB - as a simple faithful relay versus as a nucleus that fails under realistic activity; the reading depends on what the slice preparation includes Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[4] |
| sense | brainstem plasticity - as adaptive learning versus as the cause of a disease; the same mechanism read with opposite valence in tinnitus Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | senses[5] |
| edge | Hebbian —contrasted-with→ anti-Hebbian Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[0] |
| edge | fusiform —contrasted-with→ cartwheel cells Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[1] |
| retracted | RETRACTED (WRONG TYPE: a KIND, not a PART) · intrinsic plasticity —is-a→ plasticity — WRONG TYPE: a KIND, not a PART. Intrinsic plasticity is a sort of plasticity, not a component of it. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[2] |
| weight | RETRACTED (WRONG TYPE: a KIND, not a PART) · intrinsic plasticity —is-a→ plasticity — 0.95 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[2] |
| audit | frequency following response —part-of→ auditory brainstem response — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its full span and kept, but the span writes 'ABR'; endpoint abbreviated. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[3] |
| audit | plasticity —causes→ tinnitus — Audit 2026-09-28: DOUBTFUL - read against its span and kept, but plasticity-driven disinhibition is linked to tinnitus; causes is loose. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[4] |
| weight | plasticity —causes→ tinnitus — 0.75 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[4] |
| weight | dorsal cochlear nucleus —part-of→ auditory brainstem — 0.95 Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concept_edges[7] |
| for which use | limitation — every plasticity claim in the review: MOST STUDIES OF SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY IN THE AUDITORY BRAINSTEM HAVE BEEN PERFORMED IN BRAIN SLICES Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[0] |
| for which use | limitation — the tinnitus account specifically: it is obvious that ELECTRICAL STIMULATION OF PARALLEL FIBERS CAN INDUCE SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY, but how naturally occurring noise exposure would do so is not established Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[1] |
| for which use | limitation — what the brainstem literature covers: MUCH LESS IS KNOWN ABOUT HOW THESE PATHWAYS ADAPT TO ONGOING SENSORY ACTIVITY AND HOW THEY CONTRIBUTE TO THE PERCEPTION AND INTERPRETATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL SOUNDS, INCLUDING SPEECH Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[2] |
| for which use | limitation — the plasticity evidence base as a whole: MOST STUDIES OF SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY IN THE AUDITORY BRAINSTEM HAVE BEEN PERFORMED IN BRAIN SLICES. THIS EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH HAS SUBSTANTIAL DIFFERENCES FROM STUDYING INTACT BRAINS IN VIVO Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[3] |
| duplicate of | limitation — limitations[1] Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[4] |
| for which use | limitation — the same scope as limitations[1] - how naturally occurring noise exposure would induce the plasticity proposed to underlie tinnitus is not established Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[4] |
| for which use | limitation — any mechanistic claim about the disorder: DESPITE THE WIDE PREVALENCE OF TINNITUS, THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF THE DISORDER IS POORLY UNDERSTOOD Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[5] |
| for which use | limitation — the transfer of the cancellation function from the fish circuit: A KEY QUESTION IS WHETHER ANTI-HEBBIAN PLASTICITY OBSERVED IN THE DCN CAN SERVE A SIMILAR FUNCTION Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[6] |
| for which use | limitation — the locus of control for brainstem plasticity: whether changes are INITIATED/MODULATED IN A TOP-DOWN FASHION ... OR THROUGH LOCAL MECHANISMS OF ADAPTATION is unresolved Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[7] |
| duplicate of | limitation — limitations[2] Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[8] |
| for which use | limitation — the same scope as limitations[2] - transmission of timing is understood far better than adaptation or perception Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[8] |
| replication | untested | |
| limitation | The synaptic-plasticity evidence base comes overwhelmingly from brain slices, which differ substantially from the intact brain. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[0] |
| limitation | How naturally occurring noise exposure would induce the plasticity proposed to underlie tinnitus is not established. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[1] |
| limitation | How brainstem pathways adapt to ongoing sensory activity and contribute to perception of environmental sound remains largely unknown. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[2] |
| limitation | most of the plasticity evidence comes from slices, which differ from the intact brain in ways that have already changed one conclusion Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[3] |
| limitation | how noise exposure would induce the plasticity proposed to cause tinnitus is not established Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[4] |
| limitation | the pathophysiology of tinnitus remains poorly understood despite its prevalence Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[5] |
| limitation | whether the fish-derived cancellation function applies to the dorsal cochlear nucleus is posed as an open question, not answered Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[6] |
| limitation | whether brainstem plasticity is driven top-down, locally, or by both is unresolved Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[7] |
| limitation | how these pathways adapt and contribute to perception is much less understood than how they transmit timing Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | limitations[8] |
finding · quantity · variable · definition · key-term — grounded in the full text| finding | Contrary to the traditional view that early sensory stages are not plastic, the auditory brainstem is dynamic. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[0] |
| finding | In the dorsal cochlear nucleus one protocol produces LTP in fusiform cells and LTD in cartwheel cells. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[1] |
| finding | Language experience reshapes brainstem coding: speakers of tonal languages show enhanced neural representation of pitch. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[2] |
| finding | Experience-driven changes in the brainstem are selective to particular stimulus features rather than an across-the-board amplification of all responses. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[3] |
| finding | Acoustic environment tunes intrinsic excitability: in quiet conditions PKC phosphorylation of Kv3.1b potassium channels lowers the potassium current so that neurons fire only at low frequencies. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[4] |
| finding | The medial nucleus of the trapezoid body is not a faithful relay: under in-vivo-like spontaneous activity it fails to entrain reliably to prolonged high-frequency stimuli because of short-term plasticity, even though it still encodes stimulus onset precisely. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[5] |
| finding | The authors argue that the Reverse Hierarchy Theory, formulated for cortex, extends to subcortical processing and may itself initiate or modulate brainstem plasticity. Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[6] |
| finding | one induction protocol produces LTP in fusiform cells and LTD in cartwheel cells Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[7] |
| finding | speakers of tonal languages have enhanced neural representation of pitch in the brainstem Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[8] |
| finding | musical experience produces more robust brainstem encoding of speech, linguistic pitch patterns and vocal emotion Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[9] |
| finding | brainstem encoding is disrupted in subsets of poor readers and children with autism Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[10] |
| finding | brainstem responses are affected by attention and are larger to a speech syllable than to its time-reversed version Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[11] |
| finding | experience does not produce a generalised gain change but alters specific stimulus features Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[12] |
| finding | brainstem processing can also be changed by auditory training over weeks, not only by lifelong experience Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[13] |
| finding | adding in-vivo-like spontaneous activity to MNTB slices revealed synaptic failures at high frequency that earlier studies had not seen Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[14] |
| finding | so the MNTB is not a simple faithful relay and may not entrain reliably to sustained high-frequency input Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[15] |
| finding | phosphorylation state of Kv3.1b channels sets whether neurons fire at low or high frequency, tracking the acoustic environment Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[16] |
| finding | activity in one MNTB neuron can modulate the excitability of its neighbours, a candidate gain reduction in loud noise Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[17] |
| finding | retrograde GABA signalling in the lateral superior olive adjusts the excitation-inhibition balance underlying sound localisation Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[18] |
| finding | synapse-specific plasticity that disinhibits and excites fusiform cells can produce hyperactivity like that seen in animals with behavioural signs of tinnitus Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[19] |
| finding | cortical activation shapes the tuning of cochlear nucleus neurons, giving a route for top-down control Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.findings[20] |
| quantity | <4000 Hz — Upper frequency limit of the 'low-frequency' sounds that the binaural timing circuitry of the mammalian brainstem is specialised to localise Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[0] |
| quantity | 4–12 µm — Diameter of the myelinated globular-bushy-cell axons giving rise to the calyx of Held, large enough to give fast conduction velocity Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[1] |
| quantity | 200 µs — Delay with which inhibitory input reaches the cat lateral superior olive after the excitatory input Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[2] |
| quantity | 40 ms time bins, 1 ms interval — Window length and step of the running short-term Fourier analysis used to extract pitch contours from the brainstem response Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[3] |
| quantity | 0.5 ms — Scale of the x-axis tick marks in Figure 1, indicating that the experience-related timing disruptions and enhancements are of the order of tenths of a millisecond Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[4] |
| quantity | <4000 Hz — the low-frequency range localised by interaural timing in mammals Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[5] |
| quantity | microsecond range — the interaural phase differences the brainstem resolves Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[6] |
| quantity | last 10 years — the period over which brainstem timing mechanisms were worked out Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.quantities[7] |
| variable | relative timing of presynaptic and postsynaptic action potentials Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[0] |
| variable | sound intensity Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[1] |
| variable | pitch tracking Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.variables[2] |
| definition | intrinsic plasticity Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[0] |
| definition | spike-timing-dependent plasticity (STDP) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[1] |
| definition | auditory brainstem response (ABR) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[2] |
| definition | frequency following response (FFR) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[3] |
| definition | tinnitus Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[4] |
| definition | pitch tracking Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[5] |
| definition | Reverse Hierarchy Theory (RHT) Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[6] |
| definition | auditory brainstem response Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[7] |
| definition | frequency following response Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[8] |
| definition | spike-timing-dependent plasticity Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[9] |
| definition | intrinsic plasticity Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[10] |
| definition | Tinnitus Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[11] |
| definition | Reverse Hierarchy Theory Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.definitions[12] |
| key-terms | auditory brainstem, plasticity, intrinsic plasticity, spike-timing-dependent plasticity, Hebbian, anti-Hebbian, long-term potentiation, long-term depression, dorsal cochlear nucleus, fusiform, cartwheel cells, auditory brainstem response, frequency following response, phase locking, pitch tracking, interaural time differences, Reverse Hierarchy Theory, corticofugal, tinnitus, Kv3.1b, negative image, musicians, calyx of Held, superior olivary complex, cochlear nucleus, nitric oxide |
| concept | auditory brainstem response — not defined in this paper's own words; ABR, the non-invasive far-field measure of stimulus-locked brainstem activity Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | concepts[12] |
| standard error of the mean SEM | as written: ±SEM Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[0] |
| fast Fourier transform | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[1] |
| phase locking | Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | content_tags.statistics[2] |
| claim type | critique — a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value; recorded: existence Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | alternatives.claim_type |
| method | narrative review pairing rodent brain-slice recordings of synaptic and intrinsic plasticity with non-invasive human auditory brainstem responses — a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value; recorded: review Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | alternatives.method |
| phenomenon | experience-dependent plasticity in subcortical auditory processing — a second reading DIFFERING from the recorded value; recorded: auditory brainstem plasticity Quotation withheld — this paper is not ours to reproduce, and the page has already quoted as much of it as the rights layer allows. The tag, its field and its confidence stand; the sentence is at the publisher. | alternatives.phenomenon |
When we have changed our mind. Some entries in the table begin with a word in capitals and the reason for it. EVIDENCE CORRECTED — the finding still stands, but we had quoted the wrong sentence from the paper, and the quotation has been replaced with the right one. RETRACTED — the entry itself was wrong; it stays on the page, marked, with the reason, rather than being deleted. WITHDRAWN AND REPLACED — the entry was wrong, and a corrected version of it appears in the entries below. Each mark carries its own reason, in brackets, because the reasons differ from one entry to the next. An entry we have WITHDRAWN is removed from this page and kept in the record, with its reason. A line reading Audit and a date is a later re-reading of the entry against its whole sentence: DOUBTFUL means it was kept, and the reason says what is loose about it. Quotation marks inside the tagger's sentence. Where a tag is the tagger's own sentence, a phrase in quotation marks inside it is borrowed from the paper — the tagger's wording around it is not. The paper's own sentence is the evidence quote for that row; on this page it is withheld with the article, and the article is at its publisher. Nothing inside quotation marks anywhere on this page is ours: if it is quoted, it is the paper's. Whose words a concept carries. A concept entry records a term the paper itself uses, so the term, the sense given for it, and its evidence are the paper's own words, quoted where the paper fixes them. This is the opposite of a sense entry in the tag table, which is the tagger's sentence about how the paper uses a term. Where a concept entry could not be grounded in the paper's words, the entry says so on its own row.
Tag layer © the Meta-Tagging Project, CC BY 4.0. The paper text is © its authors/publisher
and is linked, not reproduced. Excerpts shown are short quotations for identification and verification.
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